辨温病“春温”与伤寒“少阳病”

春温是一种因"冬伤于寒"导致"热气内伏","伏热"入春发于少阳,而具有明显季节特征,以温热为主要性质的疾病;少阳病是一种"气郁"引起"邪热"稽留少阳的疾病。二者病邪均属"郁火、伏热",病位均在"少阳",治疗上的主方分别为"黄芩汤"和"小柴胡汤",二方在方义上亦有诸多同源。然而,较之于临床辨证,两病的不同之处也显而易见,春温病因单纯,具有明显的季节性,因"冬伤于寒,春发于少阳",而成为一种特有的疾病形式,因属"伏热"而无外感,故可直清里热;少阳病的疾病来源相对较多,如《伤寒论》中所讲的"表证传变"或"误下、误治"等所导致的邪入少阳。少阳病来源虽多,但疾病性质却统一为"邪伏少阳",治法统称"和解",并依据邪热的严重程度和是否兼有表证,而有变方、合方、加减及缓急之法。

Extreme spring cold spells in North China during 1961–2014 and the evolving processes

This study presents the major features of extreme spring cold spells(ESCS)in North China during 1961–2014 and the evolving processes.During an ESCS,northern Eurasia is controlled by large-scale positive SLP anomalies and an anomalous anticyclone that continuously transport northern cold air to North China,causing significant,persistent,lower-than-normal daily temperatures.In fact,these positive SLP and anticyclonic wind anomalies begin to appear over northwestern Europe about 10 days prior to the ESCS.The anticyclonic wind anomalies keep moving southeastward and expand to the west of Lake Baikal until two days before the ESCS.Then,the center of the anomalous low-level anticyclone moves over Lake Baikal,inducing northerly wind anomalies that transport cold air into North China.In the following days,as the positive SLP anomalies weaken,the anomalous anticyclone and related northerly winds appear to wane,and the ESCS gradually comes to an end.The results may prove meaningful for the prediction and early warning of ESCSs.

Contrasting two spring SST predictors for the number of western North Pacific tropical cyclones

Recent studies have revealed that two boreal spring sea surface temperature （SST） indices have potential to predict the number of western North Pacific （WNP） tropical cyclones （TCs） in the following peak typhoon season （June-October）： the northern tropical Atlantic （NTA） SST, and the SST gradient （SSTG） between the southwestern Pacific and western Pacic warm pool. The interannua[ and interdecadal variations of NTA SST and SSTG and their relationships to the number ofWNP TCs during 1950-2013 were compared. On the interdecadal timescale, SSTG showed better correlation with the number of WNP TCs than NTA SST. The interdecadal variation of NTA SST was closely associated with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, while that of SSTG was anti-correlated with the Central Pacific （CP） El Nino index at the interdecadal timescale. On the interannual timescale, both NTA SST and SSTG were modulated by two types of El Nino. The NTA SST revealed significant correlations with the number of WNPTCs beginning from the early 1960s; by contrast, SSTG showed significant correlations after the mid-1970s. Co-variability of NTA SST and SSTG existed after the late 1980s, induced by modulation from CP El Nino.The co-variability of these two spring SST predictors increased their prediction skill after the late 1980s, with enhanced correlation between the number of WNPTCs and the two predictors.

Effects of Different Low Overwintering Temperatures on Angelica Vernalization and Premature Bolting

Angelica sinensis(Oliv.)Diels is a valuable herbal plant.In production,its premature bolting,caused by vernalization,seriously affects its root yield.In this stuty,thermal treatments of 5,0 and?5°C,as well as treatments with shifts between these temperatures,were performed in its overwintering storage to investigate the chilling effect on the early bolting of Angelica sinensis and analyze the vernalization response to different temperatures.The results indicated that the 0°C treatment rendered the highest bolting rate,and the-5°C resulted in the lowest bolting rate.The initial short-term treatment at-5°C could promote the early bolting of A.sinensis,and the treatment at 5°C prior to planting could hasten its seedling bud growth.At the appropriate temperature,the early bolting rate of Angelica was positively related to the number of treatment days.So the frozen storage at-5°C could inhibit the vernalization of Angelica seedlings and the early bolting.The vernalization of Angelica could be a continuous process related to the number of treatment days.This study would serve as reference for the overwintering storage and cultivation of Angelica.

INFLUENCE OF SPRING EQUATORIAL EASTERN PACIFIC SSTA ON THE SEASONAL CHANGE FROM SPRING TO SUMMER OF EASTERN ASIAN CIRCULATION

Based on the analysis of NCEP height, wind and OLR data, the influence of spring equatorial eastern Pacific SSTA on the seasonal change from spring to summer of eastern Asian circulation has been investigated. Results show that related to the warm (cold) spring SSTA in the equatorial eastern Pacific, the anomalous anticyclone (cyclone) circulation emerges around the South China Sea and the Philippines, the strong (weak) west Pacific subtropical high locates to the west (east) of its normal position, which induces to the late (early) onset of the South China Sea monsoon. The numerical simulations have also shown that the remarkable influence of spring SSTA in the equatorial eastern Pacific on the spring seasonal change of eastern Asian circulation will last till summer.

Measurement and temperature effect on soil thermal conductivity in Changchun area

The study on soil thermal conductivity (STC) was an important side of research on ground source heat pump technique,geological disposal of high-level radioactive wastes,heat distribution of buried cable. Especially owing to technical requirement for shallow terrestrial heat recently, it directly influenced the design and solution in engineering problems. The authors measured the STC in the studied area with QTM-D2 and discussed the effect of samples in size, the measurement error between the samples in lab and in site. The results indicate measuring STC by heat pole method with less influence upon the samples in size, and measuring results on the different geometry size approach very much. The STC is fit for the empirical relation between the temperature and TC under the condition of normal temperature. It is significance for understanding STC in northern China and simulation of temperature field.

Variation characteristics of temperature and moisture content of seasonal frozen soil during freezing process in Changchun,China

In China, seasonal frozen soil is widely distributed. The freezing damage of subgrade soil in Jilin Province has been one of major engineering geological problems troubling the safety of road, in which some common damage phenomena, such as frost heave, subsidence deformation and frost boiling, are all caused by water translocation. Aiming at the phenomenon, the changes of moisture content of seasonal frozen soil in Changchun City are mainly studied by long-term field observation and indoor testing of physical properties under different conditions, and then the variation characteristics of moisture content in soil under different compactness and temperature conditions are realized. The results show that the increasing section of moisture content and negative temperature section all lie in O. 0 - 1.0 m of subgrade. Both lowest air and earth temperature occur in January to February, and the most negative temperature ranges from -7℃ to -10℃.

Predicting Western Pacific Subtropical High Using a Combined Tropical Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperature Forecast

Weather and climate in East China are closely related to the variability of the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH), which is an important part of the Asian monsoon system. The WPSH prediction in spring and summer is a critical component of rainfall forecasting during the summer flood season in China. Although many attempts have been made to predict WPSH variability, its predictability remains limited in practice due to the complexity of the WPSH evolution. Many studies have indicated that the sea surface temperature(SST) over the tropical Indian Ocean has a significant effect on WPSH variability. In this paper, a statistical model is developed to forecast the monthly variation in the WPSH during the spring and summer seasons on the basis of its relationship with SST over the tropical Indian Ocean. The forecasted SST over the tropical Indian Ocean is the predictor in this model, which differs significantly from other WPSH prediction methods. A 26-year independent hindcast experiment from 1983 to 2008 is conducted and validated in which the WPSH prediction driven by the combined forecasted SST is compared with that driven by the persisted SST. Results indicate that the skill score of the WPSH prediction driven by the combined forecasted SST is substantial.

Chilling rather than photoperiod controls budburst for gymnosperm species in subtropical China

The mechanisms regulating spring phenology have been extensively studied in angiosperm species.However,given that gymnosperms and angiosperms diverged 300 million years ago,phenology may be triggered by different cues in gymnosperm species.The regulatory mechanisms of phenology in subtropical regions remain largely unknown.In combination,it remains untested whether subtropical gymnosperm species have chilling requirements and are photosensitive.We conducted a climate chamber experiment with three chilling and three photoperiod treatments to investigate budburst during an 8-week forcing period.We tested whether budburst of eight gymnosperms species(Cryptomeria japonica,Cunninghamia lanceolata,Cupressus funebris,Ginkgo biloba,Metasequoia glyptostroboides,Pinus massoniana,Pseudolarix amabilis and Podocarpus macrophyllus)was photoperiod sensitive or has strong chilling requirements and whether photoperiod or chilling was more important for advancing budburst.Chilling advanced budburst and increased the percentage of budburst for gymnosperm species.Gymnosperm species required moderate chilling days to advance budburst.Interestingly,the forcing requirement for gymnosperm species was higher than that for angiosperms in the same forest,suggesting that gymnosperms may need more cumulative forcing to initiate budburst than do angiosperms.Compared with temperate gymnosperm species in Germany(194-600℃days),the subtropical species studied here had a much higher forcing requirement(814-1150℃days).The effects of photoperiod were minor,suggesting that chilling outweighs photoperiod in advancing budburst of gymnosperm species in this subtropical region.These results reveal that increased winter temperatures with continued global warming may impact not only angiosperms but also gymnosperms,leading to their delayed spring budburst.