论唐宋古文体系中“文道观”的传承与转关

在唐宋古文理论中,"文道观"居于核心地位,对于道之含义的理解,一方面以儒家的圣人之道为基础,另一方面对儒、释、道各家的态度明显不同。两宋时,唐代"文道观"的基本思想显现出一定程度的恢复和回归,使唐宋古文运动成为一个整体并取得了最后的成功;但由于接受语境的变化,历经演进,原有的"文道观"也出现了一些新变和转折。

Human Dignity and Human Rights： A Universal Language for Bioethics

One of the aims of the Universal Declaration on B ioethics and Human Rights （UNESCO） is to ＂promote respect for human dignity and protect human rights＂,l Here are two overarching principles at work, ensuring that the biomedical sciences fulfill their task within an ethical framework. The principle of respect for human dignity is a universal moral concept, meant to be applied in human encounters. Protecting human rights underscores the legal principle of not only affirming the fundamental equality of all human beings, but equally safeguarding it. These two principles are universally defined, but are ordinarily specified by the particular value system of individual cultures in which they are employed. It is within such particular cultural application that their relevance stands out. The thrust of this paper is that, since principles are general action guides, they actually constitute a universal language for the analysis and evaluation of all human conduct. However, there is also recognition of the fact that moral contexts vary from culture to culture, and that while the scope of the two principles above is not restricted by any particular culture, it is indeed those cultural specifics of each moral context that constitute the framework within which the principles become operational. As general action guides, I will argue that these principles lack moral relevance outside of those particular cultural settings wherein they are contextualized. Without such relevance, these principles become meaningless mantras. I will further show that such principles do not merely uphold values informed by particular cultures, but they are an embodiment of values inherent to human nature in general. Consequently, these principles do not just serve as instruments for addressing issues peculiar to ＂Western bioethics＂ or any other particular cultural setting in an exclusive sense, but are also used for moderating bioethics discourse that transcend particular cultural boundaries. I will further explain that such universal discourse is potentially instructive with regards to how cultural universals are viewed in relation to the cultural particulars, and that this discourse essentially becomes a lingua franca for cross-cultural dialogue in bioethics.

Study on Dishes with Longjing Tea Leaves as Spice

As one of the top ten Chinese teas, Longjing Green Tea is famous for its green tea leaves, sweet taste, pleasant aroma and beautiful shape. Besides of using as drinks, Longjing tea leaves can be applied as spice in Chinese cuisine for its particular taste and function. Under the background of pursuing healthy cuisine, the development of organic Longjing tea and advocate of Chinese tea culture have great economic and culture significance.

Beyond the Ontology of“Dance” as an Art： An Anthropological Analysis of Female Stage Performers

The proposed paper focuses on art as a form of cultural expression and it presents data based on ethnographic information of famous Pakistani musical theatres in Lahore, Province of Punjab. Most description of the performing arts is written by men with an exclusive male perspective. Little or no attempt has been made to explore women lives in performing theatre apart from their assigned role as physical crowd-pullers. This study presents how symbols are used to communicate, as each member of theatre community uses entire repertoire to convey messages, manual gesticulations, body gestures, facial expressions, dance patterns, a particular dress etc. at the cultural level. The central idea of this study is how artists use the body in performance to imagine and enact culture, values, humor, selfhood, and the complex relations among them. It discusses their real backstage life experiences and problems faced as well how and what type of contact they maintain with their audience and admirers. What are their moral values and what kind of social dilemmas they face, how the sexuality of theatre women is being controlled, their fears emotions, distress of theatre women etc. are the major research questions. In short, this anthropological inquiry takes into account all relevant social, cultural, political, economic, and religious dimensions of performing art.

Discussion on the Modern Moral Education Function of the Traditional ＂Five Human Relationships＂

Chinese culture puts much emphasis upon ethics, by which people are bound to pay respect to their superiors, fathers or husbands, hence a realization of social harmony and the utmost of the moral unification of heavens and human beings. The story as a means of significance in transmission of traditional culture explains vividly the connotation of traditional morals and plays a role of importance in moral education of ancient times as well. This thesis shall analyze the essence of moral ideas in those stories, through which to be aware of and taste the ethical tenderness in traditional moralities, thus a perfection of the application of traditional stories to modern moral education.

A Study on Visual Diversity of Japanese Residential Streetscapes

This study was conducted to find out the available visual diversity in Japanese residential streetscapes. The visual diversity occurs when the visual elements on streetscapes are different to each other. In this study, a field survey as a subjective method and the entropy as an objective method were used as measures of visual diversity. Data were collected from 80 residential streetscapes from four sites in the Saitama Prefecture, Japan. The sequential perspective views of streetscapes were analyzed for eight visual elements： shape of houses, shape of roofs, shape of windows, positions of the main openings of houses, availability of the ornaments on houses, height, color and the appearance of the boundary walls of premises to calculate the entropy. A field survey with multicultural subjects was used to find out the correlation between entropy and the human perception on the visual diversity. According to the results, the residential streetscapes displayed high diversity variations largely due to the shape of the roofs, shape of the windows and the appearance of the boundary walls of the premises. Moreover, the results concluded that the residential streetscapes at the study area are neither visually diverse nor visually uniform in considering the visual diversity aspect.