A SN （structural number） can be calculated for a road pavement from the properties and thicknesses of the surface, basecourse, sub-base and subgrade. Historically, the cost of collecting structural data has been ver...A SN （structural number） can be calculated for a road pavement from the properties and thicknesses of the surface, basecourse, sub-base and subgrade. Historically, the cost of collecting structural data has been very high. Data was initially collected using Benkelman Beams and now by FWD （falling weight deflectometer）. The structural strength of pavements weakens over time due to environmental and traffic loading factors but due to a lack of data, no structural deterioration curve for pavements has been implemented in a PMS （pavement management system）. IRI （international roughness index） is a measure of the road longitudinal profile and has been used as a proxy for a pavement’s structural integrity. This paper offers two conceptual methods to develop PSDC （pavement structural deterioration curves）. Firstly, structural data are grouped in sets by design ESA （equivalent standard axles）. An ISN （“initial” SN）, SNI （intermediate SN） and a TSN （terminal SN）, are used to develop the curves. Using FWD data, the ISN is the SN after the pavement is rehabilitated （Financial Accounting “Modern Equivalent”）. Intermediate SNIs, are SNs other than the ISN and TSN. The TSN was defined as the SN of the pavement when it was approved for pavement rehabilitation. The second method is to use TSD （traffic speed deflectometer） data. The road network already divided into road blocks, is grouped by traffic loading. For each traffic loading group, road blocks that have had a recent pavement rehabilitation, are used to calculate the ISN and those planned for pavement rehabilitation to calculate the TSN. The remaining SNs are used to complete the age-based or if available, historical traffic loading-based SNIs.展开更多
Despite being one of the symbols of civilization throughout human history, Greater Cairo has many slum areas, hosting a population of three million people living in deteriorating conditions and lacking the basic human...Despite being one of the symbols of civilization throughout human history, Greater Cairo has many slum areas, hosting a population of three million people living in deteriorating conditions and lacking the basic human necessities. These slums represent a fertile environment for diseases caused by pollution in all its forms and are subject to crimes, rape and theft. There is a huge difference in the state of conditions when comparing the formally planned areas to the informally planned ones. People living in the formally planned settlements, like Nasr City, and in informal ones, like Ezbet El-Haggana, are similar to the kings and queens and slaves of legends. This paper tries to find solutions to the problem of slums and random areas.展开更多
文摘A SN （structural number） can be calculated for a road pavement from the properties and thicknesses of the surface, basecourse, sub-base and subgrade. Historically, the cost of collecting structural data has been very high. Data was initially collected using Benkelman Beams and now by FWD （falling weight deflectometer）. The structural strength of pavements weakens over time due to environmental and traffic loading factors but due to a lack of data, no structural deterioration curve for pavements has been implemented in a PMS （pavement management system）. IRI （international roughness index） is a measure of the road longitudinal profile and has been used as a proxy for a pavement’s structural integrity. This paper offers two conceptual methods to develop PSDC （pavement structural deterioration curves）. Firstly, structural data are grouped in sets by design ESA （equivalent standard axles）. An ISN （“initial” SN）, SNI （intermediate SN） and a TSN （terminal SN）, are used to develop the curves. Using FWD data, the ISN is the SN after the pavement is rehabilitated （Financial Accounting “Modern Equivalent”）. Intermediate SNIs, are SNs other than the ISN and TSN. The TSN was defined as the SN of the pavement when it was approved for pavement rehabilitation. The second method is to use TSD （traffic speed deflectometer） data. The road network already divided into road blocks, is grouped by traffic loading. For each traffic loading group, road blocks that have had a recent pavement rehabilitation, are used to calculate the ISN and those planned for pavement rehabilitation to calculate the TSN. The remaining SNs are used to complete the age-based or if available, historical traffic loading-based SNIs.
文摘Despite being one of the symbols of civilization throughout human history, Greater Cairo has many slum areas, hosting a population of three million people living in deteriorating conditions and lacking the basic human necessities. These slums represent a fertile environment for diseases caused by pollution in all its forms and are subject to crimes, rape and theft. There is a huge difference in the state of conditions when comparing the formally planned areas to the informally planned ones. People living in the formally planned settlements, like Nasr City, and in informal ones, like Ezbet El-Haggana, are similar to the kings and queens and slaves of legends. This paper tries to find solutions to the problem of slums and random areas.
