“手足”和“手脚”:历时流变中词义的叠合与分化

从共时层面来看,“足”和“脚”的所指实体具有同一性,但“手足”和“手脚”的语义内涵却并不完全一致,这与两词在历时层面中的语义演变休戚相关。具体来看,“手脚”和“手足”最初凝固成词时的词汇意义都是用以表示“举动、动作”,但语义的进一步抽象则是沿着两条不同的发展路径展开的,这可以归因于二词语义联想机制的不同。此外,认知因素、参构语素的感情色彩以及所在结构的构式意义等都会在“手足”和“手脚”语义演变过程中发挥作用,从而形成二者在部分义项上的迥然有别。

From the Perspective of Conceptual Metaphor -Analyzing the Heroine＇ s Resistance in The Scarlet Letter

Conceptual metaphor has always been the study focus of cognitive linguistics. Conceptual metaphor is ubiquitous, cognitive and systematic. Nathaniel Hawthorne in his representative work The Scarlet Letter makes full use of the conceptual metaphor. A detailed description of the heroine Hester Prynne through the conceptual metaphor fully expresses Nathaniel Hawthorne＇ s feminist thoughts. Through the metaphorical analyses of the name Pearl, the scarlet letter ＂A＂, the forest and the scaffold this paper analyzes Hester Prynne＇ s resistant consciousness. On the basis of this, the positive social significance of the novel is explored.

Viral exploitation of actin: force-generation and scaffolding functions in viral infection

As a fundamental component of the host cellular cytoskeleton, actin is routinely engaged by infecting viruses. Furthermore, viruses from diverse groups, and infecting diverse hosts, have convergently evolved an array of mechanisms for manipulating the actin cytoskeleton for efficacious infection. An ongoing chorus of research now indicates that the actin cytoskeleton is critical for viral replication at many stages of the viral life cycle, including binding, entry, nuclear localization, genomic transcription and reverse transcription, assembly, and egress/dissemination. Specifically, viruses subvert the force-generating and macromolecular scaffolding properties of the actin cytoskeleton to propel viral surfing, internalization, and migration within the cell. Additionally, viruses utilize the actin cytoskeleton to support and organize assembly sites, and eject budding virions for cell-to-cell transmission. It is the purpose of this review to provide an overview of current research, focusing on the various mechanisms and themes of virus-mediated actin modulation described therein.

A Barefoot Doctor’s Manual as a“Medical Bible”:Medical Politics and Knowledge Transmission in China

This paper examines the origin,compilation,and circulation of A Barefoot Doctor’s Manual(Chijiao yisheng shouce赤脚医生手册),exploring the relationship between medical politics and knowledge transmission in China,and its impact on the promotion of Chinese medicine across the world.Barefoot doctors were a special group of rural medical practitioners active in a very special socio-political context.Various editions of barefoot doctor manuals and textbooks were published across China after the first publication of the Manual in 1969.The publication of these manuals and textbooks became an indelible hallmark of the“Cultural Revolution”(1966–1976),when political publications predominated.The Manual was not only a guide for barefoot doctors in their daily study and practice,but also a primary source of medical knowledge for ordinary people.In the middle of the 1970s,the Manual was translated into many languages and published worldwide.This paper argues that the publication of A Barefoot Doctor’s Manual embodied a public-oriented mode of knowledge transmission that emerged and was adopted during a very specific era,and though it was eventually substituted by a mode of training embedded in the formal medical education system,it demonstrated the impact of politics on medicine and health in the context of resource scarcity and low literacy.Changes in China’s geopolitical status,the West’s pursuit of alternative approaches to medicine and health,and the World Health Organization’s(WHO’s)concern over health universality and equity all contributed to the translation and circulation of the Manual,facilitating the dissemination of Chinese medicine worldwide.The paper thus presents empirical and theoretical contributions to research on the relationship between medical politics and knowledge transmission in China.

Application of Gliding Scaffold System In Cable-Stayed Bridge Construction

Gonghe bridge is a double level cable-stayed concrete bridge with a single-cable-plane of single cable tower. Its span is 114+120 m and a whole length of 236 m. The gliding scaffold equipment is used for the first time in the long span cable-stayed bridge construction to reduce the construction time limit. In the process of construction, to make sure a safe connection among concrete objects with different ages, the single-supporting and single-suspension system is adopted before the concrete pouring. While the double-supporting and single-suspension system is applied after con- crete pouring. These construction systems with gliding scaffold equipment are first introduced in long span ca- ble-stayed bridge and presented in detail[1]. The practice shows that these gliding scaffold systems have many advan- tages over the traditional ones.

