变法前的一场大论战——《商君书·更法》分析

(一) 商鞅(约公元前三九○年——前三三八年),原名公孙鞅,战国中期卫国人。他“少好刑名之学”(《史记·商君列传》),年轻的时候,跑到魏国,在崇尚法家的魏国宰相公叔痤那里当一名家臣,研究和总结了早期法家李悝、吴起等的理论和变法经验。公元前三六一年,秦孝公下令求贤,商鞅到了秦国,得到了秦孝公的信任,被任命为“左庶长”,主持变法。由于变法获得显著成功,当上了秦国的大良造(相当于相国兼将军),并被封为商君。因此,史书上称他为商鞅。法家后学者辑录的《商君书》,记述了他的学说。《更法》是《商君书》的第一篇。

从元典的“穷变通久”到近代的“更法自强”

从元典的“穷变通久”到近代的“更法自强”冯天瑜近代中国适逢古今中西一大变革之际会，经济、政治、文化、社会生活发生着全方位的转型。这一切催促人们竞相追求变易之道、会通之理；而中华民族面临的危机，又激励人们寻觅自强之策。西方传入的社会进化论之所以风靡于２...

ADVANCES OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON ACUPUNCTURE AND MOXIBUSTION FOR TREATMENT OF WOMEN'S CLIMACTERIC SYNDROME

To introduce the advances of experimental research on acupuncture and moxibustion for treatment of Women＇s Climacteric Syndrome.The recent years experimental research literature of acupuncture and moxibustion for treatment of Women＇s Climacteric Syndrome were reviewed.The research literatures on acupuncture treatment were major,focusing on the field of acupuncture and moxibustion regulating hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis and nerval-endocritic-immune net.Acupuncture and moxibustion could regulate the endocrine environment of menopausal women.Taking advantage of combination biomedicine with multi-sciences,to improve the acupuncture and moxibustion curative effct and probe the mechanism of menopausal pathology and acupuncture and moxibustion function to Women＇s Climacteric Syndrome,is the research direction afterward.

宋朝军事“积弱”因素浅析

宋朝立国后为防止唐末五代藩镇割据的再次重演,军事上实行“更戍法”“将从中御”等制度,限制了宋军在战场上的机动性与灵活性,导致宋军在战场上处于被动挨打的地步;“崇文抑武”的国策,使整个社会习文之风日盛,而尚武之风日衰,武人地位低下,难以激发将士们持干戈以卫社稷、建功立业的雄心;士兵得不到正规而有效的训练,军队经营商业,武器质量低劣,导致宋军战斗力低下。“虚外守内”的消极防御的政策,使统治者不得不把和议苟安视为医治边患良药,从而暴露出自己的软弱无能,刺激了敌人贪婪的野心,最终被后起的元朝所吞灭。

Effect of shelterwood cutting method on forest regeneration and stand structure in a Hyrcanian forest ecosystem

A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of shelterwood cutting methods on stand structure and regeneration density. Data were collected from a northern hardwood forest stands in Iran with Fagus orientalis Lipsky as dominant species, with/without shelterwood cutting operation. Results clearly demonstrate that the management of Fagus orientalis Lipsky with shelterwood cutting system affected the frequency and diversity of the understory herbaceous species. The frequency of Viola silvestris Lam., Asperula odorata L., Carex spp. and Rubus hyr-canus Juz increased significantly after shelterwood cutting. The DBH （diameter at breast height） of commercial species in control stands （57.50±2.15 cm） was greater than that in treated stands （50.67±1.88 cm）, whereas the total height of trees was similar between treated and control plots （21±0.5 m）. The number of Parrotia persica seedlings increased by 13.2% from 1995 to 2005 whereas the number of Fagus orientalis and Carpinus betulus seedlings significantly decreased from 1995 to 2005. In conclusion, it confirms that instead of shelterwood cutting method other silvicultural practices such as selection cutting method should be applied for the mountainous beech stands of Hyrcanian forests.

A Process Simulation-Based Method for Engineering Change Management

Engineering change management is a special form of problem solving where many rules must be followed to satisfy the requirements of product changes.As engineering change has great influence on the cycle and the cost of product development,it is necessary to anticipate design changes(DCs)in advance and estimate the influence effectively.A process simulation-based method for engineering change management is proposed incorporating multiple assessment parameters.First,the change propagation model is established,which includes the formulation of change propagation influence,assessment score of DC solution.Then the optimization process of DC solution is introduced based on ant colony optimization(ACO),and an optimization algorithm is detailed to acquire the optimal DC solution automatically.Finally,a case study of belt conveyor platform is implemented to validate the proposed method.The results show that changed requirement of product can be satisfied by multiple DC solutions and the optimal one can be acquired according to the unique characteristics of each solution.

Acupuncture for Treatment of Climacteric Syndrome—A Report of 35 Cases

To evaluate the effects of acupuncture for treatment of climacteric syndrome.Methods:The 65 cases in this series were randomly assigned to the acupuncture group (N=35) and the control group (N=30), with the former treated by acupuncture and the latter by medication respectively.The therapeutic effects were evaluated by means of the clinical outcome,improvement in the symptom scores and the results of radioimmunoassays.Results:In the acupuncture group,12 cases were cured,16 cases markedly effective,and 6 cases improved,the total effective rate being as high as 97.14%.The decrease in the symptom scores,and especially the elevation of the decreased E_2 level and the decrease of the increased FSH and LH levels, demonstrated that acupuncture therapy was superior to medication.Conclusion:Acupuncture for regulating the mental activities and reinforcing the kidney is an effective therapy for climacteric syndrome.

The Combined Use of Acupuncture and Chinese Medicines for Treatment of Menopausal Syndrome——A Clinical Report of 63 Cases

Objective: To evaluate therapeutic effects of the combined use of acupuncture and Chinese medicines in 63 cases of menopausal syndrome. Methods: Ninety-three cases of menopausal syndrome were randomly divided into 2 groups. Sixty-three cases of the treatment group were treated by the combined use of acupuncture and Chinese medicines. Thirty cases in the control group were only given Western medicines. Results: The total effective rate was 96.83% in the treatment group, and 73.33% in the control group. Conclusions: The combined use of acupuncture and Chinese medicines is more effective for treating menopausal syndrome.

The Road to Self-Reliance of the First French Atomic Bomb

After World War II,the choice of the plutonium bomb as the technology roadmap for the first French atomic bomb was not a military issue,but rather one guided by civilian nuclear technology policy.After consideration of the amount of uranium to be mined,technical reserves,and the financial situation,the civilian nuclear energy project of the Commissariatàl’énergie Atomique(CEA)was based on plutonium and natural uranium as the fissile materials,which indirectly provided enough plutonium for the future development of a nuclear weapon.When the Fourth Republic decided to develop the atomic bomb,a“Common Core”was established with the CEA,a public institution,as the lead,assisted by the military.Faced by the US embargo of nuclear weapons technology,the co-existence of civilian and military branches and their collaboration to some degree in the CEA not only made it a civilian-military complex,but also facilitated breakthroughs in the core technologies of implosion,the plutonium core,the tamper,and the neutron source.The success of the first French nuclear weapons test on February 13,1960,announced that France was on its way to becoming self-reliant in the military use of nuclear science.

Design of nuclear radiation level gauge based on normalized LMS filtering correction

In the measurement of liquid level in industrial site environment,noise interference can affect the measurement accuracy.In order to improve the measurement accuracy of liquid level in the viscous state,a nuclear radiation level measurement system based on the least mean square(LMS)filtering correction method is designed.The system uses STM32F103 as the control core and adopts HART bus HT1200M chip for remote signal transmission and reception.The adaptive LMS algorithm can be used for more accurate filtering,calculating iterative weight vector,updating weighted coefficient,effectively removing system measurement noise and improving the measurement accuracy.The results show that the nuclear radiation level gauge based on normalized LMS can correct the measurement system accuracy in adaptive rules,improve the measurement accuracy to meet the requirements of industrial field environment for liquid level measurement and enhance the industrial automation control degree.

The expected discounted penalty function for a kind of time-correlated risk model based on the renewal argument in consideration of the by-claim

In this paper, the expected discounted penalty function is considered in the risk process with the time-correlated claims, that is, every main claim can cause a by-claim but the occurrence of the by-claim may be delayed. By the renewal argument, it is shown that the expected value satisfies a system of integro-differential equations. Moreover, the explicit expression for the Laplace transform of the expected value is derived by means of Rouche＇s theorem. A numerical example is also given for illustrating the result.

A Selective Moving Window Partial Least Squares Method and Its Application in Process Modeling

A selective moving window partial least squares(SMW-PLS) soft sensor was proposed in this paper and applied to a hydro-isomerization process for on-line estimation of para-xylene(PX) content. Aiming at the high frequency of model updating in previous recursive PLS methods, a selective updating strategy was developed. The model adaptation is activated once the prediction error is larger than a preset threshold, or the model is kept unchanged.As a result, the frequency of model updating is reduced greatly, while the change of prediction accuracy is minor.The performance of the proposed model is better as compared with that of other PLS-based model. The compromise between prediction accuracy and real-time performance can be obtained by regulating the threshold. The guidelines to determine the model parameters are illustrated. In summary, the proposed SMW-PLS method can deal with the slow time-varying processes effectively.

Numerical Simulation for Water Entry of a Wedge at Varying Speed by a High Order Boundary Element Method

A high order boundary element method was developed for the complex velocity potential problem. The method ensures not only the continuity of the potential at the nodes of each element but also the velocity. It can be applied to a variety of velocity potential problems. The present paper, however, focused on its application to the problem of water entry of a wedge with varying speed. The continuity of the velocity achieved herein is particularly important for this kind of nonlinear free surface flow problem, because when the time stepping method is used, the free surface is updated through the velocity obtained at each node and the accuracy of the velocity is therefore crucial. Calculation was made for a case when the distance S that the wedge has travelled and time t follow the relationship s=Dtα, where D and α are constants, which is found to lead to a self similar flow field when the effect due to gravity is ignored.

An iris recognition method based on multi-orientation features and Non-symmetrical SVM

A new iris feature extraction approach using both spatial and frequency domain is presented. Steerable pyramid is adopted to get the orientation information on iris images. The feature sequence is extracted on each sub-image and used to train Support Vector Machine (SVM) as iris classifiers. SVM has drawn great interest recently as one of the best classifiers in machine learning, although there is a problem in the use of traditional SVM for iris recognition. It cannot treat False Accept and False Reject differently with different security requirements. Therefore, a new kind of SVM called Non-symmetrical SVM is presented to classify the iris features. Experimental data shows that Non-symmetrical SVM can satisfy various security requirements in iris recognition applications. Feature sequence combined with spatial and frequency domain represents the variation details of the iris patterns properly. The results in this study demonstrate the potential of our new approach, and show that it performs more satis- factorily when compared to former algorithms.

“变易”与“不易”的二律背反——洋务派“变法”观刍议

一 史学界一般以“洋务运动”—“变法运动”—“革命运动”作为中国近代化历程的三个段落。然而,这三个段落又是前后交错,彼此渗透的。例如,“变法”观的提出与实施,就不仅专属变法运动,洋务运动也早已高张“变法”旗帜。 “更法”、“变法”本是先秦即有的古老命题。

Variation in use of menopausal hormone treatment on risk of health outcomes

AIM： To determine the relative risk of selected serious outcomes with variations in use of menopausal hormone treatment （MHT）. METHODS： A cohort of 489 women, randomly recrui-ted at age 40-79 years, from a longitudinal study of urbanised population was a study group and was followed for 14 years. Four selected outcomes （coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease, breast cancer） were tested. Each woman on entry to the study was interviewed by a dedicated medical practitioner, and data on menstrual and menopausal history and health status were obtained. Outcome information was ascertained by questionnaire and medical reports from attending medical practitioners. In case of death, cause of death was checked with the Registry of Births, Deaths, Marriages and Divorce. This information was available for all women. An ever-user of MHT was defined as use for 6 mo or more at any time during the study. A late start of MHT was defned as 3 years or more from onset of menopause. The generalised linear statistical package was used to examine the data; univariate logistic regression models were used to describe the relationship between patient characteristics and a disease outcome, followed by stepwise multi variate analysis, controlling for age, lifestyle factors and co-morbidities.RESULTS： The risk of ever-use of MHT was signifcantly increased only for peripheral artery disease （RR = 2.16; 0.99, 4.71; P = 0.05）, and not for coronary artery disease, stroke and breast cancer. A late start of MHT （three years or more from onset of menopause） was associated with signifcantly increased risks for coronary artery disease （RR = 2.56; 1.15, 5.72; P = 0.02） and peripheral artery disease （RR = 4.42; 1.55, 12.64; P = 0.005）, and use after age 60 years with signifcantly increased risks for coronary artery disease （RR = 4.98; 2.19, 11.55; P 〈 0.001）, stroke （RR = 2.99; 1.11, 8.08; P = 0.03） and peripheral artery disease （RR = 4.18; 1.24, 14.14; P = 0.02）. Use up to 10 years was not associated with signifcant risk for all outcomes. These risks were confrmed by stepwise multi variate analysis, adjusting for age at recruitment, body mass index, smoking, physical activity and alcohol use, and existing diabetes, mellitus, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia. Regardless of variations in use, risk for breast cancer was not found. CONCLUSION： The study confirms ever-use of MHT affected only risk of peripheral artery disease; but some use variations could have adverse effects.

A Novel Synergy Selection Mechanism among Multi- Devices for Ubiquitous Services

It is a challenge to select an optimal set of devices to accomplish a graph-based ubiquitous service and execute it continuously under the circumstances of dynamic environments and limited device capability. We elaborate a Synergy- aware Selection Mechanism （SSM） considering synergetic among devices. In the SSM, we design a distributed algorithm to integrate the devices and a dynamic updating weight method. The simulation results show that SSM can make devices composed together to ensure the continuity and smoothness of service

Distribution network planning based on shortest path

In order to form an algorithm for distribution network routing,an automatic routing method of distribution network planning was proposed based on the shortest path.The problem of automatic routing was divided into two steps in the method:the first step was that the shortest paths along streets between substation and load points were found by the basic ant colony algorithm to form a preliminary radial distribution network,and the second step was that the result of the shortest path was used to initialize pheromone concentration and pheromone updating rules to generate globally optimal distribution network.Cases studies show that the proposed method is effective and can meet the planning requirements.It is verified that the proposed method has better solution and utility than planning method based on the ant colony algorithm.

Operational Reliability in Transmission Power Grid

The paper presents the methods proposed by the authors to be applied in operation of substations. The substations taken in consideration were rehabilitated by replacing the existing equipments by new equipments, the last generation. The methods consist in study of equipment＇s failures, study of equipment＇s behaviour, study of substation architecture and study of systems operation. Paper presents new equipments on their architecture and performances. The parts of method exposed in this paper are based on the operational reliability. The mathematical methods and new analyses methods are given for resolving the issues on operation of substations. The results of this study will be used to obtain the best solution for operation of the substations. The results of the analysis were applied to some substation from the Transmission Power Grid.

Promote the Development of Military Science and Technology Talents Civil-military Integration

Flexibly in recent years, the army strategy, earnestly implement the talent of military science and technology talents of military and civilian integration type development has carried on the positive exploration and obtained certain achievements. But there are low levels, pertinence is not strong, the introduction of fewer problems, it has both idea lag, the train of thought is not open, also has the system and mechanism is not perfect, imperfect laws and regulations and so on. We should start from mastering the characteristics of civil-military integration rule, renew the idea, and actively push forward scientific and technological personnel civil-military integration to a higher level, the deeper development.