学术的沉沦与编辑的退却——从编辑“把关”与“放行”看“学术失范”和“学术腐败”的蔓延

在“中国学术的深层危机”的背景下,编辑成了被追逐、拉拢、攀附、合谋的对象和进攻、暗算、攫取、蚕食的目标。编辑-出版环节之所以成为“学术失范”和“学术腐败”的实现途径,是因为它具备了适宜“学术失范”和“学术腐败”生长的土壤。编辑在具有“把关”权力的同时还具有“放行”的权力,他们既是“把关人”也是“过关人”。面对学术的沉沦编辑无奈作出正确的选择。

Effects of gallium on electrochemical discharge behavior of Al-Mg-Sn-In alloy anode for air cell or water-activated cell

In order to evaluate the electrochemical properties of aluminum alloy anode under high current densities in alkaline electrolyte, the galvanostatic discharge, potentiodynamic polarization and hydrogen evolution tests of three experimental Al?Mg?Sn?In?(Ga) alloys were performed. The results show that the alloying element gallium improves the working potentials of experimental Al?Mg?Sn?In alloys under different discharge current densities. The average working potentials of the alloys containing gallium can reach?1.3 V under current density ranging from 650 to 900 mA/cm2, while those of alloy without Ga are only?1.0 V. Such phenomenon is attributed to the solid solution which can form amalgam with aluminum matrix. Such an amalgam can form the hydrolyzed species during the discharge process and lead to the corrosion infiltrating into aluminum matrix.

Leaf Volatiles from Host Tree Acer negundo : Diurnal Rhythm and Behavior Responses of Anoplophora glabripennis to Volatiles in Field

The volatile compounds from ash-leaf maple (Acer negundo L.) were examined by adsorption-thermodesorption and GC-MS. Thirty-two compounds, including alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, terpenoids, carboxylic acids, etc. were identified. The analysis revealed that the diurnal rhythm of release of volatile compounds from maple differed in July and in August. In July, the releasing of most volatile compounds reached the peak at 14 o'clock, when in August, the emission of volatile compounds reached the peak at 10 o'clock. Besides diurnal rhythm, there also existed other differences in the releasing of volatiles and their relative contents in July and in August. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is the maturation of leaves, since the sampling conditions were the same both in July and August. At the same time, the response of Anoplophora glabrpennis Motschulsky to volatiles was examined with field bioassay with traps. cis-3-hexen-1-ol was found to be more effective to attract A. glabrpennis than other volatiles released by ash-leaf maple tree in field trapping test. A mixture of 1-butanol, 1-pentanol and 2-pentanol was tested to be the most attractive to A. glabripennis among all tested volatiles. More field trapping tests should be conducted.

Investigation of Automobile Driving Pattern on Real-Road Condition in Tianjin

Using a set of measuring system installed on a testing vehicle, 15 criterion numbers, which describe the details of vehicle′s driving pattern and emission characteristic on real road condition of Tianjin, are obtained from a large quantity of raw data. The results show that the characteristic of driving pattern in Tianjin is very different from that of ECE-15 and FTP-75. That is to say, neither of these two emission testing procedures is suitable in China. A new driving cycle is developed which is accordance with the driving pattern of Tianjin.This cycle can be used to evaluate the emission levels of vehicles under real-road condition in laboratory, and can be recommended as a testing procedure used in China.

Benzene and Toluene Levels Measured with DOAS During Vehicular Restrictions in Beijing

Measurements of atmospheric benzene and toluene were carried out continuously using dif- ferential optical absorption spectroscopy from August 7 to August 28 in Beijing during the period of vehicular restrictions. The correlations between traffic flows and totals of benzene and toluene were studied during the period of vehicular traffic restrictions from August 17 to August 20 and non-traffic restrictions on August 16 and August 21. The correlation coef- ficient was 0.8 between benzene and toluene. And the calculated daily mean value ratios of benzene to toluene were 0.43-0.50. During the period of vehicular restrictions, traffic flows were reduced about 11.8% and the levels of benzene and toluene were reduced by 11.4% and 12.8%, respectively. The vehicle emissions were recognized as the major sources for atmospheric benzene and toluene in Beijing.

