The aim of this article is to analyse aggressive behaviour of pupils during school breaks. The main emphasis has been put on the importance of teachers＇ expectations concerning behaviour violating norms. The role of ...The aim of this article is to analyse aggressive behaviour of pupils during school breaks. The main emphasis has been put on the importance of teachers＇ expectations concerning behaviour violating norms. The role of these expectations as predictors of pro-social and anti-social behaviour has been analysed. The research is based on the assumption that every culture develops specific benchmarks in reference to which people judge various social phenomena. Creation of an individual conception of oneself and making a plan for one＇s life is based, to some extent, on social values which constitute the crucial element of every culture. The hypothesis to be verified in this study was the presence of a significant link between the occurrence of anti-social and pro-social behaviour and the adopted axiological assumptions concerning students and their behaviour. The subjects of the study were students and teachers from 18 schools representing three types of culture and three educational levels （primary, lower secondary, and upper secondary）. The total number of 1,212 students were observed （Goldsmith＇s Observational Questionnaire）, and 36 teachers were interviewed. The results indicate a link between the adopted school culture and teachers＇ functioning, and open perspectives of further research on the connection between the values in school curricula and the occurrence of behaviour violating social norms and bounds.展开更多
Aggression is a common behavioral strategy employed by animals to secure limited resources, but must be applied with restraint to limit potential costs including injury. How animals make the adap- tive decision to fig...Aggression is a common behavioral strategy employed by animals to secure limited resources, but must be applied with restraint to limit potential costs including injury. How animals make the adap- tive decision to fight or flee is barely known. Here, we review our work on crickets that reveals the roles of biogenic amines, primarily octopamine （the insect analog of noradrenaline） and nitric oxide （NO）. Using aminergic drugs, we found that amines are not essential for actually initiating aggres- sion. However, octopamine is necessary for mediating the aggression-promoting effects of poten- tially rewarding experiences including stimulation with a male antenna, physical exertion, winning, and resource possession. Hence, octopamine can be considered as the motivational component of aggression. Imposed handicaps that impede aggressive signaling revealed that the agonistic actions of an opponent perceived during fighting act to reduce aggression, and that crickets make the deci- sion to flee the moment the accumulated sum of such aversive experiences exceeds some critical level. Treatment with nitridergic drugs revealed that the impact of the opponent＇s aggressive actions is mediated by NO. NO acts to suppress aggression by promoting the tendency to flee and is primarily responsible for the depressed aggressiveness of subordinates after social defeat. Octopamine and dopamine can each restore aggression in subordinates, but only dopamine is necessary for normal recovery. The role of serotonin remains unclear, and is discussed. We conclude that octopamine and NO control the decision to fight or flee by mediating the effects of potentially rewarding and aversive experiences, respectively.展开更多
文摘The aim of this article is to analyse aggressive behaviour of pupils during school breaks. The main emphasis has been put on the importance of teachers＇ expectations concerning behaviour violating norms. The role of these expectations as predictors of pro-social and anti-social behaviour has been analysed. The research is based on the assumption that every culture develops specific benchmarks in reference to which people judge various social phenomena. Creation of an individual conception of oneself and making a plan for one＇s life is based, to some extent, on social values which constitute the crucial element of every culture. The hypothesis to be verified in this study was the presence of a significant link between the occurrence of anti-social and pro-social behaviour and the adopted axiological assumptions concerning students and their behaviour. The subjects of the study were students and teachers from 18 schools representing three types of culture and three educational levels （primary, lower secondary, and upper secondary）. The total number of 1,212 students were observed （Goldsmith＇s Observational Questionnaire）, and 36 teachers were interviewed. The results indicate a link between the adopted school culture and teachers＇ functioning, and open perspectives of further research on the connection between the values in school curricula and the occurrence of behaviour violating social norms and bounds.
文摘Aggression is a common behavioral strategy employed by animals to secure limited resources, but must be applied with restraint to limit potential costs including injury. How animals make the adap- tive decision to fight or flee is barely known. Here, we review our work on crickets that reveals the roles of biogenic amines, primarily octopamine （the insect analog of noradrenaline） and nitric oxide （NO）. Using aminergic drugs, we found that amines are not essential for actually initiating aggres- sion. However, octopamine is necessary for mediating the aggression-promoting effects of poten- tially rewarding experiences including stimulation with a male antenna, physical exertion, winning, and resource possession. Hence, octopamine can be considered as the motivational component of aggression. Imposed handicaps that impede aggressive signaling revealed that the agonistic actions of an opponent perceived during fighting act to reduce aggression, and that crickets make the deci- sion to flee the moment the accumulated sum of such aversive experiences exceeds some critical level. Treatment with nitridergic drugs revealed that the impact of the opponent＇s aggressive actions is mediated by NO. NO acts to suppress aggression by promoting the tendency to flee and is primarily responsible for the depressed aggressiveness of subordinates after social defeat. Octopamine and dopamine can each restore aggression in subordinates, but only dopamine is necessary for normal recovery. The role of serotonin remains unclear, and is discussed. We conclude that octopamine and NO control the decision to fight or flee by mediating the effects of potentially rewarding and aversive experiences, respectively.
