从“无身”到“具身”:高中数学课堂的转向

高中数学课堂实现“无身”到“具身”的转向,需要在课堂导入中从“无身”到“具身”,实现学习的实践转向;在知识生成中从“他心思考”到“具身心智”,实现思维的嵌入转向;在知识的联结与发展中,从“浅层学习”到“深度学习”,实现学习的价值转向。

无身即贵身与无身以为天下——《老子》第十三章通诠

“身”是贯串《老子》第十三章的一个关键字。章首的两个命题应句读为“宠,辱若惊;贵,大患若身”,后一命题是以“身”之为祸患来例证“贵”之为祸患。紧接着,老子转出无身即贵身的思想。无身之“身”特指贪欲,贵身之“身”则指生命。从群己关系看,贪欲的扩张(此即“有身”),结果是人我两损;只有少私寡欲(此即“无身”),才能人我两利。易言之,无身始能绝患,绝患便是贵身。章末,老子又开显出无身以为天下的境界,作为执政的准入门槛。他认为,人君若能把“为身”看得比“为天下”还重,就不会把天下当成满足自身贪欲的工具,这样才会乐意将自己的身心投入到公共事务中来。此时,天下皆蒙其利而不受其害,如此方可托之以天下。这种道家式的内圣外王思想非常可贵,且颇具现代意蕴。理顺这些思想,将有助于我们打消老子究竟主张无身还是贵身、为身还是为天下、利他还是利己等疑惑,并理解老子的辩证智慧与公共关怀,从而避免一些误解和歪曲。

魏晋人物审美中的“身体”境遇

汉代人物品鉴,身体尚不具有独立的审美价值。魏晋时期,人的身体具有了独立的审美价值,但在玄学形神观的影响下,"身"成为可以超越和舍弃的有限性存在,因此在竹林文人的身体践行中,他们以"无身"超越了"有身"。在竹林士文人这一身体观的影响下,身体在魏晋的人物品藻中又逐渐消失,被虚化为明月清风等自然意象。这一美学变迁,深刻地影响了文艺,其比较突出地体现在古代的人物画中。

Determination of Mirtazapine in Human Plasma by HPLC-MS and Bioavailability of Newly Developed Mirtazapine Tablets in Healthy Volunteers

Aim To establish a sensitive and specific liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for determination of mirtazapine in human plasma and evaluation of its relative bioavailability. Methods After being alkalized by 25% ammonia, mirtazapine in the plasma was extracted with n-hexane. Desloratadine was used as internal standard (IS). Solu-tes were separated on a C_(18) column with a mobile phase of methanol-ammonium acetate buffer (pH 3.5) (75∶25). The flow rate of the mobile phase was 1 mL·min^(-1). Detection was performed on an electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometer and operated in selected ion monitoring (SIM) and positive-ionization mode using target ionsat m/z 266.2 for mirtazapine and m/z 311.2 for the IS. The fragmentor voltage was 90 V. A randomized cross-over study was performed in 20 healthy volunteers. In the two study periods, twenty healthy Chinese male subjects received a single oral dose of mirtazapine 30 mg. Results The calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.3-200 ng·mL^(-1). The limit of quantitation was 0.1 ng·mL^(-1). The parameters for mirtazapine test tablet and reference tablet were as follows: T_(1/2)(24.7±4.1) and (23.6±4.3) h, T_(max)(1.6±0.8) and (1.5±0.8) h, C_(max)(95.9±29.8) and (91.9±26.7) ng·mL^(-1), respectively. Conclusion The established HPLC-MS method is rapid, sensitive and specific for the determination of mirtazapine in human plasma. The relative bioavailability was 100.0%±10.8%.

Energy-efficient Medium Access Approach for Wireless Body Area Network Based on Body Posture

Energy efficiency has become one of the most important issues in wireless body area network(WBAN).In this paper,an energy-efficient medium access control(MAC)protocol for WBAN is proposed based on human body posture under walking scenery.Due to person's movements,WBAN is a dynamic network,which means that traditional static protocols are no more suitable for it.For solving this problem,firstly,the feature of human walking at a constant speed is analyzed and we divide a spell of movements into a sequence of key frames just like a video constituted by numbers of continuous frames.As a result,the dynamic walking process is translated into several static postures,which the static MAC protocol could be used for.Secondly,concerning the performance of network lifetime,we design a posture-aware approach for lifetime maximization(PA-DPLM).With analytical and simulation results provided,we demonstrate that PA-DPLM protocol is energy-efficient and can be used under constant speed walking scenery.