Changes of Estrogen in Serum and Estrogen Receptor β in the Relevant Brain Regions Following Mating Behavior of the Male Mandarin Vole Microtus mandarinus

In order to investigate the estrogen and estrogen receptor β changes after mating behavior of male mandarin vole （Microtus mandarinus）, the radioimmunoassay （RIA） and immunohistochemistry methods were used to investigate changes of the serum estrogen （E） concentrations, estrogen immunoreactive neurons （E-IRs） and estrogen receptor β immunoreactive neurons （ERβ-IRs） in the relevant brain regions following mating behavior. Fifteen sexually matured male voles were randomly divided into three groups and treated differently： （1） control group： voles were exposed to clean hard-wood shavings （n=5）, （2） exposure group： voles were exposed to the soiled bedding for more than 24h on which estrous females had been placed （n=5）, and （3） mating group： voles were placed with an estrous female for more than 24h （n=5）. The results showed circulating serum E concentrations were significantly higher in the mating group than in the exposure group and the control group, and there were no significant difference between the exposure group and the control group. E-IRs and ERβ-IRs were detected in the following brain regions related to mating behavior： the arcuate nucleus （ARC）, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis （BST）, lateral septal nucleus （LS）, medial amygdaloid nucleus （ME）, medial preoptic area （MPO） and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus （VMH）. The results showed that there were significantly more E-IRs in the six brain regions in the mating group than in the control group and the exposure group, and there were no significant difference between the exposure group and the control group except for LS. There was no significant difference in ERβ-IRs in the six brain regions among the three groups, and there were some lighter -stained ERβ-IRs in these brain regions. The results suggested that estrogen affect mating activity of male mandarin voles, but ERβ might not play an important role in mating behavior of male mandarin voles. Instead, it might be through other receptors.

Electrochemical discharging performance of 3D porous magnesium electrode in organic electrolyte

A novel type of porous magnesium electrode with a stable 3D copper foam as current collectors for the organic magnesium-air battery was prepared by both amperostatic and pulsed electrodeposition of magnesium on copper foam substrates in an electrolyte of 1 mol/L EtMgBr/THF solution, respectively. Optimal parameters of the pulsed electrodeposition were obtained using a bending cathode at the right angle. The surface morphology of the porous electrode was investigated by SEM, and the discharging performance of the porous magnesium electrode was detected by the chronoamperometric measurement. The electrochemical stability of 3D copper foam current collectors was examined by cyclic voltammetry, SEM and ICP-OES analyses. The results show that the rate capability of the porous magnesium electrode with a stable 3D copper foam as a current collector is better than that of the planar magnesium electrode, and the rate capability of the porous magnesium electrode prepared by the pulsed electrodeposition is superior to that of the porous magnesium electrode prepared by the amperostatic electrodeposition. The 3D structure of copper foam current collectors of the porous magnesium electrode could keep stable during the discharging process.

Behavioral modeling of RF power amplifiers with time-delay feed-forward neural networks

A novel behavioral model using three-layer time-delay feed-forward neural networks （TDFFNN）is adopted to model radio frequency （RF）power amplifiers exhibiting memory nonlinearities. In order to extract the parameters, the back- propagation algorithm is applied to train the proposed neural networks. The proposed model is verified by the typical odd- order-only memory polynomial model in simulation, and the performance is compared with different numbers of taped delay lines（TDLs） and perceptrons of the hidden layer. For validating the TDFFNN model by experiments, a digital test bench is set up to collect input and output data of power amplifiers at a 60 × 10^6 sample/s sampling rate. The 3.75 MHz 16-QAM signal generated in the vector signal generator（VSG） is chosen as the input signal, when measuring the dynamic AM/AM and AM/PM characteristics of power amplifiers. By comparisons and analyses, the presented model provides a good performance in convergence, accuracy and efficiency, which is approved by simulation results and experimental results in the time domain and frequency domain.

