增强感染力 文风需改进

现在新闻传媒上有部分新闻,缺乏可读、可看、可听性,缺乏感染力,其传播效果甚微.虽有多方面的原因,但文风不好是这类新闻不吸引受众的通病.当前在文风上存在的突出问题和需要改进的地方,主要表现在下述"四少四多"上.

Effects of lamivudine on the function of dendritic cells derived from patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection

AIM： To investigate if the nucleoside analogue lamivudine （LAM）, a potent inhibitor of HBV replication, could restore the function of dendritic cells derived from patients with chronic hepatitis B （CHB） in an Asian population.METHODS： Dendritic cells （DCs） derived from mononuclearcytes of patients with chronic HBV infection were cultured in the presence of IL-4, granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factors （GM-CSF） and gradient concentrations of LAM （0-2 mmol/L）. Cell morphology was observed under light microscopy. Cell surface molecules, including HI_A-DR, CD80, CD83, and CDla, were analyzed with flow cytometry. The concentrations of IL-6 and IL-12 in the supernatant were assayed by ELISA. T cell proliferation was assayed by methyl thiazoM tetrazolium （MTT）.RESULTS： The expression of CDlα on DC treated with 0.5 mmol/L LAM （LAM-DC 0.5 mmol/L） was significantly higher than that of DC untreated with LAM （54.1 ± 4.21 vs 33.57 ± 3.14, P 〈 0.05）, and so was the expression of CD83 （20.24 ± 2.51 vs 12.83 ± 2.12, P 〈 0.05） as well as the expression of HLA-DR （74.5 ± 5.16 vs 52.8 ± 2.51, P 〈 0.05）. Compared with control group, LAM-DC group （0.5 mmol/L） secreted significantly more IL-12 （910 ± 91.5 vs 268 ± 34.3 pg/mL, P 〈 0.05）, had lower levels of IL-6 in the culture supernatant （28 ± 2.6 vs 55 ± 7.36 pg/mL, P 〈 0.05）, markedly enhanced the stimulatory capacity in the allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction （MLR） （1.87 ± 0.6 vs 1.24 ± 0.51, P 〈 0.05）.CONCLUSION： The lower expression of phenotypic molecules and impaired allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction function of dendritic cells derived from patients with HBV infection could be restored in vitro by incubation with LAM.

Role of dup A in virulence of Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is a gastric human pathogen associated with acute and chronic gastritis, 70% of all gastric ulcers, 85% of all duodenal ulcers, and both forms of stomach cancer, mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue(MALT) lymphoma and adenocarcinoma. Recently, attention has focused on possible relationship between presence of certain virulence factor and H. pylori-associated diseases. Some contradictory data between this bacterium and related disorders has been observed since not all the colonized individuals develop to severe disease. The reported diseases plausibility related to H. pylori specific virulence factors became an interesting story about this organism. Although a number of putative virulence factors have been identified including cytotoxin-associated gene a(cag A) and vac A, there are conflicting data about their actual participation as specific risk factor for H. pylori-related diseases. Duodenal ulcer promoting gene a(dup A) is a virulence factor of H. pylori that is highly associated with duodenal ulcer development and reduced risk of gastric cancer. The prevalence of dup A in H. pylori strains isolated from western countries is relatively higher than in H. pylori strains from Asian countries. Current confusing epidemiological reports will continue unless future sophisticated and molecular studies provide data on functional and complete dup A cluster in H. pylori infected individuals. This paper elucidates available knowledge concerning role of dup A in virulence of H. pylori after a decade of its discovery.

Cytomegalovirus enteritis mimicking Crohn's disease in a lupus nephritis patient:A case report

Cytomegalovirus(CMV)infection of the gastrointestinal (GI)tract has been reported in both immunocompetent and,more frequently,in immunocompromised patients.We describe a case of a 19-year-old male who developed CMV infection of the terminal ileum while receiving immunosuppression for lupus nephritis. This was a distinctly unusual site of infection which clinically mimicked Crohn's ileitis.We note that reports of terminal ileal CMV infection have been infrequent. Despite a complicated hospital course,ganciclovir therapy was effective in resolving his symptoms and normalizing his ileal mucosa.This report highlights the importance of accurate histological diagnosis and clinical follow-up of lupus patients with GI symptoms undergoing intense immunosuppression.

