评注性副词“显然”的衔接功能及话语标记化

在“元语”推导的作用下,现代汉语评注性副词“显然”分化出关联性用法,具有因果性、承接性和逆转性连接等连贯功能。在自然口语中,“显然”浮现出话语标记化特征,具有标记主观评价、主观立场和新话题等功能。“显然”的这一演变体现了人类语言语法化的共性,即句内谓语副词>句子副词>话语标记的普遍路径。

词义蕴含命题对“显然”词类归属的影响

结合相关语料库数据,对“显然”一词的句法分布、性质和功能进行具体分析。研究表明,“显然”的位置灵活多变,语义虚化程度较高,主观性较强,是说话人表达对命题认识和情态的重要手段。最后则提出建议,希望词典编撰者能够关注“显然”作为副词表达情态含义的强势用法。

Modification of waste fluorgypsum and its applications as a cement retarder

The waste fiuorgypsum was modified and applied as a cement retarder. The main chemical composition and mineral structure of the waste fluorgypsum were analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and eight-channel micro-calorimeter （TAM Air） were employed to analyze the changes in morphology and study the application performance of the modified fluorgypsum, respectively. Experimental results indicate that the flexural strength and compressive strength of the modified fiuorgypsurn are roughly equal to those of the natural gypsum. The morphology of the crystal of the fiuorgypsum changes from block particle into trimetric short column. The fluorgypsum crystals stagger mutually and improve the strength of the hardened body. The modified fluorgypsum as cement retarder could delay the hydration, reduce the heat of the hydration and make the setting time, volume stability, and the S03 content of the cement meet the national standards. The modified fluorgypsum is a good substitute for the natural gypsum.

Excess Heat Triggered by Different Current in a D/Pd Gas-Loading System

In order to study the relationship between the triggering current, deuterium pressure and the excess heat, a series of experiments were made in a D/Pd gas-loading system. By comparing the system constants （k = AT//kP） in both nitrogen and deuterium atmosphere we found an optimum current （8 A） and a deuterium pressure （9 x 104 Pa） in which the system could release a maximum excess power （more than 80 W）. The reproducibility was 16/16 and the excess energy released in the longest experiment was about 300 MJ within 40 days, which was corresponding to 104 eV for each palladium atom. Analysis of the palladium surface with a SEM （scanning electron microscopy） and an EDS （energy dispersive spectrometer） revealed that some new surface topographical feature with concentrations of unexpected elements （such as Ag, Sn, Pb and Ca） appeared after the current triggering. The results implied that the excess heat might come from a nuclear transmutation.

TPNR Membrane Reinforcing with Cotton Fibre Spun

Reinforcement of TPNR （thermoplastic natural rubber） with cotton fibre spun was prepared by using hot compression moulding. The TPNR was prepared by mixing NR （natural rubber） with PE （polyethylene） using 2-roll mills before compressed on cotton fibre spun and vulcanized at 150℃. The mechanical properties and morphology of the membrane were investigated using DMTA （dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer） and SEM （scanning electron microscopy）, respectively. The membrane strength was increased from 10 MPa to 18 MPa after reinforced with cotton fibre spun as well as the increasing of dielectric constant. The membrane was immersed in xylene to remove PE phase before characterization of membrane properties.

Take only pictures, leave only...fear？ The effects of photography on the West Indian anole Anolis cristatellus

Ecotourism encourages an environmentally friendly exploration of the world＇s natural habitats. Tourists often engage in wildlife photography, an activity that is generally not considered disturbing to animals. We investigated the effects of cam- era-related stimuli to determine whether shutter noise and/or flash affected the immediate behavior of female crested anoles Ano- lis cristaellus. Anoles decreased their display rate following stimuli that included shutter noises, but did not change their behavior in response to flash or silence treatments. To determine the relative importance of this response, we observed anole behavior fol- lowing playbacks of calls from kestrels Falco sparverius, a predator, and bananaquits Coereba flaveola, a non-predator. Anoles decreased display rates following kestrel calls when compared to their response to bananaquit calls. Furthermore, anoles spent a greater proportion of time displaying following bananaquit calls compared to both kestrel calls and silence. The magnitude of response to shutter noises was about the same as that to predator calls. This demonstrates that photography may not be as benign as commonly believed, and we should consider whether restrictions on camera noises should be implemented to reduce ani- mal disturbance

Experimental Study on Mechanical Vibration Massage for Treatment of Brachial Plexus Injury in Rats

Objective: To investigate the curative effect of the self-made mechanical vibration massage instrument for treatment of brachial plexus injury in rats and to explore its mechanism. Methods: Brachial plexus injury models were made in 144 Wistar rats and one week after natural healing of the wound, they were randomly divided into 3 groups, mechanical vibration treatment group (MV group), nerve growth factor treatment group (NGF group) and model group, 48 rats in each group. Then again, the each group was randomly divided into 4 subgroups, 7-day group, 14-day group, 21-day group and 28-day group, 12 rats in each subgroup. The MV group were treated by mechanical vibration at acupoints on three-yang and three-yin channels of the hand with the mechanical vibration massage instrument; The NGF group were treated with injection of NGF into musculus pectoralis major on the affected side; And the model group were normally fed with no treatment. After treatment for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, the diameter of both forelimbs were measured, the electrophysiological examination on the brachial plexus in vitro and the ultrastructure observation with electron microscope on the affected side were carried out, the motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) and motor nerve action potential (MNAP) of the brachial plexus on the affected side, NGF content of submaxillary gland as well as muscular Na+, K+-ATPase activity were determined respectively. Results: The different rates of the forelimb diameter in the MV group and the NGV group on the 14th d, 21st d and 28th d were better than those in the model group (P<0.05 or P<0.001), and in the MV group were better than those in the NGF group on the 21st d and the 28th d (P<0.05). MNCV in the MV group and the NGV group on the 21st d and 28th d was better than that in the model group (P<0.05 or P<0.001), and in the MV group was better than that in the NGF group on the 28th d (P<0.05). MNAP in the MV group and the NGV group on the 14th d, 21st d and 28th d was better than that in the model group (P<0.05 or P<0.001), and in the MV group was better than that in the NGF group on the 21st d and 28th d (P<0.05). The NGF mean gray index of submaxillary gland in the model group was higher than that in the MV group and the NGF group on the 7th d (P<0.05); in the NGF group and the model group was higher than that in the MV group on the 14th d (P<0.05); and in the NGF group and the MV group was higher than that in the model group on the 21st d and 28th d (P<0.05). Na+, K+-ATPase activity in the model group and the MV group was higher than that in the NGF group (P<0.05) on the 14th d, and in the MV group was higher than that in the model group on the 28th d (P<0.05). Conclusion: As compared with the NGF group and the model group, mechanical vibration treatment can effectively accelerate repair of injured brachial plexus, slow down atrophy of skeletal muscle, and promote secretion of NGF in submaxillary gland.

Nano-Morphology of a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Catalyst Layer Imaging, Reconstruction and Analysis

The oxygen reduction reaction （ORR） in the cathode catalyst layer （CCL） of polymer electrolyte fuel cells （PEFC） is one of the major causes of performance loss during operation. In addition, the CCL is the most expensive component due to the use of a Pt catalyst. Apart from the ORR itself, the species transport to and from the reactive sites determines the performance of the PEFC. The effective transport properties of the species in the CCL depend on its nanostructure. Therefore a three-dimensional reconstruction of the CCL is required. A series of two-dimensional images was obtained from focused ion beam- scanning electron microscope （FIB-SEM） imaging and a segmentation method for the two-dimensional images has been developed. The pore size distribution （PSD） was calculated for the three-dimensional geometry. The influence of the alignment and the anisotropic pixel size on the PSD has been investigated. Pores were found in the range between 5 nm and 205 nm. Evaluation of the Knudsen number showed that gas transport in the CCL is governed by the transition flow regime. The liquid water transport can be described within continuum hydrodynamics by including suitable slip flow boundary conditions.