A 12-Channel,30Gb/s,0.18μm CMOS Front-End Amplifier for Parallel Optic-Fiber Receivers

This paper presents a 12-channel,30Gb/s front-end amplifier realized in standard 0.18μm CMOS technology for parallel optlc-fiber receivers. In order to overcome the problem of inadequate bandwidth caused by the large parasitical capacitor of CMOS photo-detectors,a regulated-cascode structure and noise optimization are used in the design of the transimpedance amplifier. The experimental results indicate that, with a parasitical capacitance of 2pF,a single channel is able to work at bite rates of up to 2.5Gb/s,and a clear eye diagram is obtained with a 0. 8mVpp input. Furthermore, an isolation structure combined with a p^＋ guard.ring （PGR）, an n^＋ guard-ring （NGR）,and a deep-n-well （DNW） for parallel amplifier is also presented. Taking this combined structure, the crosstalk and the substrate noise coupling have been effectively reduced. Compared with the isolation of PGR or PGR ＋ NGR,the measured results show that the isolation degree of this structure is improved by 29.2 and 8. ldB at 1GHz,and by 8. 1 and 2. 5dB at 2GHz,respectively. With a 1.8V supply,each channel of the front-end amplifier consumes a DC power of 85mW,and the total power consumption of 12 channels is about 1W.

Enhanced dehydrogenation performances and mechanism of LiBH_4/Mg_(17)Al_(12)-hydride composite

Mg17Al12-hydride （abbreviated as MAH） was selected as a destabilization agent to improve de/rehydrogenation properties of LiBH4. 58LiBH4＋Mg17Al12-hydride composite was prepared by ball-milling. It is found that the dehydrogenation of ball-milled LiBH4/MAH composite presents a two-step reaction for hydrogen release. The composite starts desorbing hydrogen at about 300 ℃ and yields 9.8%of hydrogen （mass fraction） below 500 ℃. By adding MAH, the dehydrogenation kinetics of LiBH4 is improved and the dehydrogenation temperature of LiBH4 is also lowered by 20 ℃. High rehydriding capacity of 8.3% was obtained for the dehydrogenated composite in the first cycle at 450 ℃. The XRD analysis shows the formation of MgB2 and AlB2 in the dehydrogenation process, which reduces the thermodynamics stability of LiBH4 system and is beneficial to the reversible hydrogen storage behaviors of LiBH4/MAH composite.

Corrosion and discharge behavior of Mg−xLa alloys(x=0.0−0.8) as anode materials

The corrosion and discharge performances of binary Mg−xLa(x=0.2−0.8,wt.%)alloys as anode materials for Mg-based batteries were evaluated.Microstructure,hydrogen evolution,mass loss,electrochemical behavior,and half-cell discharge capabilities were characterized.The results show that the corrosion rate of the Mg matrix was decreased by alloying with La,and this could be attributed to the formation of a protective La2O3-containing film on the surface of the alloy.The Mg−0.2La alloy displayed the lowest corrosion rate,i.e.,2.4 mm/a in a 3.5 wt.%NaCl solution,Furthermore,the discharge performance of Mg−0.4La alloy was superior to that of pure Mg and other Mg−La alloys;this could be associated with the modified microstructure of the Mg−0.4La alloy,which decreased the self-corrosion and accelerated the detachment of the discharge products.

Epidemiological Investigation of Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae in Western Shandong

[ Objective ] The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemic status of porcine pleuropneumonia in western Shandong and establish the PCR method of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae （APP）. [ Method] The epidemic status of APP in lesion tissues of 186 death pigs and 545 health pigs without clinical symptoms was analyzed by PCR method. [ Result] APP positive rate in 186 samples accounted for 43.0% （80/186）, while that in 545 porcine serums accounted for 9.4% （51/545）. [ Conclusion] This PCR method can be used as one of the important means for APP clinical diagnosis.

Estimate of China's energy carbon emissions peak and analysis on electric power carbon emissions

China＇s energy carbon emissions are projected to peak in 2030 with approximately 110% of its 2020 level under the following conditions： 1） China＇s gross primary energy consumption is 5 Gtce in 2020 and 6 Gtce in 2030; 2） coal＇s share of the energy consumption is 61% in 2020 and 55% in 2030; 3） non-fossil energy＇s share increases from 15% in 2020 to 20% in 2030; 4） through 2030, China＇s GDP grows at an average annual rate of 6%; 5） the annual energy consumption elasticity coefficient is 0.30 in average; and 6） the annual growth rate of energy consumption steadily reduces to within 1%. China＇s electricity generating capacity would be 1,990 GW, with 8,600 TW h of power generation output in 2020. Of that output 66% would be from coal, 5% from gas, and 29% from non-fossil energy. By 2030, electricity generating capacity would reach 3,170 GW with 11,900 TW h of power generation output. Of that output, 56% would be from coal, 6% from gas, and 37% from non-fossil energy. From 2020 to 2030, CO2 emissions from electric power would relatively fall by 0.2 Gt due to lower coal consumption, and rela- tively fall by nearly 0.3 Gt with the installation of more coal-fired cogeneration units. During 2020--2030, the portion of carbon emissions from electric power in China＇s energy consumption is projected to increase by 3.4 percentage points. Although the carbon emissions from electric power would keep increasing to 118% of the 2020 level in 2030, the electric power industry would continue to play a decisive role in achieving the goal of increase in non-fossil energy use. This study proposes countermeasures and recommendations to control carbon emissions peak, including energy system optimization, green-coal-fired electricity generation, and demand side management.

Directional drilling in unstable environments

Directional drilling has been established in the coal industry as a viable means of gas drainage, exploration and water management. But the environment in and around coal seams is not always conducive to stable conditions while drilling and borehole stability after the drilling has been completed. This paper identifies the conditions which cause unstable drilling conditions and the various means which are used to attempt to manage or bypass those conditions. Ultimately, equipment does become bogged in these adverse environments and requires recovery by over-coring.

Effect of Anthocidaris crassispina Enhancement on the Behavior of Shrimps and Crabs

[Objective] The aim was to study the influence of Anthocidaris crassispina enhancement on the behaviors of wild shrimps and crabs. [Method] Simulation ex- periments were carried out in the laboratory to study the effects of A. crassispina enhancement on the behaviors of wild shrimps and crabs. [Result] Penaeus japoni- cus, Penaeus monodon and Metapenaeus affinis could coexist with A. crassispina, and A. crassispina had a certain attraction to Penaeus japonicus, but no harm oc- curred. There were neither behavioral effects nor hazards between Portunus san- guinolentus and A. crassispina. Portunus trituberculatus and Charybdis feriatus might cause some harm to A. crassispina when their quantity was large, but it was not a common phenomenon. [Conclusion[ This research provided references for the bio- logical behavioristics and the further development of ecological risk assessment of A. crassispina enhancement.

Insight into fouling behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF)hollow fiber membranes caused by dextran with different pore size distributions

Membrane fouling is the key problem that occurs in membrane process for water treatment. However, how membrane microstructure influences the fouling behavior is still not clear. In this study, fouling behavior caused by dextran was deeply and systematically investigated by employing four poly（vinylidene fluoride） （PVDF） membranes with different pore sizes, ranging from 24 to 94 nm. The extent of fouling by dextran was accurately characterized by pore reduction, flux decline, and the change of critical flux. The result shows that membrane with the smallest pore size of 24 nm experienced the smallest fouling rate and the lowest fouling extent. As the membrane pore size increased, the critical flux ranges were 105-114, 63-73, 38-44 and 34- 43 L. m 2. h t, respectively. The critical flux and fouling resistances indicated that the fouling propensity in- creases with the increase of membrane pore size. Two pilot membrane modules with mean pore size of 25 nm and 60 nm were applied in membrane filtration of surface water treatment. The results showed that serious ir- reversible membrane fouling occurred on the membrane with pore size of 60 nm at the permeate flux of 40.5 L.m 2.h 1. On the other hand, membrane with pore size of 25 nm exhibited much better anti-fouling per- formance when permeate flux was set to 40.5, 48 and 60 L-m 2-h- 1.