Bi-/multi-modal pore formation of PLGA/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds by heterogeneous nucleation in supercritical CO_2 foaming

Scaffolds with multimodal pore structure are essential to cells differentiation and proliferation in bone tissue engineering. Bi-/multi-modal porous PLGA/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds were prepared by supercritical C02 foaming in which hydroxyapatite acted as heterogeneous nucleation agent. Bimodal porous scaffolds were prepared under certain conditions, i.e. hydroxyapatite addition of 5%, depressurization rate of 0.3 MPa. min-1, soaking temperature of 55 ℃, and pressure of 9 MPa. And scaffolds presented specific structure of small pores （122 μM ± 66 μm） in the cellular walls of large pores （552 μm ±127 μm）. Furthermore, multimodal porous PLGA scaffolds with micro-pores （37 μM ± 11μM） were obtained at low soaking pressure of 7.5 MPa. The interconnected porosity of scaffolds ranged from （52.53 ± 2.69）% to （83.08±2.42）% by adjusting depressurization rate, while compression modulus satisfied the requirement of bone tissue engineering. Solvent-free CO2 foaming method is promising to fabricate bi-/multi-modal porous scaffolds in one step, and bioactive particles for osteogenesis could serve as nucleation agents.

Morphological Evaluation of Adhesion and Proliferation of Osteoblast Like Cells Grown on Gelatin/Genipin Scaffold

This work focusing on studying the biocompatibility and the effect of gelatin porous scaffold on the characteristics of human osteoblast like cells, including proliferation, adhesion, scaffold-cell interaction and its potential to induce bone regeneration. Osteoblast like cells were seeded on gelatin/genipin scaffolds for 7, 14 and 21 days. Cell proliferation assay, light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and high resolution scanning electron microscopy were carried to evaluate cell viability, cell adhesion and the production of extracellular matrix. Cell proliferation assay showed a high biocompatibility of the material. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy showed a strong adhesion of MG63 ceils on the surface of gelatin scaffold and high penetration in the macroporosities of the material. TEM analysis showed an intense production of extracellular matrix protein. In vitro analysis indicated a good biocompatibility of the scaffold and presents it as a potential candidate material for tissue engineering.

Application of Scaffolding Instructional Models to English Listening Comprehension

The paper tries to research Scaffolding Instructional Model in listening English teaching. There will be the theoretical research of Scaffolding Instructional Model and then the findings confirmed by the questionnaire. The subjects in the experiment is a group of 80 students randomly selected from the Grade Three at a senior high school in Yili. The questionnaire I presents that the students are on the close level of English listening. They are divided into Experimental Group and Control Group. The Scaffolding Instructional Model will be used on the Experimental Group and Control Group will take the traditional teaching method. After four weeks two groups will attend the listening post-test and questionnaire II. According to the analysis of experimental data, the Experimental Group would get better listening comprehension grades than the Control Group.

Bridge Falsework in Staged Construction of a Prestressed Concrete Beam Bridge

The formwork and falsework in the construction of twin ribbed slab decks on a multi-span ecological bridge for a dual carriageway are presented. The bridge is situated in a valley plain which is crossed by small rivers and was designed principally with the environment in mind. The bridge length is over 356 m, and the width of the decks is 11.5 m. For the bridge works, a simple conventional falsework system was chosen with steel frames for the supports and steel rolled beams for the decks. The formwork was constructed in solid timber and plywood as multiple-use panels. The falsework was designed in order to build the two 10-span bridge decks in stages. The decks are continuous cast-in-situ prestressed concrete twin rib with spans of 30 m, 34 m and 45 m. An individual falsework system was designed, which was easy to move transversally following completion of each stage for one deck. After finishing each stage, for the second deck, the falsework was dismantled and used again in the next construction fronts. An individual arrangement for the falsework along with timber pilings was used to cross the biggest river. The formwork timber panels were used several times in the multistage bridge construction. The adopted falsework system is very simple, but it allowed the speedy construction of the two decks where there were severe time constraints.

