从“西洋化”到“日本化”——论日本军国主义教育的形成

日本以1868年明治维新为起点,开始了一场现代化变革,但是这场现代化变革是在与幕末形成的“东洋道德”、“西洋艺术”以及“和魂洋才”一脉相承的“国家主义”口号之下进行的。因此,在经历了明治初期一场教育全盘“西方化”浪潮之后,“日本化”便很快压倒了“西洋化”。在《大日本帝国宪法》确立了天皇制绝对主义政权的地位后,与此发展相适应,日本国民教育体系在经历了从《学制令》到《教育令》。从《改正教育令》到《学校令》的发展后。终于在1890年通过《教育敕语》,为它的整个军国主义教育最终定下了基调,成为日本在战败前教育的主轴。

贝原益轩对朱子学的继承与批判--朱子学的一种“日本化”模式

日本社会进入江户时代以后,朱子学作为“实学”逐渐取代了佛教禅宗的地位,发展成为江户初期的正统思想之一。在林罗山等林家学者的倍加推崇下成为德川幕府的御用学问。但另一方面,在十七世纪后半期也出现了在朱子学理气论、认识论等方面的怀疑性论述。其中贝原益轩(1630—1714)便是代表性人物之一。益轩是日本江户时代初期著名的朱子学家,自36岁开始转向朱子学研究,成为朱子学的信奉者,然而到晚年则展开了对朱子学的质疑与批判。而这种继承与批判实际上可以理解成朱子学在江户时代日本“本土化”的一种模式体现。

中国古典小说的“日本化”——试析芥川龙之介历史题材小说创作的主要基调

芥川龙之介历史题材小说选材的新奇 ,构思的精深 ,完全得益于他深厚的汉学修养和对中国古典小说的特别喜好 ,借鉴、移植中国古典小说创作风格与情节成为他早、中期作品的主要基调。作者认为 ,芥川从创作初期的《酒虫》到晚年的《马脚》 ,《聊斋志异》对他的影响贯穿了他创作的始终 ,完全可以说芥川龙之介的小说就是中国古典小说的“日本化”。

日本人のコミュニケ一ション観とその文化の背景の分析——曖昧表現を例として

曖昧表現は日本人の普通の心理の反応であり、日本文化の典型であり、日本人のコミュニケ一ション方式の代表である。中国の日本語教科書における曖昧表現を例として日本人のコミュニケ一ション観の分析を行う。この二つの例の分析を通じて、日本人日本文化の特徴が明らかにする。

桂林版《扫荡报》文艺“中国化”话语分析

国民党办的桂林版《扫荡报》,发表了大量为抗战救亡服务的有关歌曲、诗歌、戏剧、漫画等方面的文论,宣传进步和团结,使得桂林抗战文艺在中国的抗战宣传中起到了巨大的作用。本文用"中国化"话语简明地分析了桂林版《扫荡报》抗战文艺的立场和态度,对该报"化字格"分3个层次进行归纳,对每个层次分别就"谁来化、化什么、怎么化"进行了阐释。

Severe hypercholesterolemia associated with primary biliary cirrhosis in a 44-year-old Japanese woman

A 44-year-old woman developed jaundice and was diagnosed as stage Ⅱ of primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC).She showed a severely high total cholesterol level.This article focuses on atypical presentations of PBC and the need to test the total cholesterol level of PBC patients.

Effects of Mercuric Chloride on Antioxidant System and DNA Integrity of the Crab Charybdis japonica

Mercury （Hg） is one of the commonly encountered heavy metals, which is widespread in inshore sediments of China. In order to investigate the toxicity of Hg on marine invertebrates, we studied the effects of the divalent mercuricion （Hg2＋） （at two final concentrations of 0.0025 and 0.0050mgL-1, prepared with HgC12） on metallothionein （MT） content, DNA integrity （DNA strand breaks） and catalase （CAT） in the gills and hepatopancreas, antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT） and glutathione peroxidase （GPx）, in the hemolymph, gills and hepatopancreas of the portunid crab Chao,bdisjaponica for an experiment period up to 15 d. The results indicated that MT was significantly induced after 3 d, with a positive correlation with Hg2＋ dose and time in the hepatopancreas and a negative correlation with Hg2＋ dose and time in the gills. While CAT in the hemolymph was not detected, it increased in the hepatopancreas during the entire experiment; SOD and GPx in the three tissues were stimulated after 12h, both attained peak value and then reduced during the experimental period. Meanwhile, DNA strand breaks were all induced significantly after 12 h. These results suggested the detoxification strategies against Hg2＋ in three tissues of C. japonica.

ECONOMIC EXCHANGES AND SECTORAL AND INTER CITY COOPERATION IN NORTHEAST ASIA

Northeast Asia with China, Japan and South Korea as the main components has drawn more and more attention worldwide. Many scholars have researched on the prospect of some alternatives of regional economic integration in Northeast Asia and/or Yellow Sea Rim as its core area. In this paper the authors start with an introduction of the major arguments embracing Yellow Sea Rim regionalism, and attempt to identify the dynamics challenging the proposed approaches of sub regionalism of Northeast Asia. The paper firstly gives a brief review on the update development of bilateral economic exchanges, mainly Sino Japanese and Sino South Korean trades and direct investments with related contemporary issues. When the changing pattern of economic interactions is analyzed, special concerns are given to the possibility to realize the supposed potential of regional economic cooperation mainly based on economic complementarity among the related regions of China, North Korea, South Korea, and Japan. The authors then made their major efforts on putting forward possible approaches of multilateral cooperation of three countries in the near future, that is, deepened cooperation in selected sectors of industry and transportation and coordinated development among major cities. The authors stress that the development of sub regional sectoral cooperation and the formation of interactive network of city regions via social and economic interactions at local level are significant to the future regional integrated development in Northeast Asia.

Challenge to Restore the Heritage Buildings Damaged by the 2011 Tsunami Attacks, Kesennuma, Japan

A large number of towns along the Sanriku coastal line were swept away by tsunami attacks on March 11,2011. Although some heritage buildings survived, the damage condition was too severe to carry on repair and restore them to the owners. As the municipal cultural heritage division and local cultural society in Kesennuma City were looking for possibility to save these damaged heritage buildings, the author gave them full assistance. To apply for fund for the repair and restoration work to related foundations, the author made an investigation of the damage conditions, prepared measured drawings, fundamental restoration plans and cost estimates. Domestic and international foundations granted funds to our projects for three years in May 2012, and we formed a restoration body to take responsibility of repair and restoration work. But soon, we were faced with several difficulties. The first is that we had to wait for a long time until the authority fixed the town redevelopment plan, meeting the National Guideline of Tsunami-Free Redevelopment. The second is that the building cost continued to increase during rapid-development periods. Although the author expected to complete the whole work within three years, the progress is really slow, and has not amounted to a quarter.

Effects of Several Immunostimulants on Phenoloxidase and Hemocytes of the Crab Charybdis japonica

To investigate the stimulating effects of immunostimulants on the autogenous immunocompetence of crabs and the possible mechanisms involved, the immunostimulating effects of β-1,3-glucan, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), inactivated Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio anguillarum on phenoloxidase (PO) and hemocytes of Charybdis japonica were investigated in this study. It was found that the yields and the enzymatic activities of purified PO in C. japonica increased significantly after the crabs were treated with immunostimulants, while the unit enzymatic activities remained almost the same. After treatment with β-1,3-glucan and LPS, the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the number of mitochondria in both semigranular cells and granular cells increased greatly, and the number of cytoplasmic granules decreased but with enlarged volume. However, the corresponding characteristics of hyaline cells remained almost the same. On the other hand, the number of granules in semigranular cells decreased greatly, and the number of mitochondria of hyaline cells increased greatly, after treatment with inactivated vibrios. It may be concluded that the effect of polysaccharide immunostimulants on the innate immune system of C. japonica is different from that of inactivated vibrio immu-nostimulants. The immunity-enhancing mechanism of polysaccharides in crab autogenous immunocompetence is probably accomplished by the increased yields of PO and total PO activities, while that of inactivated vibrios is probably accomplished by the partially increased yields of PO and total PO activities as well as the significantly improved phagocytotic abilities of semigranular cells and hyaline cells.

The Income Security System in Japanese Traditional Performing Arts： A Strategy for Utilizing the Nation＇s Traditional Arts Resources

The objective of this paper is to examine an effective strategy for maintaining and utilizing the traditional arts resources of Japan. The authors explore two pillars of the strategy. One is to improve the quality of Japanese traditional performing arts by securing incomes for artists. The other is to utilize the traditional arts as a medium to expand Japanese cultural influence in foreign countries and to improve Japan＇s branding as a nation. First, the authors focus on the income security system practiced in traditional Japanese music and describe the discrepancy between short- and long-run optimality. The authors prove that the reputation of this art form affects its popularity and that it is optimal for the Iemoto （the head of the music school） to restrict the number of pupils in onstage performances in order to maintain stage quality. Second, the authors provide evidence that effective methods for a country to expand its cultural influence across the world differ among nations. The authors conduct willingness-to-pay （WTP） experiments and find that while German audiences largely prefer traditional Japanese music, those in the USA are slightly partial to its mixed fusion form. Therefore, the effective ways to expand Japanese cultural influence in foreign countries differ from one country to another.

Cultural Connotation and Contemporary Value of Japanese Garden

Culture is the soul of a nation, and also the basis of landscape design, the basis of historical inheritance and innovation. Japanese garden was born out of Chinese garden, but because of the difference of geographical environment and national culture, Japanese gardens combine Chinese culture with local national characteristics, forming a unique garden culture in Japan. Based on the research on Japanese gardens like pond garden, rock garden and tea garden, this study analyzed the cultural connotation in Japanese garden landscape design, made in-depth understanding of Japanese landscape development, explored the value existing in the contemporary garden design of Japanese gardens, with the aim to make use of the excellent experience to the garden landscape design in the future.

Summary of Environmental Impact Assessment for Mining Seafloor Massive Sulfides in Japan

JOGMEC （Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation） has conducted exploration and research in Japan＇s EEZ （exclusive economic zone） from fiscal year 2008, under contract by the METI （Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry）, for the commercialization of SMS （Seafloor Massive Sulfide）. As there is currently no commercial mining precedent of SMS, it is necessary to consider the potential impacts of mining on the surrounding environment, and to promote long term sustainable projects. In particular, due to the existence of specific chemosynthetic ecosystems and unique biological communities around the SMS area, both quantitative evaluations of potential environmental impacts and consequent environmental conservation strategies, are necessary in order to avoid and or minimize the potential detrimental effects to the ecosystem, as much as possible. The environmental research programs consist of baseline surveys, environmental impact modeling, and methodological concepts which will be applied to conserve biodiversity. In this paper, we will primarily provide an overview of the project conducted by JOGMEC during 2008-2012.

Japanese Mythology From Ethnological Perspectives

Comparative studies of Japanese mythology have developed since the 1920s above all through eftbrts of Japanese ethnologists. They have paid attention to the possible ethno-cultural complexes that brought mythological motifs into the archipelago. In the present paper the theories set forth by Nobuhiro Matsumoto, Akihide Mishina, and Masao Oka are examined in terms of retrospect. The result shows that they shared the view that at least three different complexes, based in ancient Yamato, Izumo, and Kyushu respectively, contributed to the formation of Japanese mythology compiled in the 8th century CE （Common Era）. Their assumptions were synthesized by Taryo Obayashi in 1961, the hypothesis which has survived until today. In future we should cooperate with other disciplines and address the formation process of Japanese mythology.

Japanese Media Strategy： The Recognition of Economic Value Chains

This paper examines, as a case study, Japanese media production, remaking, and transferences of media content derived from the manga Janguru Taitei （Jungle Emperor） and contemporary Japanese government strategies to protect and promote Japanese cultural and economic value within the content business. The study utilizes methodological triangulation inclusive of textual, document, and value chain analysis. The Japanese government has progressively appreciated the intrinsic value of the media content from both a commercial and cultural context and the loss of value in unregulated segments of the regional market. In 2003, they established an Intellectual Property Strategy Group to support and promote the Japanese media content business. There has been a continuum of policy development since then to protect and amplify the financial value of Japanese media products. All of the developments in media industry are fuelled not only by government regulations, the imagination of talented artists and writers, and the growing regionalization and internationalization of the industry but also the ＂bottom line＂ emerging from the value chain. The recognition of the need for sustaining profit growth to continue the viability of original and remade content in Japan is paramount for Japan.