Fenofibrate for patients with asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis

AIM:Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic, cholestatic disease of autoimmune etiology,the histology of which shows a destruction of the intrahepatic bile duct and portal inflammation. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is now used as a first-line drug for asymptomatic PBC (aPBC) because it is reported that UDCA decreases mortality and prolongs the time of liver transplantation.However, only 20-30% of patients respond fully to UDCA.Recently,lipoprotein-lowering agents have been found to be effective for PBC.The aim of this study was to examine the safety and efficacy of fenofibrate, a member of the fibrate class of hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory agent via peroxysome proliferatory-activated receptor α,in patients with aPBC.METHODS:Fenofibrate was administered for twelve weeks in nine patients with aPBC who failed to respond to UDCA.UDCA was used along with fenofibrate during the study.The data from aPBC patients were analyzed to assess the biochemical effect of fenofibrate during the study.RESULTS: The serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP)(285±114.8IU/L) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) (255.8±85.9mg/dl) significantly decreased to 186.9±76.2IU/L and 192.9±67.5mg/dL respectively, after fenofibrate treatment in patients with aPBC (P<0.05). Moreover,the titer of antimitochondrial antibody (AMA) also decreased in 4 of 9 patients with aPBC. No adverse reactions were observed in any patients.CONCLUSION:Fenofibrate appears to be significantly effective in treating patients with aPBC who respond incompletely to UDCA alone.Although the mechanism of fenofibrate on aPBC has not yet been fully clarified,combination therapy using fenofibrate and UDCA might be related to the anti-immunological effects, such as the suppression of AMA production as well as its antiinflammatory effect.

ATTACKS AND IMPROVEMENTS ON THE RFID AUTHENTICATION PROTOCOLS BASED ON MATRIX

Most of the Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) authentication protocols, proposed to preserve security and privacy, are analysed to show that they can not provide security against some passive or active attacks. In this paper, the security of two matrix-based protocols, proposed by Karthikeyan and Nesterenko (KN protocol) and Ramachandra et al. (RRS protocol) that conform to Electronic Product Code Class-1 Generation-2 (EPC Class-1 Gen-2) standard, are investigated. Using the linear relationship of multiplication of matrix and vector, we point out that both protocols can not provide scalability, and they are vulnerable to passive impersonation attack. In addition, both protocols are totally insecure if the adversary can compromise one tag to extract the secrets. A modified lightweight matrix-based authentication protocol is presented, which can resist mainly common attacks on an RFID authentication system including eavesdropping, relay attack, desynchronization attack, impersonation attack and tag tracking attack. The new protocol also has the desirable scalability property and can keep secure under compromising attack.

Security Enhancement of Robust User Authentication Framework for Wireless Sensor Networks

In order to relvedy the security weaknesses of a robust user authentication framework for wireless sensor networks, an enhanced user authentication framework is presented. The enhanced scheme requires proof of the possession of both a password and a snort card, and provides more security guarantees in two aspects： 1） it addresses the untmceability property so that any third party accessing the communication channel cannot link two authentication sessions originated from the same user, and 2） the use of a smart card prevents offiine attacks to guess passwords. The security and efficiency analyses indicate that our enhanced scheme provides the highest level of security at reasonable computational costs. Therefore, it is a practical authentication scheme with attractive security features for wireless sensor networks.