Study on the Scaffolding Teaching of Three-dimensional Animation Foundation based on Modularization

In this paper, the teaching of course Three-dimensional Animation Foundation is designed mainly based on teaching content modularization and scaffolding teaching model. The modularized content design for Three-dimensional Animation Foundation is specifically expounded, and also the ideas for developing the scaffolding teaching model are analyzed. How to integrate the scaffolding teaching model into course teaching is introduced in details. Finally, new methods for guiding students to think independently in course teaching and improve students＇ self-awareness and self-learning ability are proposed.

Study of biological safety of scaffold material with heterologous deproteinized bone

To evaluate the biological safety of manufactured heterologous deproteinized bone and to provide an experimental basis for clinical applications. Methods ： Deproteinized bone （ 10 mm） and leaching liquor were made from pig ribs with a series of physical and chemical methods, then were evaluated through acute and subacute toxicity test, hemolysis test, pyrogen test, intracutaneous test, intramuscular implantation test and cytotoxity test. Results ： No obvious toxicity, hemolysis, pyrogenic characteristics, skin irritation, inflammatory reaction after intramusclar implantation and cytotoxity were observed. Conclusions： The heterologous deproteinized bone has good biological safety and meets all the demands of scaffold material for tissue engineering.

Three-dimensional cell culture models for investigating human viruses

Three-dimensional(3D) culture models are physiologically relevant, as they provide reproducible results, experimental flexibility and can be adapted for high-throughput experiments. Moreover,these models bridge the gap between traditional two-dimensional(2D) monolayer cultures and animal models. 3D culture systems have significantly advanced basic cell science and tissue engineering, especially in the fields of cell biology and physiology, stem cell research, regenerative medicine, cancer research, drug discovery, and gene and protein expression studies. In addition,3D models can provide unique insight into bacteriology, virology, parasitology and host-pathogen interactions. This review summarizes and analyzes recent progress in human virological research with 3D cell culture models. We discuss viral growth, replication, proliferation, infection, virus-host interactions and antiviral drugs in 3D culture models.

Effects of bloodletting puncture at Jing-Well points in distal ends of finger and toe on survival rate and brain edema in cerebral ischemic rats

OBJECTIVE:To observe the effects of bloodletting puncture at Jing-Well points in the distal ends of the finger and toe on survival rate,survival time,and brain edema in rats with cerebral ischemia.METHODS:Fifty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups:normal,sham operation,model,bloodletting puncture at Jing-Well points in distal ends of finger and toe,and puncture without bloodletting at these points.Middle cerebral artery occlusion models were established according to Longa's method.The brains were taken 48 h after the model was established.Brain water content,brain density,brain coefficient,survival rate,and survival time in each group were measured.RESULTS:After bloodletting puncture,the survival time of the rats was prolonged,their brain water content and brain coefficient were reduced,and brain density was increased.CONCLUSION:Bloodletting puncture at Jing-Well points in the distal ends of the finger and toe can improve function in ischemic brain edema.

InCl_3-mediated intramolecular Friedel-Crafts-type cyclization and its application to construct the [6-7-5-6] tetracyclic scaffold of liphagal

A unified strategy toward the construction of the [5.7.6]tricyclic skeleton of liphagal is reported,featuring InCl3-mediated intramolecular Friedel-Crafts-type cyclization.

Application of the sodium hyaluronate-CNTF scaffolds in repairing adult rat spinal cord injury and facilitating neural network formation

The present study aimed to explore the potential of the sodium hyaluronate-CNTF (ciliary neurotrophic factor) scaffold in activating endogenous neurogenesis and facilitating neural network re-formation after the adult rat spinal cord injury (SCI). After completely cutting and removing a 5-mm adult rat T8 segment, a sodium hyaluronate-CNTF scaffold was implanted into the lesion area. Dil tracing and immunofluorescence staining were used to observe the proliferation, differentiation and integration of neural stem cells (NSCs) after SCI. A planar multielectrode dish system (MED64) was used to test the electrophysiological characteristics of the regenerated neural network in the lesioned area. Electrophysiology and behavior evaluation were used to evaluate functional recovery of paraplegic rat hindlimbs. The Dil tracing and immunofluorescence results suggest that the sodium hyaluronate-CNTF scaffold could activate the NSCs originating from the spinal cord ependymal, and facilitate their migration to the lesion area and differentiation into mature neurons, which were capable of forming synaptic contact and receiving glutamatergic excitatory synaptic input. The MED64 results suggest that functional synapsis could be established among regenerated neurons as well as between regenerated neurons and the host tissue, which has been evidenced to be glutamatergic excitatory synapsis. The electrophysiology and behavior evaluation results indicate that the paraplegic rats’ sensory and motor functions were recovered in some degree. Collectively, this study may shed light on paraplegia treatment in clinics.

