新的乡村“文化网络”下的文学环境——以山东省X镇的初中生为调查对象

论文以山东省X镇的初中生为调查对象,围绕着家庭、学校和社会三个方面考察了他们所置身的文学环境的现状,发现它所表现出来的变化是在新的乡村"文化网络"下发生的,后者通过大幅缩小该镇青少年社会交往范围而促使前者不断恶化。X镇在中国农村乡镇中具有一定的代表性,在类似它这样的文学环境中长大的青年人,当成为文学的读者或作者后,将会影响到文学的创作与批评。从这个意义上说,"X镇"实际上是影响今后"中国文学"的一个重要因素。

Innovative Practice of Science and Technology Supported Western Village Public Cultural Services in China

The shortage and inefficiency of public cultural services are common problems in China, especially in the western regions. Baiyun District has made use- ful exploration to the construction of rural public cultural service system, network system, resource system, management system and service system.

Exploration in Beautiful Village Construction from the Perspective of Cultural Inheritance——A Case Study of Xuwan Town

Culture is an integral of historical deposits and considered cradle of eco- civilization. Culture is China＇s spiritual handholds. In building beautiful villages, envi- ronment, public service facilities and infrastructure are so important. But the re- search stressed cultural inheritance ad spiritual civilization to make sure village beauty outside and inside. The aim is to explore cultural inheritance models in ec- onomy, living and eco-tourism, with a case study of Xuwan town.

Cultural Landscape Evolution of Traditional Agricultural Villages in North China——Case of Qianzhai Village in Shandong Province

Agricultural village is an important rural type in China. The evolution process and mechanism of its cultural landscape are different from those of the industrialized village. The paper focuses this theme by a case study of Qianzhai Village of Qufu City, Shangdong Province. In the case of Qianzhai Village, the evolution of its settlement has experienced three stages: mechanical expansion, sprawling expansion and hollowing, and recentralization. The land- scape evolution of residents' houses has undergone three phases: traditional quadrangle house, one-storied house and multistoried house. The evolution of its land use has experienced three stages: circled stratification, fragment and intensive use, and concentration and extensive use. We can see that the main driving factors of cultural landscape evolu- tion of agricultural village are the changes of rural population, society, economy and culture, which are influenced by the change of urban-rural relation, the national modernization process and economic development, the reform of family planning and land system, and the changes in governmental policies. In the future, the modernization, ecological trend, and individualization for residents' houses of agricultural villages in China will develop step by step. The recentralization of settlement and the scaled, sustainable, intensive land use are likely to be the trends of agricultural villages in China.

Distribution Characteristics of Provincial Traditional Villages and Their Reasons

In this paper, a total of 723 traditional villages in Hunan were selected for research. With the aid of spatial analysis of GIS, the number equilibrium and spatial autocorrelation of the traditional villages were analyzed quantitatively, watershed distribution characteristics and ethnic distribution characteristics of the traditional villages were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively, and the influence factors of distribution of the traditional village were explored in terms of three aspects of agricultural production and population migration, history and culture, and economic activities.

Architectural Forms and Style Protection of Traditional Grassland Settlements:A Case Study of Qiongkushitai Village

Ancient villages have rich historical and cultural connotations, artistic values, and unique ways of construction, which are important elements for inheriting the historical and cultural characteristics of ancient villages. In tiie course of tiie pfotection and development of ancient villages, they ate difficult problems that how to inherit the historical architectural features and regional characteristics and promote the sustainable development of ancient villages. Taking building construction and protection in the famous historical and cultutal village of Qiongkushitai as the mainstream,this paper analyzed the present situation of atchitectufe, the way of construction, the evaluation of architectufe, and summarized tiie characteiistics of traditional afchitectxire, the construction mode and the strategy of style renovation, which could provide a reference for futute protection and sustainable development of villages.

Vernacular Building Heritage in the Eastern Black Sea Region in Turkey

The eastern Black Sea Region, in Turkey, has a significantly authentic characteristic as regards to its rural architecture. The climate, geography, and local living culture in the region have developed an invaluable rural built environment in terms of cultural heritage, Thus, the architectural heritage of the region shows the perfect balance between the nature and human life, there is a need to understand the value of the vernacular architecture heritage in the region, The architecture is a response to functional requirements as well as environmental factors. Indeed, rural architectural of this region is a reflection of the cultural values of the society, behavioural patterns of the people and environmental factors from the past. In this study, the aim is understand and appreciate this heritage through systematic surveying and documentation in eastern Black Sea Region composed from Trabzon, Rize and Artvin Cities. Further aims are the establishment of an architectural typology based on the plan, faqade and site plan, and materials use, with the goal to develop guidelines for new buildings in the region.

Self and Other in Contemporary German Literature Confrontation With the Foreign World in the Novels by Renate Ahrens

The experience of＂The Other＂ has become a common one for people in the 21st century, and yet it continues to be a major problem for everyone involved. Increasingly, however, immigrants and their descendants adjust and soon participate in and with the new culture（s）. At the same time, those who encounter ＂The Other＂ through the contact with immigrants, have also to adapt, to learn, and to realize considerable changes in themselves in that process. Recently, a new German novelist, Renate Ahrens, has created several major works in which she reflects on this intricate phenomenon typical of our times. The present study might well be the first critical analysis of her last two novels, Zeit der Wahrheit （Time of Truth, 2005） and Fremde Schwestern （Alienated Sisters, 2011）, which prove to be outstanding and first-rate literary treatments of the theme of＂The Other＂ in an intercultural context. As Ahrens illustrates in both novels, each individual carries a heavy baggage imposed on them by the own family history, and so in both cases the confrontation with ＂The Other＂ serves exceedingly well to break open the shell of self-isolation and self-alienation. Love finally overcomes ancient conflicts and paves the way for new integrative forces supporting the formation of the ＂global village＂ we all are really living in.

Agricultural Heritage Systems:A Bridge between Urban and Rural Development

In the early 1990 s,China stepped into the stage of rapid urbanization with a flourishing economy and new technological development.Surplus labor from rural areas flooded into cities and became the main force of urban development.However some severe threats to human survival emerged from urbanization,such as overextensive urban development,excessive resource consumption,ecological degradation,food security and safety risks and social crises.It has become an imperative to balance urban and rural development to achieve greater harmony between nature and society.This paper firstly tried to focus on public dietary change,agricultural industry development,institutional guarantee,ecological restoration,as well as cultural tourism in urban and peri-urban agricultural heritage sites.Then,it established a development model,balanced the urbanization and urban-supported agriculture.This paper proposed ＂Agricultural heritage systems＂ as an entry point for balancing the development of urban areas and rural areas.Agricultural heritage systems can inherit local traditional culture,keep the green and organic agriculture cultivation systems,exploit the distinct landscape tourism,and the like for diversified development;In addition,agricultural heritage systems can take full advantage of abundant funds,firm the institutional guarantee and advanced technologies from the nearby urban complex for regurgitation-feeding of rural enterprises.With the help of these strategies,we can achieve the harmony of ＂Ecological Urban＂ and ＂Garden Countryside＂.

Spatial Distribution and Cultural Features of Traditional Villages in Beijing and Influencing Factors

Traditional villages are important part of Beijing, an internationally famous historic and cultural city. Exploring the spatial distribution and cultural features of traditional villages, and the factors that have shaped them,will help promote the protection and utilization of traditional villages in Beijing. ArcGIS spatial analysis, literature analysis, fieldwork and in-depth interviews were mainly carried out to analyze the spatial distribution and cultural features of traditional villages in Beijing and their influencing factors. The results show three main features.(1) The overall distribution of traditional villages in Beijing is random, although there are more traditional villages in the southwest and northeast and less in the southeast and northwest. Most of them are distributed along the higher piedmont plains or intermountain basins, and most of them are backed by hills and surrounded by rivers or along the ancient road.(2) There are some cultural commonalities among the traditional villages in Beijing, and nine typical traditional village cultures have been formed, including traditional residential culture, traditional folklore culture,the Great Wall garrison culture, mausoleum guarding culture, etc.(3) The formation of the spatial distribution and cultural features of traditional villages in Beijing is influenced by natural environmental factors like terrain, climate,and rivers, as well as human activities such as royal life, capital construction, ancient military defense, transportation, trade, etc. This study can provide a reference for the scientific protection and effective utilization of traditional villages in Beijing and all over the country.

Conservation of Korean Rural Heritage through the Use of Ecomuseums

Rural heritage that involves agricultural heritage could be critical to enhancing community identity through a conservational approach.The purpose of this research is to develop conservational methods for rural heritage that include agricultural heritage areas through the use of ecomuseums.To conduct the research,we first reviewed the concepts of ecomuseum and rural heritage.Secondly,we defined the concept of the Korean rural ecomuseum by taking into consideration the concept defined by Riviere,Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems（GIAHS）,the rural heritage policy of Europe,and the agricultural heritage systems of Korea.Thirdly,we also describe methods that are applicable to Korean rural ecomuseums,which include type classification and components.Finally,we applied the ecomuseum concept to two pilot models in the Cheongsando and Gurae areas,both Korea Important Agricultural Heritage System（KIAHS） sites.We conclude that it is desirable to expand the range of targets for conservation from agricultural heritage to rural heritage areas.From this point of view,the rural ecomuseum can be a highly valuable tool that can help preserve agricultural heritage sites and neighboring areas.Furthermore,the ecomuseum can enhance community identities,and strengthen local economies.

Transportation Accessibility of Central Towns in Important Agricultural Heritage Systems Sites in Mountainous Areas and Its Impact on Local Economic Development: A Case Study of Honghe Hani Rice Terraced System, Yunnan

Transportation as a means to support industrial development can impact the economic development of important agricultural heritage sites. Because the central towns in mountainous areas have weak economic interactions with each other, an appropriate method is needed to evaluate their transportation accessibility. This paper takes the Honghe Hani Rice Terraced System(HHRTS) as a study area and develops a model to determine shortest time-distances from central towns in the study area to the nearest high-grade city as a way to evaluate transportation accessibility(TA). We then analyze the relationship between the accessibility of these towns and their economies. The study finds that the TA of the central towns in HHRTS is not good as a whole. More than 70% of the towns are more than 1 hour away from their nearest high-grade city. Of the four counties in the study area, Yuanyang County has the best traffic conditions, while Lvchun County has the worst traffic conditions. The central towns in the northern and middle regions have better TA than those in the west, southwest and east margin regions. The small-scale rural economy has little dependence on the transportation network, while secondary industries are obviously impacted by the transportation network. In the future, to support the integrated development of industries in HHRTS, traffic conditions in each town should be improved appropriately according to the industrial orientation of the town, but excessive investments to construct roads irrespective of eco-environmental impacts and economic benefits should be avoided. Especially in the case of ecologically vulnerable towns, the building high-grade roads should be banned.

Is GIAHS an Effective Instrument to Promote Agrosystem Conservation? A Rural Community’s Perceptions

The Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System(GIAHS)has been established by FAO to protect valuable agricultural systems that are rich in biodiversity and home to indigenous knowledge,technology and cultural values.GIAHS has been accepted by many countries as a tool to maintain traditional agrosystems as“living heritage”.This paper examined the Xinghua Duotian agrosystem in eastern China to explore whether the GIAHS programme is an effective instrument for top-down implementation of conservation policies initiated by the government.An intensive social survey using a questionnaire was conducted in the core conservation area to examine farmers’understanding of the agrosystem and their willingness to conserve it.Statistical analyses including factor analysis,a linear model,a logit model and an optimal scale model were used to reveal farmers’perception of GIAHS and the factors that impact their willingness to conserve.Results show that the agrosystem faces challenges of aging and population loss.Farmers were not very familiar with GIAHS.They did not link GIAHS to the agrosystem because they generally understood GIAHS as a title meant to bring economic benefits,although they also thought the agrosystem had non-economic values worth conserving.Because farmers were not sure about the economic outcomes of the GIAHS programme,they thought the government,not them,should take the main role in conservation.Therefore,GIAHS as a tool to encourage farmers to become active in conservation does not seem very effective.It will not become so until it truly facilitates the transformation of non-economic values to economic values in the agrosystem.We suggested that the concepts of GIAHS should be matched to farmers’perceptions to provide farmers with conservation incentives.

Comparative Study on Conservation of Agricultural Heritage Systems in China,Japan and Korea

The paper compares the agricultural heritage conservation schemes of China,Japan and Korea and,in particular,the national programs and their implementation under Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations（FAO）＇s Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems（GIAHS）.This comparison allows an understanding of the background of developments,designation criteria,application procedures and implementation structures of GIAHS and of the respective domestic programs in terms of the differences in national circumstances of Japan,China and South Korea.The sequence of implementation of GIAHS and the national program differs in each of the three countries.China introduced a national program after GIAHS designation,Japan has GIAHS but no national program,and Korea implemented a national program before its GIAHS designation.Thus GIAHS candidate sites in China and Korea are now selected from among their respective pools of national agricultural heritage sites.On the other hand,commonalities can be seen in the perspectives of the three countries with regards to agricultural heritage conservation through the common emphasis placed on the designation criteria：historical significance,cultural value,fostering partnerships,rural revitalization and biodiversity conservation associated with the agricultural heritage systems etc.Thus,the cooperation between China,Japan and Korea and the perspectives they have will contribute to proposals for improvements to the FAO designation criteria for GIAHS.These will be comprehensively applicable to both developing and developed countries.