委托人“政府化”与“非政府化”对企业治理结构的影响——关于中国乡镇企业转制的实证研究

本文以 90年代末期中国的乡镇企业转制为线索 ,分析了不同“行政级别”乡镇企业所有者的“政府化”和“非政府化”特征对企业治理结构的影响。实证研究显示 :以现代公司制度为特征的企业法人治理结构所必需的基本前提 ,即明晰的产权制度 ,不可能在委托人 (所有者 )“政府化”的情况下形成。中国乡镇企业的成长正经历着一个产权不断清晰化的过程 ,随着产权清晰化的完成 ,企业治理结构的现代化将被提到议事日程。本文对“社区级”乡镇企业治理结构演变的描述显示 ,中国公有企业治理结构现代化的逻辑顺序为 :委托人 (所有者 )身份的“非政府化”是企业产权清晰化的前提 ,而企业治理结构现代化则是产权清晰化的结果。尽管本文分析的对象是中国的乡镇企业 ,但委托人“政府化”和“非政府化”的界定对国有企业治理结构的转变也具有同等的政策含义。

发展农村社会化服务体系应注意克服“政府化”倾向

当前,农村社会化服务体系受农村内部经济需求的直接推动而逐步发展壮大起来,在农村经济的现实运行中显示出了不可低估的重要作用,受到农村社会的普遍欢迎。研究更好地发展农村社会化服务问题,对于建设社会主义现代化农业具有重要的现实意义。 但是,一些地方在农村社会化服务体系发展中还存在一些值得高度重视的问题,其中最为突出的就是“政府化”倾向,其主要表现:

金融业的机构设置与用人制度改革

改革的真正目的是最大限度地促进社会生产力的发展,激发企业的内在活力,全方位地调动企业每个员工的积极性和创造性,以推动企业经营超常规健康发展。作为改革中的金融业当然也不例外。然而,在经济改革的大潮中,金融业严重滞后于经济改革,阻碍甚至制约着整个经济改革。金融业的滞后性,究其原因是多方面的,但主要的是金融业缺乏内在活力。要克服这个困难,以崭新的面容走向市场,笔者认为,要在机构设置和用工制度上来一次彻底改革,对于这个问题,谈点个人不成熟看法。

略论驱动与管理

随着社会主义市场经济的建立和经济体制改革力度的不断加大,目前,农业银行和其他各专业银行一样,正面临着一场新的挑战。即由过去的“政府化”向着新的自主经营、自负盈亏、自担风险、自求平衡和自求发展的商业化轨道运行。然而,长期以来,银行由于受政府部门施控太久,统得过死,向商业银行转化后内部一系列经营管理模式一时很难适应,传统的经营管理格局,严重羁绊着现时的改革与发展。特别是对那些亏损银行而言。

免税后村民委员会领导干部职能定位的思考

一、免税前村干部职能状况 村干部的日常工作主要有（1）收缴各种税费。（2）计划生育工作。（3）带领村民发展集体经济、调整产业结构等。（4）农村基础设施建设。（5）调解民事纠纷。（6）农村宅基地的管理。（7）农村社会治安管理。（8）宣传推广科技知识。（9）村基础教育宣传普及工作和其它宣传工作。（10）接待上级检查工作。（11）替村民向上级反映意见和建议。可见在免税前村干部的工作带有很强的行政性特点。也正好处于乡镇的权利，他带有明显的“政府化”倾向，担负着上级政府对应的职能和责任强而权能弱的为了完成上级任务，只有采取各种方式将行政责任进一步向下延伸，由此造成村民委员会的行政化。村民委员会虽然是村民群众自治组织，所承担的任务却主要是政府工作，村委会的行政化必然造成村干部的“官僚化”，疏远了村干部与民众的关系。

Effect of early propranolol administration on portal hypertensive gastropathy in cirrhotic rats

AIM:To investigate any protective effect of early propranolol administration in the development of portal hypertensive gastropathy in cirrhotic rats. METHODS:For the development of liver cirrhosis and portal hypertensive gastropathy,60 rats underwent ligation of the left adrenal vein and complete devascularization of the left renal vein,followed by phenobarbital and carbon tetrachloride(CCl4) administration.After two weeks of CCl4 administration, the rats were randomly separated into two groups.In group A,propranolol was continuously administered intragastrically throughout the study,whereas in group B normal saline(placebo)was administered instead. Hemodynamic studies and vascular morphometric analysis of gastric sections were performed after complete induction of cirrhosis. RESULTS:Vascular morphometric studies showed higher numbers of vessels in all mucosal layers in the control group.Statistical analysis revealed a significantly higher total vascular surface in the control group compared to the propranolol group,but with no statistically significant difference between the mean vascular surfaces between the groups.Our study clearly shows that the increased mucosal blood flow is manifested by a marked increase of vessel count. CONCLUSION:Early propranolol's administration in portal hypertensive cirrhotic rats seems to prevent intense gastric vascular congestion that characterizes portal hypertensive gastropathy.