Immobilization of heparin on decellularized kidney scaffold to construct microenvironment for antithrombosis and inducing reendothelialization

In recent years, rapid development of tissue engineering technology provides possibilities for the construction of artificial tissues or organs. In construction of engineered kidneys, researchers used native decellularized extracellular matrix(ECM) as the scaffolds to recellularization. However, thrombosis has been a great issue that hinders the progress of transplantation in vivo. In this study, heparin was immobilized to the collagen part of decellularized scaffold with collagen-binding peptide(CBP). Through the anticoagulant and endothelial cell reperfusion experiments, it can be demonstrated that the heparinized scaffolds absorbed less platelets and red blood cells which can effectively reduce the formation of thrombosis. Moreover, it is conducive to longterm adhesion of endothelial cells which is important for the formation of subsequent vascularization. Taken together, our results reveal that the whole kidney can be modified by CBP-heparin composite to reduce the thrombosis and provide the better conditions for neovascularization.

Novel supramolecular organocatalysts of hydroxyprolinamide based on calix[4]arene scaffold for the enantioselective Biginelli reaction

A series of novel supramolecular organocatalysts of hydroxyprolinamide based on the upper rim of calix[4]arene scaffold have been developed to catalyze enantioselective multi-component Biginelli reaction. Under the optimal conditions, the reactions occurred with moderate-to-excellent enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee). A plausible transition state constructed by the supra- molecular interaction of hydrogen bond and cation-π between catalysts and substrates has been proposed.

Protein-sheathed SWNT as a versatile scaffold for nanoparticle assembly and superstructured nanowires

One dimensional(1 D) nanostructures have many possible applications in electronic, optical, and sensing devices associated with their nanosized lateral dimensions. In this regard, a general and bottom-up strategy to synthesize 1 D nanoparticle arrays and conductive nanowires with a facile structural/compositional control is highly desired. We herein report a protein-sheathed single walled carbon nanotube(SWNT) that satisfies the criteria for an ideal template to assemble micron-long gold nanoparticle(Au NP) linear arrays with high structural rigidity. The resulting Au NP array has minimized inter-particle gaps, which is especially useful to template the overgrowth of Ag, Pd, and Pd/Ag metals into continuous nanowires(Au@M, M=Ag, Pd, Ag/Pd). Our method successfully overcomes the incompatibility between carbon and metal materials, and the resulting superstructured metal nanowires have a tunable diameter below 100 nm and a shape closely replicating a SWNT. The Ag nanowires are composed of coalesced Au@Ag coreshell nanoparticles, while the Pd and Pd/Ag nanowires are made of very fine Pd nanocrystallites around the Au NP cores. These unique structural features are pivotal to various applications including surface enhanced Raman scattering(SERS), electrocatalysis, and gas sensors.

Hypothesis, Modern Researches and Clinical Applications of Cutaneous Regions in Traditional Chinese Medicine

As one of the most important concepts in traditional Chinese medicine, cutaneous regions have a close relationship with skin in modern medicine. According to the doctrine of traditional Chinese medicine, the cutaneous regions are the corresponding projections of twelve meridians in the superficial layer of the body and play an important role in body surface-viscera correlation. The symptoms of visceral disorders will reflect on cutaneous regions and one of the major patterns of manifestation is referred visceral pain accompanied by tenderness and hyperalgesia on the body surface. On the contrary, cutaneous regions participate in the treatment of visceral disorders. As major clinical applications of the cutaneous regions hypothesis, superficial acupuncture, subcutaneous needling, massage(tuina), moxibustion, and wrist-ankle acupuncture have achieved favorable therapeutic outcomes in clinical practice. Modern researches have gained insights into the biological background of cutaneous regions, however, further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms.