岛礁领土取得中的“有效控制”:兼论南沙群岛的法律情势

针对争议岛礁的"有效控制",应追本溯源至领土取得问题,在领土取得的法律框架下评价。"有效控制"的确立应符合主体资格、主张意图、客观行为三方面要件,但在岛礁情形下具有一定灵活性。"有效控制"的法律效果受制于一系列因素,尤其是既定法律权源的有无、相关国家的单方行为、关键日期以及禁止使用武力原则。中国基于自古形成、持续巩固的"有效控制"而享有对南沙群岛的领土主权。周边国家对南沙部分岛礁的"有效控制"在国际法上是非法无效的。

A Computationally Efficient Aggregation Optimization Strategy of Model Predictive Control

Model Predictive Control (MPC) is a popular technique and has been successfully used in various industrial applications. However, the big drawback of MPC involved in the formidable on line computational effort limits its applicability to relatively slow and/or small processes with a moderate number of inputs. This paper develops an aggregation optimization strategy for MPC that can improve the computational efficiency of MPC. For the regulation problem, an input decaying aggregation optimization algorithm is presented by aggregating all the original optimized variables on control horizon with the decaying sequence in respect of the current control action.

Seismic noise attenuation using nonstationary polynomial fitting

We propose a novel method for seismic noise attenuation by applying nonstationary polynomial fitting （NPF）, which can estimate coherent components with amplitude variation along the event. The NPF with time-varying coefficients can adaptively estimate the coherent components. The smoothness of the polynomial coefficients is controlled by shaping regularization. The signal is coherent along the offset axis in a common midpoint （CMP） gather after normal moveout （NMO）. We use NPF to estimate the effective signal and thereby to attenuate the random noise. For radial events-like noise such as ground roll, we first employ a radial trace （RT） transform to transform the data to the time-velocity domain. Then the NPF is used to estimate coherent noise in the RT domain. Finally, the coherent noise is adaptively subtracted from the noisy dataset. The proposed method can effectively estimate coherent noise with amplitude variations along the event and there is no need to propose that noise amplitude is constant. Results of synthetic and field data examples show that, compared with conventional methods such as stationary polynomial fitting and low cut filters, the proposed method can effectively suppress seismic noise and preserve the signals.

Removal of Lead Ions from Ginseng Ethanol Extracts by Dynamic Adsorption in a Fixed-bed Column

The removal of lead from ginseng ethanol extracts by a fixed-bed column filled with an adsorbent bearing amine and carboxyl groups was investigated. The Pb2+ content was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. When the flowrate increased from 0.12 to 0.34 ml·min-1 , the column exhibited a marked increase in percentage of lead removal from 54.9% to 92.3%. Further increase in the flowrate did not bring evident changes to the lead removal, whereas an increase in the temperature could reinforce adsorption further, suggesting that the adsorption process was controlled by external film diffusion below the flowrate of 0.34 ml·min-1 , and by the intraparticle pore diffusion of lead ions when the flowrate exceeded it. A low remaining lead amount in extracts such as 0.11 mg·kg-1 (extracts powder) was achieved. The adsorbents also adsorbed effective constituents to some extent. But 88% of constituents adsorbed were taken off using a 70% ethanol aqueous solution.

Controlling the Effects and Improving the Interview Quality

The interview is an important segment and a usual means of choosing staffs, and the interview＇s quality directly influences the result of recruitment. This composition has posed and analyzed eight psychology errors, including first-sight effect, halo effect, casting effect, order effect, contrast effect, convergence effect, induce effect and fatigue effect. The interviewers should try their best to avoid them and ensure the interview＇s quality,

Comments on the development trend of the construction cost management in the new period

Building construction projects generally needs a long period, and there are many fixed factors in the process of building, therefore, the management of the project cost is a little difficult. On the basis that the quality of construction is not affected, the effective management of the project cost can effectively control the costs so that the economic and social benefits of the construction unit will be raised, and then continue to promote the development of construction industry in China.

Numerical simulation and model of control-efficiency of thermal crown of work rolls in cold rolling

Aiming at accuracy control of the thermal crown of work rolls in cold rolling,new parameters such as regulation domain and control-efficiency factors were proposed and a numerical analysis model of the thermal crown of work rolls was established using finite difference method to study roll's thermal deformation.Based on simulation results,the influences of control-efficiency factors on thermal crown are presented and the thermal crown of work rolls is analyzed after taking sub-cooling of sprinkling beam into consideration.It has been found that the control-efficiency factor of any position on the roll's surface is linear function of the temperature and the control ability of water temperature is stronger than other control parameters.In addition,the verification of the model has been carried out based on the producing technology data in some factories and the numerical simulation results coincide well with the experimental data.Therefore,this work has important value for on-line control of roll's crown in cold rolling.

Determination of Effective Degree-Day for Supporting Chemical Control Against Cutworms （Lep. Noctuinae） in the Sugar Beet

The aim of the research was to connect two methods of the chemical control. The first chemical treatments were applied according to the signalling method. The second method was applied according to the phonological criterion i.e., on the basis of the values of effective temperatures sums or heat sums for cutworms. The studies on cutworms infesting sugar beet crops were carried out in the years 2005-2008. The observation performed during the moth flights from May to September included two species, turnip moth （Agrotis segetum Den. ＆ Schiff.） and heart-and-dart moth （A. exclamationis L.）. The dynamics of moth flights was recorded in reference to readings of climatic conditions registered with the field meteorological stations set up near the light traps. Observations on cutworm occurrence during the vegetation season were done every 5-7 days. Moreover, additional studies were conducted under control conditions in the growth chambers at three programmed temperatures （17°C, 20 °C, 24 °C） and relative humidity （50%-70%）. Based on the results the values for the heat sum of 501.1 °C and effective temperatures sum of 230.0 °C were determined for the developmental stages of cutworm. On the base of the results obtained it can be stated that the improved method of short-term forecasting can be an alternative solution in the integrated protection management against pest.

A Novel Effective Bandwidth Based Call Admission Control for Multimedia CDMA Systems

A novel Call Admission Control(CAC)scheme is proposed for multimedia CDMA systems.The effectivebandwidth of real time calls is reserved in the CAC with the consideration of active factors.The admission of non-real timecalls is controlled by the system according to the residual effective bandwidth left from real time calls.Simulation resultshave shown that the novel CAC has greatly enlarged the admission region for real time calls and make the transmission de-lay of non-real time calls under an acceptable level.

Two-dimensional Modeling of a Salt-gradient Solar Pond with Wall Shading Effect and Thermo-physical Properties Dependent on Temperature and Concentration

In this paper,the behavior of a salt-gradient solar pond with the square cross-section has been studied experimentally and numerically.A small-scale solar pond were designed and built to provide quantitative data.A two-dimensional,transient heat and mass transfer model has been solved numerically by using finite-control-volume method.In this study,all the thermo-physical properties are variable as the function of temperature and salt concentration.Numerical results as obtained for the experimental pond have been satisfactorily compared and validated against measured data.Furthermore,the wall shading effect has been elaborated to improve the agreement between two sets of results.The temperature of the storage zone is predicted well by the model.It also can be observed that the initial concentration profile is preserved with time.The stability of the pond in time has been investigated in order to distinguish the critical zones.Finally,the application of an energy analysis gives an efficiency of about 12%for the pond.

Computing the Determinant of a Matrix with Polynomial Entries by Approximation

Computing the determinant of a matrix with the univariate and multivariate polynomial entries arises frequently in the scientific computing and engineering fields. This paper proposes an effective algorithm to compute the determinant of a matrix with polynomial entries using hybrid symbolic and numerical computation. The algorithm relies on the Newton＇s interpolation method with error control for solving Vandermonde systems. The authors also present the degree matrix to estimate the degree of variables in a matrix with polynomial entries, and the degree homomorphism method for dimension reduction. Furthermore, the parallelization of the method arises naturally.

Review on Application of Electromagnetic Theory and Technology to Forest Pests Control

Many domestic and international scholars have done a wide range of researches on electromagnetic and technology and have made some achievements. Electromagnetic technology has been used in forest pests control as a convenient and high-efficient physics means. This article summaries the current study of the electromagnetic biological effect and introduces the appfication of microwave, pulsed electromagnetic field and electrostatic field to forest pests control. The research direction and prospect of the application of electromagnetic theory and technology to forest pests control arc also discussed.

Control Strategy Research of a Selective Catalytic Reduction System for Heavy-Duty Application

An AdBlue dosing control strategy of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system is developed for a heavy-duty diesel (HDD) engine. The strategy includes a raw emission prediction model, an ammonia (NH3) coverage prediction model, a transient heat hysteresis correction algorithm, an NH3 leakage control model for transient operation conditions, and a feedback controller (FBC). FBC has been developed by using mathematical manipulation to change output signal of sensor based on cross-sensitivity of nitrogen oxide (NOx) sensor to NH3. The quantification of control parameters is based on experiments and Nyquist stability criterion. FBC is enabled in most test conditions to satisfy the stability requirements. NOxconversion (DeNOx) efficiency of SCR system is 82.4% in European steady-state cycle (ESC) test and 80.3% in European transient cycle (ETC) test, while the leakage of NH3 is under 10−5volume fraction in average. © 2017, Shanghai Jiaotong University and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.

Tunable thin-film filter with low angle sensitivity

Conventional angle-tuned thin-film filters have serious angle sensitivity for their low spacer effective refractive index, and it is difficult to fabricate their angle control system. In this paper, we propose and fabricate a novel 100 GHz angletuned thin-film filter stack with low angle sensitivity, which uses the high refractive index material TiO2 as the spacer, and its incident angle can be expanded to 25°. Compared with the traditional Ta2O5-SiO2 thin-film filter stack, the novel stack has fewer layers. Using the polarization beam splitters and the half wave plates, the polarization sensitivity of the angle-tuned filter can also be suppressed. Simulation results and the experiments show that the thin-film filter with low angle sensitivity has an effective tuning range of 33 nm, which can cover the whole C-band, and its angle control system is easy to be fabricated.