论明清科举后场的“拟古”文

明代科举试图培养士子经世致用精神,故在首场八股之后,试以制、诰、诏、表、启等公务文体。后场“拟古”命题一般出自史传,要求士子带入古人语气作文。应举者不仅须揣摩历史事件的来龙去脉,还需要掌握先秦古文的博大典赡,学习六朝骈体的富艳精工,具备拟作各类公务文字的能力。“拟古”以虚构形式,将史传的依据材料进行了还原,是对史传的逆向性解读,故颇受士子喜爱。明末清初时代风云变幻,“拟古”又被赋予了浓厚的时政干预功能和科举改良的进步意义。清代科场形势发生较大变化,后场“拟古”已难以作为人才选拔标准。乾隆时期以试律取代实用性文体,促使“拟古”淡出了主流文章写作的视野。

陶渊明《拟古》九首:拟《古诗》的诗还是“拟古”的诗?——兼论《拟古》与拟《古诗》的不同

陶渊明《拟古》九首向来被认为是模拟汉代以《古诗十九首》为代表的拟古之作,其实题目《拟古》暗含另一种解读的可能,即'拟古'的诗。陶氏稍后的鲍照同样也有以《拟古》命名的组诗,笔者通过与陶渊明《拟古》九首的横向对比,认为《拟古》不单纯等同于拟《古诗十九首》,实则通过'以我运古'的方式以咏怀,有着鲜明的自我生命体验在内。陶、鲍的创作实际也反映了《拟古》为当时专门一体,与拟《古诗十九首》分属不同的诗学渊源和创作方法,不可混为一谈。

Stability monitoring and evaluation of the modeled test square for prehistoric earthen sites during excavation period

In order to explore the stability of test square during archaeological excavation for prehistoric earthen sites in Hangzhou, a modeled test square with 2. 3 min depth, inplane dimensions of 5 min width by 5 m in length, and an archaeological column in the middle was excavated by means of a top-down excavation technique. To investigate the stability performance of the modeled test square and the associated effect on the adjacent area, a real-time comprehensive instrumentation program was conducted during the excavation. Field observations included ground settlements, lateral displacement, pore pressure and underground water level. Monitoring data indicates that the ground settlement induced by dewatering and unloading action basically decreases with the increase of the distance away from the pit edge, and the lateral displacements at four sides showa nonlinear variation along the depth. The maximum value is far below the acceptable value regulated by the related standard,which validates the stability of the modeled test square during excavation. Variations of pore pressure and water level suggest that long-term stability should be paid more attention due to the slowconsolidation of soft soil. Meanwhile, it is proved that the step shape of the wall can resist lateral displacement more effectively than the vertical shape of wall. This case study provides insights into the real archaeological excavation in Hangzhou, in particular Liangzhu prehistoric earthen sites.

Discovery of Enteromophites in the Chengjiang Biota and Its Ecological Significance

The paper deals with a new species of megaalgal fossil-Enteromophites intestinalis sp. nov. found in Chenejiang Biota in the early Cambrian. A morphological comparison of the living Enteromorpha and fossil Enteromophites indicates that there probably is a close relationship between these two genera. Based on a study on the surroundings of living Enteromorpha, Enteromophites intestinalis sp. nov. might have lived in the environment of sea or salt water.

Last Glacial Maximum Sea Surface Temperatures: A Model-Data Comparison

In this study,the authors investigated changes in Last Glacial Maximum （LGM） sea surface temperature （SST） simulated by the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project （PMIP） multimodels and reconstructed by the Multiproxy Approach for the Reconstruction of the Glacial Ocean Surface （MARGO） project,focusing on model-data comparison.The results showed that the PMIP models produced greater ocean cooling in the North Pacific and Tropical Ocean than the MARGO,particularly in the northwestem Pacific,where the modeldata mismatch was larger.All the models failed to capture the anomalous east-west SST gradient in the North Atlantic.In addition,large discrepancies among the models were observed in the mid-latitude ocean,particularly with models in the second phase of the PMIP.Although these models showed better agreement with the MARGO,the latest models in the third phase of the PMIP did not show substantial progresses in simulating LGM ocean surface conditions.That is,improvements in the modeling community are still needed to describe SST for a better understanding of climate during the LGM.

A Defined Process to Digitally Reproduce in 3D a Wide Set of Archaeological Artifacts for Virtual Investigation and Display

This paper contributes to depict the current pattern of applications of digital 3D models for professional research and practice, and for broader dissemination of cultural heritage. Passing from a general review to the illustration of the background project, named MUSINT, the authors underline the objectives. The present case study primarily aims to share information about valuable archaeological collections which have little visibility. To enhance the project＇s contents, which include a whole set of different artifacts, the authors have reproduced high resolution, faithful and measurable digital models on one side, and on the other, lower resolution and geometrically simplified models are yet completed and very close to reality. The former are meant to implement a scholars＇ archive for further scientific activity. The latter to provide content for virtual exhibitions on the Web or on stand-alone interfaces situated in the actual physical museum spaces. The data acquisition and post-processing methods which have been tested and chosen are here briefly described. Hence, the authors then give an account of the most recurrent problematic issues of the established work-flow and how they should be solved. Touched instances are the delicate placing of the artifacts, which must be digitized, in relation to the triangulation-based laser scanner＇s functionality, the refining operations in order to build a coherent single polygon mesh, the most effective ways to deal with unavoidable missing parts or defected textures in the generated model and so on.

《我的失恋》并非单纯的拟古新打油诗

《我的失恋》是鲁迅的散文诗集《野草》中惟一分行抒写的诗篇.因其副标题是"拟古的新打油诗",一直以来都把它当作一首小小的讽刺诗而排斥在"真正的诗"之外.本文要说明的是,这首诗鲁迅采用了自嘲、戏谑的外在讽刺方式,掩盖其内心彷徨、苦闷、焦虑的复杂感情.在幽默、夸张和戏谑中,同自己恋爱中的彷徨、苦闷、焦虑和自卑感捣乱,从而也消解了鲁迅的彷徨、苦闷、焦虑和自卑感.其实,这是一首真正的爱情诗.

《苗瑶语古音构拟》中黔东苗语部分例缺字补正

《苗瑶语古音构拟》是近年来苗瑶语古音研究的重要著作。但由于调查资料所限等方面的原因,致使书中的许多例字呈现空白状态。从贵州省白午苗话出发,对《苗瑶语古音构拟》中的部分例缺字进行了补正。

64-qubit quantum circuit simulation

Classical simulations of quantum circuits are limited in both space and time when the qubit count is above 50, the realm where quantum supremacy reigns. However, recently, for the low depth circuit with more than 50 qubits, there are several methods of simulation proposed by teams at Google and IBM. Here,we present a scheme of simulation which can extract a large amount of measurement outcomes within a short time, achieving a 64-qubit simulation of a universal random circuit of depth 22 using a 128-node cluster, and 56-and 42-qubit circuits on a single PC. We also estimate that a 72-qubit circuit of depth 23 can be simulated in about 16 h on a supercomputer identical to that used by the IBM team. Moreover, the simulation processes are exceedingly separable, hence parallelizable, involving just a few inter-process communications. Our work enables simulating more qubits with less hardware burden and provides a new perspective for classical simulations.

Identification of ancient ceramics by digital shape characterization

Shapes are important clues for the identification of ancient ceramics.In this study,digital extraction methods of shape characterization were discussed,using samples of flared mouthed porcelain bowls produced in Jingdezhen Hutian Kiln from the Five Dynasties to the Song and Yuan period.By employing the techniques of image enhancement,edge detection and curve fitting of Matlab,the method using digital shape characterization has advanced accuracy and effectiveness of traditional identification which is based on visual and tactual inspections.Together with the increasingly applied compositional data analysis and thermoluminescence dating technique,the method will further improve and upgrade the scientific identification system for ancient ceramics.

Petrogenetic simulation of the Archean trondhjemite from Eastern Hebei, China

It is generally believed that trondhjemitic rock, an important component of TTG rocks, is the anatectic product of mafic rocks. However, in many TTG gneiss terranes, for instance, the granulite facies terrane in Eastern Hebei, trondhjemites occur as small dikes, intrusions or leucosomes in tonalitic gneisses, suggesting their origin of in-situ partial melting. Based on the petrological analysis of a tonalitic gneiss sample from Eastern Hebei, in combination with zircon U-Pb dating, we investigated the petrogenesis of trondhjemite through simulating anatectic reactions and the major and trace element characteristics of the product melt at different pressures(0.7, 1.0 and 2.0 GPa). The results indicate that hornblende dehydration melting in a tonalitic gneiss at 0.9–1.1 GPa and 800–850°C, corresponding to the high-T granulite facies, with melting degrees of 5–10wt.% and a residual assemblage containing 5–10wt.% garnet, can produce felsic melts with a great similarity, for instance of high La/Yb ratios and low Yb contents to the trondhjemitic rocks from Eastern Hebei. However, the modelled melts exhibit relatively higher K2 O, and lower CaO and Mg~# than those in the trondhjemitic dikes and leucosomes from Eastern Hebei, suggesting that the leucosomes may not only contain some residual minerals but also be subjected to the effect of crystal fractionation. The zircon U-Pb dating for the tonalitic and trondhjemitic rocks in the Eastern Hebei yields a protolith age of 2518±12 Ma and a metamorphic age of 2505±19 Ma for the tonalitic gneiss. The latter age is consistent with a crystallization age of 2506±6 Ma for the trondhjemitic rock, confirming a close petrogenetic relation between them.