Reduction of natural regulatory T cells in thymomas accompanying myasthenia gravis and its possible association with Foxp3 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin

Objective: To investigate the expression of both thymic regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+cells, Treg) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in thymomas accompanying myasthenia gravis. Methods: We used immunohistochemistry and real-time reverse trancription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) techniques to determine Foxp3+ Treg counts and the expression levels of Foxp3 mRNA and TSLP mRNA in thymomas of 23 MG patients and thymuses of 4 healthy controls. Results: The CD4+ Foxp3+ nTreg (natural regulatory T cells) counts in thymomas were significantly lower than those in normal thymuses (P<0.01), and the expression levels of Foxp3 mRNA and TSLP mRNA were also lower in thymomas(P<0.01). Among the thymoma types, type B1 thymoma had the highest Foxp3+ nTreg count and standard values of Foxp3 mRNA and TSLP mRNA. There was a strong positive correlation between the mRNA transcriptional levels of Foxp3 and TSLP. Conclusion: The insufficient expression of Foxp3 in thymoma, which may be caused by decreased transcription of TSLP, may result in the reduction of Tregs and cause autoimmune disorders.

Protective effect of Sijunzi decoction on neuromuscular junction ultrastructure in autoimmune myasthenia gravis rats

OBJECTⅣE: To investigate the protective role of Sijunzi decoction in neuromuscular junction(NMJ)and muscle cell mitochondria ultrastructure; as well as its effects on the amount of adenosine triphosphate(ATP) and the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ in autoimmune myasthenia gravis rats.METHODS: An experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis(EAMG) rat model was established by inoculating rats with acetylcholine receptors extracted from Torpedo. Rats were divided into three groups: model, prednisone, and Sijunzi decoction, and were fed physiological saline, prednisone, or Sijunzi decoction, respectively. NMJ and muscle cell mitochondria ultrastructure were observed by transmission electron microscope. The amount of ATP was assessed by high performance liquid chromatography. The activities ofmitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, Ⅱ, Ⅲ,and Ⅳ was determined using the Clark oxygen electrode method.RESULTS: In the model group, there were sparse muscle fibers, with decreased mitochondria, and sparse, diffluent, or absent NMJ folds. After intervention with Sijunzi decoction, the above pathology changes were improved: muscle fiber structure was clear and complete; the mitochondria count was higher; and the NMJ structure was close to normal. Gastrocnemius muscle mitochondria in the model group produced significantly less ATP than those in the prednisone group(P<0.01). Conversely, the ATP of Sijunzi decoction group was significantly higher than prednisone group(P<0.01). The activities of gastrocnemius muscle mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ in both the prednisone and Sijunzi decoction groups was dramatically higher compared with the model group(P<0.05). The activities of complexes I and Ⅲ in the Sijunzi decoction group were significantly higher than those in the prednisone group(P<0.05), but there was no obvious difference in complex Ⅱ or Ⅳ activities between the two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION: Sijunzi decoction improved pathological changes in muscle mitochondria and NMJ,enhanced the amount of ATP in gastrocnemius muscle mitochondria, and improved the activities of respiratory chain complexes I, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ(especially I and Ⅲ) of the EAMG rats.

Effect of Jianpiyiqi granule on ocular myasthenia gravis in children prepared with a formula from Traditional Chinese Medicine

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Jianpiyiqi granule, prepared according to a Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) formula, on the ocular type of myasthenia gravis(MG) caused by a defect in synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction.METHODS: A total of 155 children with ocular MG were recruited from January 2008 to January 2015.All individuals received ineffective glucocorticoid treatment prior to admission, and were given Jianpiyiqi granules(two doses per day) for 12 months.Plasma levels of acetylcholine receptor autoantibodies(ACh R-Ab), cytokines, immune parameters and clinical score were analyzed.RESULTS: After intervention with Jianpiyiqi granule for 12 months, the levels of cytokines [including interleukin(IL)-6, IL-12, IL-17], immune parameters[including immunoglobulin G(Ig G), Ig M, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine] and ACh R-Ab were sig-nificantly decreased(P = 0.042, P = 0.049, P = 0.011,P = 0.02, P = 0.04, P = 0.03, P = 0.01; F = 21.60, P =0.000). In contrast, IL-4 levels were significantly increased(P = 0.049). The absolute clinical score after treatment declined significantly compared with before treatment(F = 33.24, P = 0.000). The effective cure rate and the total effective rate gradually increased to a maximum of 149(96.2%) and 151(97.4%) in MG patients after 12 months of treatment, respectively.CONCLUSION: The Jianpiyiqi granule treatment lowered ACh R-Ab levels and improved cytokine and other immune parameter levels, which suggests that the granule could be an ancillary treatment for ocular MG in children caused by a defect in synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction.