From the synopical CTD sections in the WOCE PR11 repeated cruises, the South Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (SPSTMW) has been identified in the region of the Tasman Front Extension (TFE) around 29?S to the east of Aus...From the synopical CTD sections in the WOCE PR11 repeated cruises, the South Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (SPSTMW) has been identified in the region of the Tasman Front Extension (TFE) around 29?S to the east of Australia. In the depth range of 150-250 m, the SPSTMW appears as a thermostad with vertical temperature gradient lower than 1.6℃(100 m)-1 and a tem- perature range of 16.5-19.5℃ and as a pycnostad with PV lower than 2×10-10 m-1 s-1 and a potential density range of 25.4-26.0 kg m-3. Like the subtropical mode waters in the North Atlantic and North Pacific, the formation of the SPSTMW is associated with the convective mixing during the austral wintertime as manifested from the time series of the Argo floats. And cold water entrains into the mixed layer with the deepening mixed layer from September to the middle of October. During the wintertime formation process, mesoscale eddies prevailing in the TFE region play an important role in the SPSTMW formation, and have a great effect on the SPSTMW distribution in the next year. The deeper (shallower) mixed layer in wintertime, consistent with the depressed (uplifted) permanent thermocline, is formed by the anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddies, and the substantial mode water thicker than 50 m is mainly found in the region of the anticyclonic eddies where the permanent thermocline is deeper than 450 m.展开更多
The potential （E）-dependent vibrational behavior of a saturated CO adlayer on Au-core Pd-shell nanoparticle film electrodes was investigated over a wide potential range, in acidic, neutral, and basic solutions, usin...The potential （E）-dependent vibrational behavior of a saturated CO adlayer on Au-core Pd-shell nanoparticle film electrodes was investigated over a wide potential range, in acidic, neutral, and basic solutions, using in situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy （SERS）. Over the whole of the examined potential region （-1.5 to 0.55 V vs. NHE）, the peak frequencies of both the C-OM and the Pd-COM band （here, M denotes the multiply-bonded configuration） displayed three distinct linear regions： dvc oM/dE decreased from -185-207 （from -1.5 to -1.2 V） to -83-84 cm-1/V （-1.2 to -0.15 V）, and then to 43 cm-1/V （-0.2 to 0.55 V）; on the other hand, dvpd coM/dE changed from -10 to -8 cm I/V （from -1.5 to -1.2 V） to ^-31 to -30 cm-1/V （-1.2 to -0.15 V）, and then to -15 cm-1/V （-0.2 to 0.55 V）. The simultaneously recorded cyclic voltammograms revealed that at E 〈 -1.2 V, a hydro- gen evolution reaction （HER） occurred. With the help of periodic density functional theory calcula- tions using two different （2 × 2）-3CO slab models with Pd（111）, the unusually high dvc-oM/dE and the small dVPd-CoM/dE in the HER region were explained as being due to the conversion of COad from bridge to hollow sites, which was induced by the co-adsorbed hydrogen atoms formed from dissociated water at negative potentials.展开更多
Preparation of a high flux of hydrogen molecules in a specific vibrationally excited state is the major prerequisite and challenge in scattering experiments that use vibrationally excited hydrogen molecules as the tar...Preparation of a high flux of hydrogen molecules in a specific vibrationally excited state is the major prerequisite and challenge in scattering experiments that use vibrationally excited hydrogen molecules as the target. The widely used scheme of stimulated Raman pumping suffers from coherent population return which severely limits the excitation efficiency. Re- cently we successfully transferred D2 molecules in the molecular beam from （v=0, J=0） to （v=1, J=0） level, with the scheme of Stark-induced adiabatic Raman passage. As high as 75% of the excitation efficiency was achieved. This excitation technique promise to be a unique tool for crossed beam and beam-surface scattering experiments which aim to reveal the role of vibrational excitation of hydrogen molecules in the chemical reaction.展开更多
As in the other countries around the world, banking systems in Eurasian economies, comprised of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, were adversely af...As in the other countries around the world, banking systems in Eurasian economies, comprised of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, were adversely affected by the 2008 global crisis. A common challenge across most economies is to revive private-sector credit growth. Compared with the high increases of 80 percent in the period immediately prior to the crisis, credit growth has slowed sharply and even turned negative in real terms in a number of economies. Governments in many countries have taken measures to address banking sector stress. The measures for restoring credit growth and thus a high economic growth will be discussed in a part of our work. In the short run, such measures include aiding banks to repair balance sheets and also providing liquidity. In the medium term, measures should promote de-dollarization and the development of local debt markets.展开更多
基金This study was supported by the Chinese Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Nos.40276009 and 90411010)
文摘From the synopical CTD sections in the WOCE PR11 repeated cruises, the South Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (SPSTMW) has been identified in the region of the Tasman Front Extension (TFE) around 29?S to the east of Australia. In the depth range of 150-250 m, the SPSTMW appears as a thermostad with vertical temperature gradient lower than 1.6℃(100 m)-1 and a tem- perature range of 16.5-19.5℃ and as a pycnostad with PV lower than 2×10-10 m-1 s-1 and a potential density range of 25.4-26.0 kg m-3. Like the subtropical mode waters in the North Atlantic and North Pacific, the formation of the SPSTMW is associated with the convective mixing during the austral wintertime as manifested from the time series of the Argo floats. And cold water entrains into the mixed layer with the deepening mixed layer from September to the middle of October. During the wintertime formation process, mesoscale eddies prevailing in the TFE region play an important role in the SPSTMW formation, and have a great effect on the SPSTMW distribution in the next year. The deeper (shallower) mixed layer in wintertime, consistent with the depressed (uplifted) permanent thermocline, is formed by the anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddies, and the substantial mode water thicker than 50 m is mainly found in the region of the anticyclonic eddies where the permanent thermocline is deeper than 450 m.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21473175)the National Instrumentation Program(2011YQ03012416)the National Basic Reserarch Program of China(973 Program,2015CB932301)
文摘The potential （E）-dependent vibrational behavior of a saturated CO adlayer on Au-core Pd-shell nanoparticle film electrodes was investigated over a wide potential range, in acidic, neutral, and basic solutions, using in situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy （SERS）. Over the whole of the examined potential region （-1.5 to 0.55 V vs. NHE）, the peak frequencies of both the C-OM and the Pd-COM band （here, M denotes the multiply-bonded configuration） displayed three distinct linear regions： dvc oM/dE decreased from -185-207 （from -1.5 to -1.2 V） to -83-84 cm-1/V （-1.2 to -0.15 V）, and then to 43 cm-1/V （-0.2 to 0.55 V）; on the other hand, dvpd coM/dE changed from -10 to -8 cm I/V （from -1.5 to -1.2 V） to ^-31 to -30 cm-1/V （-1.2 to -0.15 V）, and then to -15 cm-1/V （-0.2 to 0.55 V）. The simultaneously recorded cyclic voltammograms revealed that at E 〈 -1.2 V, a hydro- gen evolution reaction （HER） occurred. With the help of periodic density functional theory calcula- tions using two different （2 × 2）-3CO slab models with Pd（111）, the unusually high dvc-oM/dE and the small dVPd-CoM/dE in the HER region were explained as being due to the conversion of COad from bridge to hollow sites, which was induced by the co-adsorbed hydrogen atoms formed from dissociated water at negative potentials.
文摘Preparation of a high flux of hydrogen molecules in a specific vibrationally excited state is the major prerequisite and challenge in scattering experiments that use vibrationally excited hydrogen molecules as the target. The widely used scheme of stimulated Raman pumping suffers from coherent population return which severely limits the excitation efficiency. Re- cently we successfully transferred D2 molecules in the molecular beam from （v=0, J=0） to （v=1, J=0） level, with the scheme of Stark-induced adiabatic Raman passage. As high as 75% of the excitation efficiency was achieved. This excitation technique promise to be a unique tool for crossed beam and beam-surface scattering experiments which aim to reveal the role of vibrational excitation of hydrogen molecules in the chemical reaction.
文摘As in the other countries around the world, banking systems in Eurasian economies, comprised of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, were adversely affected by the 2008 global crisis. A common challenge across most economies is to revive private-sector credit growth. Compared with the high increases of 80 percent in the period immediately prior to the crisis, credit growth has slowed sharply and even turned negative in real terms in a number of economies. Governments in many countries have taken measures to address banking sector stress. The measures for restoring credit growth and thus a high economic growth will be discussed in a part of our work. In the short run, such measures include aiding banks to repair balance sheets and also providing liquidity. In the medium term, measures should promote de-dollarization and the development of local debt markets.
