杭州“景中村”乡土景观整合设计探析

乡土景观作为城市化进程中城市景观和乡村景观相互衔接的地带,在展现地域风貌和旅游开发过程中成为独具风格的特色景观。本文以杭州西湖周边的乡土景观为切入点,提出了既具有乡土特色、与乡村生活息息相关,也展现现代城市特质和活动习性的乡土景观在整合设计过程中的方法和趋向。

风景名胜区“景中村”景观整治探讨——以杭州市西湖风景名胜区内村庄为例

随着近年来国家大力进行"新农村"建设,农村发展得到了前所未有的重视。而"景中村"作为处于风景名胜区中比较特殊的村落,它不仅具有一般农村的特点,更重要的是它还直接影响着风景名胜区的整体发展,因此显得十分重要。本文将以杭州西湖风景名胜区中的三个具有代表性的"景中村"为例,对"景中村"景观整治模式进行探讨。

Rural Ecological Landscape Construction from the Perspective of Rural Revitalization Strategy

Based on the strategies for mral revitalization proposed in the 19th National Congtess report and 2018 No.l Document of CPC Central Committee, combined with the current situation of rural environmental pollution in China, tiiis paper first elaborated die connotation of rural ecological landscapes, and analyzed the structure, fimctions, and values of rural landscape ecology. The principle of building rural landscape ecology under the strategy of rural revitalization was studied. Finally, the methods and approaches of rural landscape ecological construction under the strategy of rural revitalization were studied.

Land Use and Soil Organic Carbon in China’s Village Landscapes

Village landscapes, which integrate small-scMe agriculture with housing, forestry, and a host of other land use practices, cover more than 2 million square kilometers across China. Village lands tend to be managed at very fine spatial scales （≤ 30 m）, with managers both adapting their practices to existing variation in soils and terrain （e.g., fertile plains vs. infertile slopes） and also altering soil fertility and even terrain by terracing, irrigation, fertilizing, and other land use practices. Relationships between fine-scale land management patterns and soil organic carbon （SOC） in the top 30 cm of village soils were studied by sampling soils within fine-scale landscape features using a regionally weighted landscape sampling design across five environmentally distinct sites in China. SOC stocks across China＇s village regions （5 Pg C in the top 30 cm of 2 ×10^6 km^2） represent roughly 4% of the total SOC stocks in global croplands. Although macroclimate varied from temperate to tropical in this study, SOC density did not vary significantly with climate, though it was negatively correlated with regional mean elevation. The highest SOC densities within landscapes were found in agricultural lands, especially paddy, the lowest SOC densities were found in nonproductive lands, and forest lands tended toward moderate SOC densities. Bue to the high SOC densities of agricultural lands and their predominance in village landscapes, most village SOC was found in agricultural land, except in the tropical hilly region, where forestry accounted for about 45% of the SOC stocks. A surprisingly large portion of village SOC was associated with built structures and with the disturbed lands surrounding these structures, ranging from 〉 18% in the North China Plain to about 9% in the tropical hilly region. These results confirmed that local land use practices, combined with local and regional variation in terrain, were associated with most of the SOC variation within and across China＇s village landscapes and may be an important cause of regional variation in SOC.

LANDSCAPE ECOLOGICAL CONSTRUCTION IN RURAL CHINA:THEORY AND APPLICATION

In landscape with overpopulation, intensive management for economic production, and where even small natural-vegetation patches are scarce, ecological conservation generally must be developed in the course of economic development. Thus “landscape ecological construction” has evolved in China. This approach adds spatial elements and alters landscape pattern to strengthen inter-ecosystem linkages, improve functioning of damaged ecosystems, and increase productivity and stability of the whole landscape. Five examples of managed landscapes in China are presented: dike-pond systems in a river delta; multi-pond system in a rice paddy landscape; field-grass-wood grid system on unstable sand dunes; shelterbelt network in a crop field area; and field-grass-wood mosaic system on highly erodible hilly farmland. These indicate that ecological conditions can be improved along with increased economic production. Altering landscape structure and ecological flows by introducing small landscape elements in distinct spatial patterns is considered a key to the results. This reshaping of the land has focused on changing patch size, regularity of arrangement, biological and hydrological corridors, and networks, the matrix and grain size. It suggests that such changes can increase negative feedbacks and increase stability. Finally, planning and design principles are pinpointed for the landscape ecological construction process.

Research on Chinese rural land management model of scale and development prospects

In the early years of reform and opening up, with the household contract management as the core, the land reform has been adapted to the prevailing agricultural productivity development and management level, achieved to mobilize the peasants＇ production enthusiasm and creativity, to improve production efficiency, basically solved the food and clothing problem; but it has formed small-scale decentralized business model. With the rapid development of the rural economy, along with urbanization and industrialization, it has been further increased the degree of market-oriented agriculture. The contradiction between big market and small-scale production is more prominent; such small -scale decentralized form of management has begun not to meet agricultural development request and the market economy development. It needs changes to moderate scale. Eleventh Five-Year Plan and construction of new socialist village require clearly various forms of appropriate scale.

The Spatio-temporal Evolution and Effect Factors of Cultivated Land Fragmentation in Jiangsu,China

Based on the land use change data obtained from the interpretation of remote sensing images in 1985, 1995, 2005 and 2008, the research applied principal component analysis, Markov chain and ESDA method, and took cultivated land patch as the basic unit of landscape. A comprehensive measure of the fragmentation of cultivated land was made in Jiangsu counties and its temporal and spatial evolution characteristics and driving process from the perspective of landscape ecology were discussed. The results are as follows:(1)The overall fragmentation of cultivated land in Jiangsu Province presents that the eastern coastal areas are low, the interior of the west is high, the fragmentation of northern and southern Jiangsu is high, while the fragmentation of mid-Jiangsu is low.(2)The degree of fragmentation of cultivated land in most area of southern Jiangsu and midJiangsu showed an upward trend, while the fragmentation of cultivated land in northern Jiangsu showed a downward trend from 1985 to 2008. The degree of agglomeration of cultivated land is weakened continuously, the area of high value agglomeration is decreasing and the trend of "polarization" is weakening.(3) Topographic condition is the decisive factor for the formation of the difference pattern. The change of rural residential land, cultivated land and the scale of urban land use plays a role on the cultivated land fragmentation index, among them, the change of rural residential land scale has the most significant effect on cultivated land fragmentation.