As the biggest global emitter of greenhouse gases, China is an extremely important actor in international climate negotiations. During the climate summit in Copenhagen, China was blamed for its uncooperative positions...As the biggest global emitter of greenhouse gases, China is an extremely important actor in international climate negotiations. During the climate summit in Copenhagen, China was blamed for its uncooperative positions particularly from the US side. However, in the Paris climate process, China's participation in international negotiations is more active, and has become a wellrecognized promoter of the Paris Agreement. To understand China's climate policy, the economic and diplomatic strategy should be taken into consideration, especially the changes in the ideas of China's global governance rooted from domestic politics discourse. Moreover, China's symmetrical changes within domestic and international dimension possibly bring out more balanced climate policies and thus the constructive role of China will be the normalcy in the future United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Changenegotiations. However, the negotiations after the US presidential elections may change dramatically and yields great uncertainty for global action. Thus, the vacuum of power may be a possible scenario. Will China reinforce its role toward leadership or go back to group politics? This article examines China's concerns, motives, and possible path to climate leadership in the current debate.展开更多
Global environmental meeting, legislating a reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases for planet earth, is what mankind now hopes for, having realized the enormous dangers in the process of climate change. Global ...Global environmental meeting, legislating a reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases for planet earth, is what mankind now hopes for, having realized the enormous dangers in the process of climate change. Global warming is no longer denied by the so-called cornucopians （e.g. Lomberg）, but global policy-making originating in reunions of 190 governments or more stumble on collective action difficulties, spelled out in game theory. Paris will not succeed where Copenhagen failed, namely to arrive at a binding and enforceable global environment policy that will be implemented before it is too late. Instead, there will be massive transaction costs from negotiating and re-negotiating, endless voting, the making of promises exante and reneging ex post, as well as the futile attempts at any enforcement action, given state sovereignty. Mankind will have to learn how to cope with the outcomes of global warming, as resilience is the only hope.展开更多
We argue that genuine biological autonomy, or described at human level as free will, requires taking into account quantum vacuum processes in the context of biological teleology. One faces at least three basic problem...We argue that genuine biological autonomy, or described at human level as free will, requires taking into account quantum vacuum processes in the context of biological teleology. One faces at least three basic problems of genuine biological autonomy： （1） if biological autonomy is not physical, where does it come from？ （2） Is there a room for biological causes？ And （3） how to obtain a workable model of biological teleology？ It is shown here that the solution of all these three problems is related to the quantum vacuum. We present a short review of how this basic aspect of the fundamentals of quantum theory, although it had not been addressed for nearly 100 years, actually it was suggested by Bohr, Heisenberg, and others. Realizing that the quantum mechanical measurement problem associated with the ＂collapse＂ of the wave function is related, in the Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum mechanics, to a process between self-consciousness and the external physical environment, we are extending the issue for an explanation of the different processes occurring between living organisms and their internal environment. Definitions of genuine biological autonomy, biological aim, and biological spontaneity are presented. We propose to improve the popular two-stage model of decisions with a biological model suitable to obtain a deeper look at the nature of the mind-body problem. In the newly emerging picture biological autonomy emerges as a new, fundamental and inevitable element of the scientific worldview.展开更多
Alarm flood is one of the main problems in the alarm systems of industrial process. Alarm root-cause analysis and alarm prioritization are good for alarm flood reduction. This paper proposes a systematic rationalizati...Alarm flood is one of the main problems in the alarm systems of industrial process. Alarm root-cause analysis and alarm prioritization are good for alarm flood reduction. This paper proposes a systematic rationalization method for multivariate correlated alarms to realize the root cause analysis and alarm prioritization. An information fusion based interpretive structural model is constructed according to the data-driven partial correlation coefficient calculation and process knowledge modification. This hierarchical multi-layer model is helpful in abnormality propagation path identification and root-cause analysis. Revised Likert scale method is adopted to determine the alarm priority and reduce the blindness of alarm handling. As a case study, the Tennessee Eastman process is utilized to show the effectiveness and validity of proposed approach. Alarm system performance comparison shows that our rationalization methodology can reduce the alarm flood to some extent and improve the performance.展开更多
Bali Action Plan provisions acknowledge the fact that developing countries are already making efforts to reduce emissions and move towards a low carbon pathway.The Copenhagen Accord mentions "Nationally appropria...Bali Action Plan provisions acknowledge the fact that developing countries are already making efforts to reduce emissions and move towards a low carbon pathway.The Copenhagen Accord mentions "Nationally appropriate mitigation actions seeking international support will be recorded in a registry along with relevant technology,finance and capacity building support.The phrase "measurable,reportable and verifiable" was critical to the agreement,and the way in which the concept of MRV is reflected in the post-2012 agreement will have significant implications for the effectiveness of that agreement for stakeholders in both developing and developed countries.It is worth looking for current examples of developing country programs that can be measured,reported and verified and examining how countries themselves currently undertake mitigation policies and measures.Many of China's domestic policies have been in effect for several years and thus provide empirical evidence for how such programs can work on the ground.This paper will highlight how MRV is currently applied domestically in China and will not make any specific proposals for negotiators;it only seeks to inform international discussion on how MRV might be applied in practice,and therefore what provisions might be required in a UNFCCC climate agreement.展开更多