Viral exploitation of actin: force-generation and scaffolding functions in viral infection

As a fundamental component of the host cellular cytoskeleton, actin is routinely engaged by infecting viruses. Furthermore, viruses from diverse groups, and infecting diverse hosts, have convergently evolved an array of mechanisms for manipulating the actin cytoskeleton for efficacious infection. An ongoing chorus of research now indicates that the actin cytoskeleton is critical for viral replication at many stages of the viral life cycle, including binding, entry, nuclear localization, genomic transcription and reverse transcription, assembly, and egress/dissemination. Specifically, viruses subvert the force-generating and macromolecular scaffolding properties of the actin cytoskeleton to propel viral surfing, internalization, and migration within the cell. Additionally, viruses utilize the actin cytoskeleton to support and organize assembly sites, and eject budding virions for cell-to-cell transmission. It is the purpose of this review to provide an overview of current research, focusing on the various mechanisms and themes of virus-mediated actin modulation described therein.

Parvovirus B19 induced hepatic failure in an adult requiring liver transplantation

Parvovirus B19 induced acute hepatitis and hepatic failure have been previously reported, mainly in children. Very few cases of parvovirus induced hepatic failure have been reported in adults and fewer still have required liver transplantation. We report the case of a 55-year-old immunocompetent woman who developed fulminant hepatic failure after acute infection with Parvovirus B19 who subsequently underwent orthotopic liver transplantation. This is believed to be the first reported case in the literature in which an adult patient with fulminant hepatic failure associated with acute parvovirus B19 infection and without hematologic abnormalities has been identified prior to undergoing liver transplantation. This case suggests that Parvovirus B19 induced liver disease can affect adults, can occur in the absence of hematologic abnormalities and can be severe enough to require liver transplantation.

Effects of psychological stress on small intestinal motility and bacteria and mucosa in mice

AIM: To investigate the effects of psychological stress on small intestinal motility and bacteria and mucosa in mice, and to explore the relationship between small intestinal dysfunction and small intestinal motility and bacteria and mucosa under psychological stress. METHODS: Sixty mice were randomly divided into psychological stress group and control group. Each group were subdivided into small intestinal motility group (n= 10), bacteria group (n = 10), and D-xylose administered to stomach group (n= 10). An animal model with psychological stress was established housing the mice with a hungry cat in separate layers of a two-layer cage. A semi-solid colored marker (carbon-ink) was used for monitoring small intestinal transit. The proximal small intestine was harvested under sterile condition and processed for quantitation for aerobes (Escherichia coli) and anaerobes (Lactobacilli). The quantitation of bacteria was expressed as Iog10(colony forming units/g). D-xylose levels in plasma were measured for estimating trie damage of small intestinal mucosa. RESULTS: Small intestinal transit was inhibited (39.80±9.50% vs 58.79±11.47%,P<0.01) in mice after psychological stress, compared with the controls. Psychological stress resulted in quantitative alterations in the aerobes (E.coli). There was an increase in the number of E coli in the proximal small intestinal flora (1.78±0.30 log10(CFU/g) vs 1.37±0.21 log10(CFU/g), P<0.01), and there was decrease in relative proportion of Lactobacilli and E.coli of stressed mice (0.53±0.63 vs 1.14±1.07,P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the anaerobes (Lactobacilli) between the two groups (2.31±0.70 log10 (CFU/g) vs 2.44±0.37 log10(CFU/g), P>0.05). D-xylose concentrations in plasma in psychological stress mice were significantly higher than those in the control group (2.90±0.89 mmol/L vs 0.97±0.33 mmol/L, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Small intestinal dysfunction under psychological stress may be related to the small intestinal motility disorder and dysbacteriosis and the damage of mucosa probably caused by psychological stress.

High affinity mouse-human chimeric Fab against Hepatitis B surface antigen

AIM： Passive immunotherapy using antibody against hepatitis B surface antigen （HBsAg） has been advocated in certain cases of Hepatitis B infection. We had earlier reported on the cloning and expression of a high affinity scFv derived from a mouse monoclonal （5S） against HBsAg. However this mouse antibody cannot be used for therapeutic purposes as it may elicit anti-mouse immune responses. Chimerization by replacing mouse constant domains with human ones can reduce the immunogenicity of this antibody.METHODS： We cloned the VH and V, genes of this mouse antibody, and fused them with CH1 domain of human IgG1 and C, domain of human kappa chain respectively. These chimeric genes were cloned into a phagemid vector. After initial screening using the phage display system, the chimeric Fab was expressed in soluble form in E. coli.RESULTS： The chimeric Fab was purified from the bacterial periplasmic extract. We characterized the chimeric Fab using several in vitro techniques and it was observed that the chimeric molecule retained the high affinity and specificity of the original mouse monoclonal. This chimeric antibody fragment was further expressed in different strains of E. coli to increase the yield.CONCLUSION： We have generated a mouse-human chimeric Fab against HBsAg without any significant loss in binding and epitope specificity. This chimeric Fab fragment can be further modified to generate a fulllength chimeric antibody for therapeutic uses.