Study On the Practical It Personnel Training Model in Japanese Language Based On Internship Training Base

In the examination-oriented education system, widespread foreign language major＇s language proficiency is relatively weak, poor employment, led to the current prevailing social Graduates Employment social phenomenon. To solve these problems, this study takes constructivist theory as a guide to practice base for the carrier, focusing on the application of practical skills from the Japanese culture, professional quality college students to explore new aspects of Japanese IT personnel training mode, and then realize Japanese IT professionals, so as to achieve the strategic requirements of talent and rejuvenating the country.

Spatiotemporal features and possible mechanisms of seasonal changes in sea surface height south of Japan

Variations of sea surface height （SSH） in the Kuroshio south of Japan are addressed by analyzing 19-year （1993-2011） altimetry data from AVISO. Regionally averaged time series of observed SSH had a rising linear trend at 2.64＋0.72 mrn/a in this period. By analyzing the power spectra, several periods were recognized in temporal SSH variations, including those around 90 and 360 days. The seasonal cycle of SSH was minimum in winter （February） and maximum in summer （August）, with peak-to-peak amplitude about 20.0 cm. The spatial distribution of linear trends was inhomogeneous, with a rising linear trend along the coastline and a tripole structure offshore. Spatial distributions of standard deviation of seasonal SSH show very dynamic activities in the southeast of Kyushu and south of Honshu. Seasonal variations of observed SSH are partially explained by surface buoyancy forcing, local wind forcing and the steric component related to subsurface water beneath the mixed layer. Results show different spatial distributions of correlation coefficient and estimation skill between seasonally observed and modeled SSH, which are calculated from surface buoyancy flux, local wind forcing and the steric component related to subsurface water. Of those three, the surface buoyancy flux has a greater contribution to variations of observed SSH on the seasonal time scale south of Japan.

Manabi as an Altemative Concept of Learning in Educational Discourses

This paper considers a theory and practices of Japanese manabi （学） as an alternative concept of learning in the era of post-globalization. Although the term manabi is widely used as the translation of learning and Lernen in the field of pedagogy and in Japanese schools, it is important to understand its meaning, since the meaning of manabi is a comprehensive concept that differs semantically from the words learning, Lernen, and Bildung in the Western words. Faced with the globalization in the 21st century, there has been a tendency to promote educational reform and curriculum policies that could be characterized as ＂learnification＂ in which ＂21st century skills,＂ ＂competency-based learning,＂ and ＂learner-centered education＂ are emphasized. While the Western idea of learning that highlights active self is attractive to change classroom practices from the transmission of knowledge to an innovative style of active, collaborative, communicative learning, and problem-solving, Japanese education sustains traditional values that derive from selflessness and nothingness in Eastern philosophy.

Embodied Energy and CO2 Associated with Buildings by Using Input and Output Table in Japan

In July 2009, the 2005 basic Japanese input/output table was publicized together with its physical transaction table. This research paper analyzed the 2005 IO （input/output） table to create building industry-related intensities and, at the same time, compared the building industry with industries at large for distribution margins and transportation. The analysis of distribution margins separately for middle and purchaser margins found that middle margins in the building industry are minor at 35% of the averages for all industries, while purchaser margins are sizable at 1.8 times, proving that it is an industry for which local production for local consumption is quite effective. CO2 emissions resulting from transportation in the building industry were calculated and concisely characterized. Although the ratio of transportation CO2 emissions to total CO2 emissions in each industry finds almost no difference between general industries and the building industry, transportation CO2 emissions per production value are two to three times heavier than those from general industries to be justified as a transportation-intensive industry.

Comparative Study on Venture Capital among U.S.A., Japan and China

This essay, through comparing venture capital in China＇s modernization with U.S.A., Japan, summarizes the different characteristics of venture capital of the United States and Japan, and thinks that China＇s present modernization, as a flag of developing countries, has already entered middle period of industrialization, according to the experience of U.S.A., Japan and reality of China. The technological progress mode has already been changed from technology import to technological innovation stage at this time. In order to encourage innovations, we must develop venture capital in a more effective manner. The national conditions have determined the technology import of China, which must start with a high points, this is the most important condition of target to choose. The venture capital of China in system transitional period should use U.S.A.＇s experience for reference even more on the capital source to pay close attention to the capital sources of the government and bank. Once the government guides and starts the market, the folk capital will show the natural instinct of the capital automatically Risk investment is the embodiment capitalized personality spirit, in order to dispose such ambitious culture. We need the reform of the system as well as dispose risk investor＇s stratum at present.