Conflict and Coordination Problem of Carbon Tax' Diversity Targets in China-Based on the Tax Optimization Theory

Among all the emission reduction measures,carbon tax is recognized as the most effective way to protect our climate.That is why the Chinese government has recently taken it as a tax reform direction.In the current economic analysis,the design of carbon tax is mostly based on the target to maximize the efficiency.However,based on the theory of tax system optimization,we should also consider other policy objectives,such as equity,revenue and cost,and then balance different objectives to achieve the suboptimum reform of carbon tax system in China.

Major Function Oriented Zone: New Method of Spatial Regulation for Reshaping Regional Development Pattern in China

Newest planning methods implemented by Chinese government are promoting a coordinated regional development and shaping an orderly spatial structure by applying the regulation of territorial function. This article analyzes the problems of spatial planning and regional strategy caused by the wrongly-set primary goal of economic development; it states that the three-fold objective of competitiveness, sustainability, and welfare fairness shall be the principal for China to implement the spatial regulation in the new era; it discusses about theoretical thoughts and technology framework of conducting the ′Major Function Oriented Zone′ based on their different major functions that each region plays in urbanization and industrialization, ecological constructions, grain productions, and protection of natural and cultural heritages; it introduces the new concept of ′Major Function Oriented Zone′ that include the major functions category, the stereo regional equilibrium mode, the two-level zoning specification, and the territorial development intensity; it offers a zoning scheme that defines development-optimized and development-prioritized zones as regions with massive urbanization and industrialization, development-restricted zones as ecological constructing or grain producing regions, development-prohibited zones as natural and cultural heritage protecting regions; and finally it addresses the main obstacle for implementing ′Major Function Oriented Zone′, which is the institutional arrangement of the supreme goal of high GDP growth rate that is currently being implemented.

Coping with climate change and China's wind energy sustainable development

Greenhouse gas emissions are the main cause of today's climate change. To address this problem, the world is in an era of new round energy transformation, and the existing energy structure is being reformed. In this paper, according to the Chinese government's action plan for coping with climate change, the China's wind energy sustainable development goals and development route are discussed, and the countermeasures and suggestions are put forward. Wind energy is currently a kind of important renewable energy with matured technology which can be scale-up developed and put into commercial application, and in this transformation, wind energy will play a key role with other non-fossil energy sources. The development and utilization of wind energy is a systematic project, which needs to be solved from the aspects of policy, technology and management. At present, China is in the stage of transferring from "large wind power country" to "strong wind power country", opportunities and challenges coexist, and the advantages of China's socialist system could be fully used, which can concentrate power to do big things and make contribution in the process of realizing global energy transformation.

Strategic Layout and Typical Practice of Social Administration and Public Service Standardization in China

Promoting social administration and public service standardization vigorously is an important and effective measure to strengthen social administration and public service functions by Chinese government. This article studies the status of social administration and public service standardization in China from national, industrial and provincial (local) levels. And then, this article analyzes the development trend of social administration and public service standardization in China.

Changes in Extreme Events as Simulated by a High-Resolution Regional Climate Model for the Next 20-30 Years over China

In this paper, the changes in temperature and precipitation extremes over the next 20-30 years (2021-2050) in relative to the present day (1986-2005) under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario are analyzed based on a high-resolution climate change simulation performed by a regional climate model (the Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) RegCM3). The extreme indices of summer days (SU), frost days (FD), and growing season length (GSL) for temperature and simple daily intensity index (SDII), number of days with precipitation ≥10 mm d-1 (R10), and consecutive dry days (CDD) for precipitation are used as the indicators of the extremes. The results show that the indices simulated by RegCM3 in the present day show good agreement with the observed. A general increase in SU, a decrease in FD, and an increase in GSL are found to occur in the next 20-30 years over China. A general increase in SDII, an increase in R10 over western China, and a decrease in R10 in north, northeast, and central China are simulated by the model. Changes in CDD are characterized by a decrease in the north and an increase in the south and the Tibetan Plateau.

Children's participatory design for sustainable development and community planning

The urban developments have been carried out by only professionals for a long time because of efficiency and safety. However, most residents are ordinary people. Therefore, it is necessary to change the awareness of sustainable living environments, not only on the construction side but also the residents. In recent years, the number of cases of residents＇ participation in planning, maintaining, and repairing increased. However, sometimes youths and children, who might spend a lifetime longer than adults in a city after the developments have been done, are not included in this ＂Residents＂. Conceming youth and children＇s participation, CFC （child friendly city） is one of the good practices for sustainable development. It was launched by UNICEF （United Nations Intemational Children＇s Emergency Fund） and UN-Habitat in the Habitat II in 1996. City governments, especially in European countries, started to view CFC as their key concept for preservation and/or sustainable development. CFC means not only being ＂Children＂ friendly but also ＂All people＂ friendly. Various effects have been reported since the Historic Cities/districts included CFC in their city planning as a common concept, especially in education, community re-development, and operation and maintenance by the community. It is expected that better city planning in preservation and sustainable development can be achieved by adding CFC concept. In this research, an ideal way of city planning involving resident participation and the possibility in the future are analyzed based on case studies. Then a strategy of sustainable development and community planning involving youth and children＇s participation is proposed.

Argentina and Brazil： Laws as Mediators of Social Identities

The research is a brief analysis of recent legislation in Argentina about the intangible heritage and its relationship with Brazilian instruments. This is a study about links between the two laws and their touch points and their differences. It will be seen that the legislative actions follow a common sense but are targeted for different acts of management of cultural heritage. We will be able to observe how legislation, whether it is Argentine or Brazilian, works as a mediator between the reclaiming of heritage （as in the acknowledgement of cultural practices） and the government actions towards cultural heritage. This shows that Argentina, despite not creating specific federal legislation regarding intangible cultural heritage, is aware of the need to preserve the cultural events that belong in this category of heritage

The role of the government in the socialization of the pension service

In the different stages ofthe development ofthe pension service, the government＇s responsibilities and functions are different. in the new era, the government should redefine its role in promoting the socialization of the provision of services for the aged.The government should deal with the relationship between the principal and the government and avoid the ＂double failure＂ of the government and the market.The government should play a leading role and do a good job in policies, laws and regulations so as to provide a good environment for the socialization of the pension service.

Role orientation of the government in the development of the aging industry in the perspective of welfare pluralism theory

Welfare pluralism is in recent years research society of the new policy paradigm, advocate to break me government monopoly, by many subjects together to provide social welfare. Currently, there are offside, absence, not in place and other phenomena in the important subject of government in the development of aging industry, and to solve this problem, must clarify the government＇s role positioning, reasonable and effective government to play a role, so as to promote the development and perfection of the aging industry.

Projected Changes in Kppen Climate Types in the 21st Century over China

Future changes in the climate regimes over China as measured by the Kppen climate classification are reported in this paper. The analysis is based on a high-resolution climate change simulation conducted by a regional climate model (the Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) RegCM3) driven by the global model of Center for Climate System Research (CCSR)/National Institute for Environment Studies (NIES)/Frontier Research Center for Global Change (FRCGC) MIROC3.2_hires (the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate) under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario. Validation of the model performances is presented first. The results show that RegCM3 reproduces the present-day distribution of the Kppen climate types well. Significant changes of the types are found in the future over China, following the simulated warming and precipitation changes. In southern China, the change is characterized by the replacement of subtropical humid (Cr) by subtropical winter-dry (Cw). A pronounced decrease of the cold climate types is found over China, e.g., tundra (Ft) over the Tibetan Plateau and sub-arctic continental (Ec) over northeast China. The changes are usually greater in the end compared with the middle of the 21st century.

The Endowment Culture Construction under the Perspective of Government

As the aging population increasingly accelerates, the construction of the endowment culture has been putting on the agenda. In fact, the endowment culture plays an irreplaceable part in the social old-age care system. In the period of social transition, the excellent traditional old-age pension culture is destroyed, which makes the cultivation of the old-age social fashion imminent. The atmosphere of respecting the old and establishing a harmonious generation relationship is an important cultural guarantee to establish ＂five old＂ and build a harmonious society, in which our country or government bears inescapable responsibilities.

Resistance and Representation in Amharic Folk Poetry （1889-1974）

Amharic folk literature is a time-honoured tradition dating back to the imperial songs of the 14th and 15th centuries. One of these subgenres is Amharic folk poetry which is permeated with the political, social, economic, and cultural legacies of successive Ethiopian governments that rise and demise. The image of these governments was determined by their integrity, vision, and responsiveness to the aspirations of the populace. This study was designed to determine the popular image of the imperial governments of Menelik II and Haile Selasse I as reflected in Amharic folk poetry. Without prejudice to some odes which invariably idealise the vision of these monarchs, the politically-inspired Amharic folk poetry is found to be critical of the feudal status quo thus perpetuating its negative images. This underpins the partial unpopularity of Menilik and Haile Selasse. However, these critical gestures would by no means undermine their monumental contributions to the reunification, modernization, and survival of Ethiopia. Thus, the contemporary Amharic folk-poetry is neither iconoclastic nor idealistic but an impassioned allegory of the nation-state.

Study on the Guarantee Mechanism for the Construction of Government Public Culture Service System

The design and study on the construction of government public culture service system have been commenced since 2010 in China, aiming at exploring the construction models of government public culture service system in central China, east China, west China, and urban and rural areas, and researching effective measures. As a result, the study of the guarantee mechanism for the construction of government public culture service system can be promoted. In this paper, the main contents of the construction of government public culture service system, the construction significance, and the construction＇s guarantee mechanism are studied and discussed emphatically.