The Writing Techniques of The Great Gatsby

The Great Gatsby is a wonderful masterpiece by Fitzgerald whether when it refers to the content or refers to the artistic creation, and it is acknowledged as one of the greatest works of American literature in 20 century. The novel was strictly and prudently organized by Fitzgerald, which used lots of writing techniques and skills, such as symbolism, analogy and so on. These techniques contributed to deepen theme and increase artistic appeal. In this novel, Fitzgerald portrays the real state of American society vividly in 1920s with cold attitude and subtle analysis. This is the most typical tragicomedy about the realization and vanishment of ＂American dream＂ that describes the love tragedy between Gatsby and Daisy.

On the initiative of painting style --Speaking from Disney animation

Why it needs to take the initiative in the shape in the painting？ Refine images of the shape of the objective initiatively, not only can enhance the artistic appeal and creators emotions, can also highlight the aesthetic orientation creators to make their paintings to impress the audience and resonate, so works of art have a higher aesthetic value. Similarly, in the entire animation movie, animation character modeling also has an important position, and a good cartoon must have a good role model to fully convey the story and character. This article attempts to analyze the shape of the image of the Disney animated start, make deep analysis on necessity of initiative modeling in the art of painting and development of initiative modeling, to enhance the performance of artists and diverse personality development, which is a requirement of modem art, but also the law of development of the arts.

Adherence and invasion of mouse-adapted H pylori in different epithelial cell lines

AIM： To assess the adhesion and invasion abilities of different mouse adapted H py/or/strains in different cell lines in vitro and investigate their effects on the virulence factors cagA and vacA. METHODS： The adherence and invasion abilities of different N pylori strains in different epithelial cell lines were examined by the gentamycin protection assay. The null mutants of cagA and vacA were processed by direct PCR mutation method. The morphologic changes of different cell lines after N pylori attachment were examined by microscopy. RESULTS： The densities of adherence to and invasion into cells in vitro were different from those in the mouse infection experiments. 88-3887 strain could invade and adhere to cells stronger than SS1 and X47. All tested strains had better adhering and invasive abilities in SCG-7901 cell. CagA and vacA minus mutants had the same invasion and adherent abilities as their wild types. In all strains and cell lines tested, only AGS cell had the significant hummingbird phenotype after inoculation with the 88-3887 wild-type. CONCLUSION： Both the host cells and the bacteria play important parts in the invasion and adhesion abilities of Hpylori. CagA and VacA are not related to the ability of invasion and adhesion of Hpylori in different cell lines in vitro.

Short mucin 1 alleles are associated with low virulent H pylori strains infection

TO THE EDITORWe read with interest the article published by Nguyen et al in the World Journal of Gastroenterology, showing an association between short MUC6 alleles and H pjloff infection. These results, together with previous observations by Vinall et al, reinforce the role of mucin genes （MUC6 and MUC1） VNTR polymorphisms for the variability in individual susceptibility to H pylori infection that cannot be explained by differences in environmental factors.

Expression of IL-4 in a rat model of chronic pulmonary infection with biofilm formation induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The expression of IL-4 in a rat model of chronic pulmonary infection biofilm formation induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated, in which SPF Wister rats were infected via trachea with 0.1 ml P. aeruginosa strain PAO579 （ 10^9 CFU/ml） in alginate beads or the planktonic form of this bacterial strain （109 CFU/ml）, and on 3, 7 and 14 d after infection, the bacteriological and pathological changes were observed as well as the expression of the cytokine IL-4 was determined. It was demonstrated that the count of CFU per lung tissue in case of bacteria in alginate beads was significantly higher than that of bacteria in planktonic form, with more severe gross pathologic changes and inflammatory reactions in the alginate bead group in comparison with that of the planktonic forms （ P = 0. 002, P = 0. 004 and P = 0. 002, respectively）. In addition, the expression of IL-4 in the alginate bead group was also higher than that in the planktonic form （P = 0.02, P = 0.02 and P = 0.022, respectively）. A positive correlation between the level of IL-4 expression and the gross lung pathology in alginate bead group existed as demonstrated by simple regression analysis （r = 0.78, P 〈 0.02）. It is concluded that the chronic pulmonary infection with biofilm formation induced by P. aeruginosa tends to have the priority to the Th2 immune response.

The Parasitoid Factor in the Virulence and Spread of Lepidopteran Baculoviruses

Insect parasitoids and baculoviruses play important roles in the natural and strategic biological control of insects. The two parasites are frequent competitors within common hosts and much research has focused on the negative impact that baculoviral host infections have on parasitoids. This review summarizes the impacts that parasitoids may have on the virulence and spread of lepidopteran baculoviruses. By changing host behavior and development, parasitoids have been shown to decrease baculovirus virulence and productivity within parasitized baculovirus-susceptible hosts; however, studies of the tools used by hymenopteran parasitoids to overcome their hosts'immune systems, suggest that parasitoids may, in some cases, facilitate baculoviral infections in less susceptible hosts. Laboratory and field research have demonstrated that parasitoids can mechanically transmit baculoviruses between insects, and in this way, increase the efficacy of the viruses. Instances of new, more virulent isolates of baculoviruses have been recorded from specifically parasitoid-targeted hosts suggesting other possible benefits from the transmission or activation of baculoviruses by parasitoids.

Antibacterial activity of panipenem/betamipron in vitro and its pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy in patients with pulmonary infection

Objective: To investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of panipenem/betamipron to common clinical isolates, determine its pharmacokinetics in patients with pulmonary infection and evaluate its effectiveness and safety in treatment of pulmonary infection. Methods: (1) The minimal inhibition concentrations of panipenem/betamipron were determined in 247 clinical isolates by agar dilution method. The minimal bactericidal concentrations of panipenem/betamipron for some clinical isolates were also determined. (2) Twenty cases of pulmonary infection were treated with intravenous dripping of panipenem/betamipron at 500/500 mg every 12 h for 3-7 d. Panipenem/betamipron concentration in the plasma was consecutively measured, and bacterial culture was conducted and the efficacy was evaluated. Results: (1) The in vitro antimicrobial activity of panipenem/betamipron was almost the same as that of panipenem, indicating that panipenem played the major role in antimicrobial reaction. Panipenem/betamipron had a strong antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, β-Streptococcus hemolytic, Streptococcus pneumonia, micrococcus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiea pneumonia. The drug also showed a potent effect against Haemophilus influenzae,Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2) The peak value of panipenem/betamipron in plasma was (30.25±5.43) mg/L and the level decreased to (0.66±0.34) mg/L 6 h later. The half-life of distribution and elimination of panipenem in the plasma was (0.34±0.18) h and (1.42±0.31) h, respectively. (3) The eradication rate of bacteria was 77.8% and the effective healing rate was 75%. No adverse drug reaction was found. Conclusion: Panipenem/betamipron has a strong antimicrobial activity against clinical isolates and is effective and safe for treatment of pulmonary infection.

An Overview of the Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Virus

Since the first human case of H5N1 avian influenza virus infection was reported in 1997, this highly pathogenic virus has infected hundreds of people around the world and resulted in many deaths. The ability of H5N1 to cross species boundaries, and the presence of polymorphisms that enhance virulence, present challenges to developing clear strategies to prevent the pandemic spread of this highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus. This review summarizes the current understanding of, and recent research on, the avian influenza H5N1 virus, including transmission, virulence, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, treatment and prevention.

Cytokines Expression Profile and Kinetics of Peste des petits ruminants Virus Antigen and Antibody in Infected and Vaccinated Goats

The present study deals with the co-ordination of cytokine （IL-4 and IFN-7） expression and kinetics of peste des petits ruminants （PPR） virus antigen and antibody in PPRV infected and vaccinated goats. The infected animals exhibited mixed cytokine （both TH1 and TH2） responses in the initial phase of the disease. The infected and dead goats had increased IFN-T response before their death; while IL-4 remained at the base level. The cytokine expression in recovered animals was almost similar to that of vaccinated ones, where a unique biphasic response of IL-4 expression was observed with an up-regulation of IFN-T on 7th days post vaccination （dpv）. Analysis of PPR virus antigen and antibody kinetics in different components of blood from infected and vaccinated animais revealed that the PPR virus antigen load was highest in plasma followed by serum and blood of the infected animals, whereas vaccinated animals showed only marginal positivity on 9th dpv. The antibody titer was high in serum followed by plasma and blood in both vaccinated and infected animals. Therefore, it is inferred that the presence of antigen and antibody were significant with the expression of cytokine, and that a decreased response of IL-4 was noticed during intermediate phase of the disease i.e., 7 to 12m days post infection （dpi）. This indicates the ability to mount a functional TH2 response after 14th dpi could be a critical determinant in deciding the survival of the PPR infected animal.