Preliminary Investigation of Impurity and Radiation Behaviors in the Startup Phase of HL-2A Tokamak

As the startup phase of HL-2A operation and the first divertor tokamak device in China, it is important to identify the species of impurity, estimate the concentration of impurities and compare the different behaviors of radiation in limiter and divertor configurationt. In startup phase of HL-2A, glowing discharge cleaning （GDC） is used as a conventional wall conditioning technology and titanium gettering is used occasionally in closed divertor chamber during SN configuration discharges phase.

Effect of yttrium and calcium additions on electrochemical behaviors and discharge performance of AZ80 anodes for Mg-air battery

The effects of yttrium(Y)and yttrium+calcium(Y+Ca)additions on the electrochemical properties and discharge performance of the as-extruded Mg−8Al−0.5Zn−0.2Mn(AZ80)anodes for Mg−air batteries were investigated.The results show that the addition of 0.2 wt.%Y increased the corrosion resistance and discharge activity of AZ80 anode.This was attributed to the fine and sphericalβ-Mg_17)Al_(12) phases dispersing evenly in AZ80+0.2Y alloy,which suppressed the localized corrosion and severe“chunk effect”,and facilitated the rapid activation ofα-Mg.Combinative addition of 0.2 wt.%Y and 0.15 wt.%Ca generated grain refinement and a reduction of theβ-Mg_17)Al_(12) phase,resulting in a further enhancement in discharge voltage.However,the incorporation of Ca in Mg_17)Al_(12) and Al_(2)Y compounds compromised the corrosion resistance and anodic efficiency of AZ80+0.2Y+0.15Ca anode.Consequently,AZ80+0.2Y anode exhibited excellent overall discharge performance,with the peak discharge capacity and anodic efficiency of 1525 mA·h·g^(−1) and 67%at 80 mA/cm^(2),13%and 14%higher than those of AZ80 anode,respectively.

Some Interesting Features for External Region of Spherical Symmetric Mass in New Theory of Gravitation VGM

This paper briefly discusses some interesting features for the external region of the spherical symmetric mass in the new theory of gravitation VGM, i.e. the theory of gravitation by considering the vector graviton field and the metric field, such as pseudo-singularity, curvature tensor, static limit, event horizon, and the radial motion of a particle. All these features are different from the corresponding features obtained from general relativity.

Estimation of SO_2 emission factors from copper smelting industry in Yunnan Province,China

Copper smelting is a significant source of SO2 emission. It is important to quantify SO2 emissions from combustion sources for regulatory and control purposes in relation to air quality. The characteristics of SO2 emissions from copper smelting industry in Yurman Province, China, were examined. Analysis based on the present situation, material balance and measuring method were used to confirm SO2 emission factors of copper smelting industry. Results show that SO2 emission factors for Isa system, side blown-continuous converting system （SB-CC）, blast furnace-continuous converting systems （B-CC） and blast furnace-converter blowing （B-C） are 11.69-18.64, 62.44--101.4, 19.43-37.88 and 45.48-81.03 kg/t（blister copper）, respectively. The comprehensive emission factor based on all smelting plants is found to be in the range of 23-39.99 kg-SO2/t（blister copper） for Yunnan Province, China. The results are compared with those for discharge coefficients of industrial pollutants in the First National General Survey of Pollution Sources and the emission factor of the total amount of major pollutants. It is observed that there are some differences among emission factors.