Potency of Nannochloropsis oculata as Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Antiviral on Humpback Grouper Infected by Vibrio alginolyticus and Viral Nervous Necrotic

The aim of this study was to explore the potency of N. oculata extracts as antibacterial, antioxidant and antiviral on grouper Cromileptes altivelis （C. altivelis） infected by Vibrio alginolyticus （V. alginolyticus） and Viral Nervous Necrotic （VNN）. Dilution test was used to measure antibacterial activity of N. oculata extracts. Antioxidant activity of extracts was expressed by levels of MDA （Malondialdehyde） and SOD （superoxide dismutase） in the brain and kidneys of fish. Antiviral capability of N. oculata was determined by the expression of cellular immune cells Major Histocompatibility Complex （MHC） Class I for proliferation and inhibition of VNN in blood cells with immunocytochemistry. The results showed that N. oculata extract was able to suppress the growth of V. alginolyticus at a concentration of 40%. Increasing levels of SOD and reducing level of MDA indicated that N. oculata extracts may serve as an antibacterial and antioxidant. Providing cellular response of MHC class I cell expressed on C. altive/is blood cells, N. oculata demonstrated its antiviral activity.

BED-CEIA估计HIV-1新近感染率的有效性及其影响因素的评价

在艾滋病流行病学研究中,衡量艾滋病流行趋势最常用的指标是HIV累积感染率和新近感染率.与累积感染率相比,新近感染率对艾滋病流行趋势预测、干预效果评价以及防制策略的制定等能提供更直接的信息.在获取新近感染率的方法中,除了经典的流行病学队列随访方法,目前普遍使用的血清学方法之一是IgG捕获BED酶联免疫法（BED-CEIA）.2001年,美国疾病预防控制中心（CDC）艾滋病免疫和诊断室评估了16种基于不同抗体和原理的HIV-1新近感染检测方法,发现新近感染者与既往感染者相比,各种抗体滴度均较低;其中gp41抗体滴度在新近感染者和既往感染者中的差别最大,两者的滴度区间几乎没有重叠,新近感染者的gp41抗体亲和力低于既往感染者,从而认为gp41抗体能够区分新近感染者和既往感染者,并且酶联免疫实验操作相对简单、效果也较理想,因此该室着手开发基于gp41抗体的HIV-1新近感染检测的酶联免疫方法[1].

Blooming of bacteria and algae is a biokiller for mass-extinction of Devonian coral-stromatoporoid reef ecosystems

Studies of rock slices showed that there were many kinds of symbioses between bacteria and algae and corals-stromatoporoids in the coral-stromatoporoid reefs from the Devonian Ganxi section of Sichuan and the Dushan section of Guizhou in South China. They included encrustations, microborings, bioclaustration, etc. In the host corals-stromatoporoids invaded by bacteria and algae were many residues of dead soft issue in the infected parts, where the skeletal structures were injured. Therefore, we considered there were direct interactions between corals-stromatoporoids and bacteria and algae in coral-stromatoporoid reefs, which included that bacteria and algae blocked growth of corals-stromatoporoids and the latter had the ability of self-healing. And the bacteria and algae usually was the active side. In the Middle Devonian with normal seawater condition, corals and stromatoporoids had the ability to resist the invasion of bacteria and algae, and the host coral-stromatoporoids would not be killed; but in the Late Devonian with deterioration of seawater quality, the ability of bacteria and algae infection increased while corals-stromatoporoids' ability to resist infection declined, and therefore the host corals-stromatoporoids would be dead. Hence we suggested that the invading of bacteria and algae was a possible biokiller for mass-extinction of the Devonian coral-stromatoporoid reefs ecosystem. Beyond that, blooming of bacteria and algae and its triggering cumulative environmental effects played an important role in the reduction and extinction of metazoan in the Late Devonian. Furthermore, it can be used as a useful example to learn the trend and the reasons for the disease and decrease of modern coral reefs.