Montmartre Jazz House in Copenhagen became one of the most famous venues in Europe. This paper describes its history,, from the first concert performed by the American jazz musician George Lewis and His New Orleans Or...Montmartre Jazz House in Copenhagen became one of the most famous venues in Europe. This paper describes its history,, from the first concert performed by the American jazz musician George Lewis and His New Orleans Orchestra to the turbulent and economical difficult years in the 1970＇s when the owner, Herluf Kamp-Larsen, had to declare himself bankrupt. A couple of Danish jazz musicians, trumpet player Palle Mikkelborg （1941-） and pianist Ole Kock Hansen （1945-）, explain the importance of the venue, and some of the most legendary jazz musicians that were hired during the clubs history are mentioned. The paper is based upon the author＇s book upon the venue and gives a survey of the history of Montmartre Jazz House. The research for the book includes lots of concert reviews, interviews with many musicians, members of the staff and Herluf Kamp-Larsen, and besides, the writer had access to the archive of the jazz house.展开更多
F estningens Materialgard is a listed complex located in downtown Copenhagen. The refurbishment of the listed complex was studied to provide knowledge on how a process for refurbishing heritage buildings can be carri...F estningens Materialgard is a listed complex located in downtown Copenhagen. The refurbishment of the listed complex was studied to provide knowledge on how a process for refurbishing heritage buildings can be carried out successfully, as refurbishment of heritage buildings is often a complicated process. The process shows how to choose, evaluate and implement measures creating synergy between the interests of preserving heritage values and to develop affordable refurbishment that meets the requirements for the future use of the building. The refurbishment followed included restoration, energy upgrading and refurbishment of the individual buildings that make up the listed complex. The process focuses on the cooperation and dialogue between the parties involved. F estningens Materialgard is a case study where the Heritage Agency, the Danish Working Environment Authority and the owner as a team cooperated in identifying feasible refurbishment measures. Through the process the owner was supported by architects and engineers. Focus is put on how, to identify potential energy savings and, to decide on energy upgrading measures when refurbishing and restoring listed buildings. The refurbished Faestningens Materialgard is visualized in photos.展开更多
Objective: The purpose of the study is to investigate the degree and influencing factors of self-perceived burden in elderly patients with essential hypertension in China's Mainland. Methods:The study used the cro...Objective: The purpose of the study is to investigate the degree and influencing factors of self-perceived burden in elderly patients with essential hypertension in China's Mainland. Methods:The study used the cross-sectional investigation method and the patients were recruited from six tertiary hospitals in Chengdu, China. A convenience sample of 451 elderly patients with essential hypertension was included in this study. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed as well. Results: Results showed that the score of elderly essential hypertension patients’self-perceived burden was 27.96 ± 6.04, which was at medium degree. According to Spearman's r test the anxiety, depression and medication compliance with Self-perceived burden (SPB) of elderly hypertension patients were statistically significant (r=0.372, 0.899,0.438,P=0.000,respectively). Single factor analysis showed that the difference of patients’ gender, place of residence, monthly per capita income, marital status, whether can afford medical expenses and number of complications in SPB scores was statistically significant (P<0.05). Multiple regression analysis also showed that anxiety, medication compliance, age and marital status were the main influencing factor of SPB of elderly hypertension patients (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our care workers should pay attention to the self-perceived burden of elderly patients with essential hypertension, and omnibearing, systematic nursing should be supplied to decrease the self-perceived burden of them.展开更多
In this paper we add some new corcollary and theorems to [1],in particular,we show the fundamental theorem of ultraproducts in lattice valued model for L α logic. As a corollary,we get the α compactness theorem for...In this paper we add some new corcollary and theorems to [1],in particular,we show the fundamental theorem of ultraproducts in lattice valued model for L α logic. As a corollary,we get the α compactness theorem for L_α logic.展开更多
The localized differential quadrature (LDQ) method is a numerical technique with high accuracy for solving most kinds of nonlinear problems in engineering and can overcome the difficulties of other methods (such as di...The localized differential quadrature (LDQ) method is a numerical technique with high accuracy for solving most kinds of nonlinear problems in engineering and can overcome the difficulties of other methods (such as difference method) to numerically evaluate the derivatives of the functions.Its high efficiency and accuracy attract many engineers to apply the method to solve most of the numerical problems in engineering.However,difficulties can still be found in some particular problems.In the following study,the LDQ was applied to solve the Sod shock tube problem.This problem is a very particular kind of problem,which challenges many common numerical methods.Three different examples were given for testing the robustness and accuracy of the LDQ.In the first example,in which common initial conditions and solving methods were given,the numerical oscillations could be found dramatically;in the second example,the initial conditions were adjusted appropriately and the numerical oscillations were less dramatic than that in the first example;in the third example,the momentum equation of the Sod shock tube problem was corrected by adding artificial viscosity,causing the numerical oscillations to nearly disappear in the process of calculation.The numerical results presented demonstrate the detailed difficulties encountered in the calculations,which need to be improved in future work.However,in summary,the localized differential quadrature is shown to be a trustworthy method for solving most of the nonlinear problems in engineering.展开更多
A class of stochastic differential equations(SDEs) driven by semimartingale with non-Lipschitz coefficients was studied.By using Gronwall inequality,the non-confluence of solutions is proved under the general conditions.
This paper extends the dimension-reduced projection four-dimensional variational assimilation method(DRP-4DVar) by adding a nonlinear correction process,thereby forming the DRP-4DVar with a nonlinear correction, which...This paper extends the dimension-reduced projection four-dimensional variational assimilation method(DRP-4DVar) by adding a nonlinear correction process,thereby forming the DRP-4DVar with a nonlinear correction, which shall hereafter be referred to as the NC-DRP-4DVar. A preliminary test is conducted using the Lorenz-96 model in one single-window experiment and several multiple-window experiments. The results of the single-window experiment show that compared with the adjoint-based traditional 4DVar, the final convergence of the cost function for the NC-DRP-4DVar is almost the same as that using the traditional 4DVar, but with much less computation. Furthermore, the 30-window assimilation experiments demonstrate that the NC-DRP-4DVar can alleviate the linearity approximation error and reduce the root mean square error significantly.展开更多
Marked by the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen 2009, climate change is shaping the new pattern for future geopolitics with unprecedented drive. Climate change has surpassed the category of pure environment p...Marked by the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen 2009, climate change is shaping the new pattern for future geopolitics with unprecedented drive. Climate change has surpassed the category of pure environment problem and become a focal issue in international relations. Driven by climate change, new changes have taken place in the evolution of geopolitical pattern. (1) Geopolitical contention expands into new fields and regions. (2) Measures and tools of geopolitical contention become more diversified. (3) Main bodies of geopolitical gambling are divided into different groups. With the development of politicization, climate change has become the significant driving force that can influence the evolution of geopolitical pattern. Measures, sphere and contents of geopolitical contention changed dramatically, carbon emission permits, carbon tariff and new energy technology turned into the key points of geopolitical contention. Climate change acts on the evolution of geopolitical pattern through three main paths: "Feedback effect", "Trace back effect", and "Ripple effect", and they exert influence on geopolitical pattern with three impacts: "Depression effect", "Traceability effect", and "Diffusion effect". We draw several conclusions from the analysis: (1) Climate change gradually becomes one of the most active driving forces to impact on the evolution of geopolitical pattern in the present world and it diversifies the geopolitical targets. (2) Climate change generates new geopolitical tools. The developed countries use climate change as a "Lever" to pry strategic resources like energy and grain and the geopolitical means are in a more secretive way. (3) Low-carbon technology, with new energy technology as the core, becomes the key factor of geopolitical influence and power transition. Those who can take advantage of new energy technologies will occupy the leading position in future's climate change negotiations and geopolitical competition.展开更多
文摘As the biggest global emitter of greenhouse gases, China is an extremely important actor in international climate negotiations. During the climate summit in Copenhagen, China was blamed for its uncooperative positions particularly from the US side. However, in the Paris climate process, China's participation in international negotiations is more active, and has become a wellrecognized promoter of the Paris Agreement. To understand China's climate policy, the economic and diplomatic strategy should be taken into consideration, especially the changes in the ideas of China's global governance rooted from domestic politics discourse. Moreover, China's symmetrical changes within domestic and international dimension possibly bring out more balanced climate policies and thus the constructive role of China will be the normalcy in the future United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Changenegotiations. However, the negotiations after the US presidential elections may change dramatically and yields great uncertainty for global action. Thus, the vacuum of power may be a possible scenario. Will China reinforce its role toward leadership or go back to group politics? This article examines China's concerns, motives, and possible path to climate leadership in the current debate.
文摘Global environmental meeting, legislating a reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases for planet earth, is what mankind now hopes for, having realized the enormous dangers in the process of climate change. Global warming is no longer denied by the so-called cornucopians （e.g. Lomberg）, but global policy-making originating in reunions of 190 governments or more stumble on collective action difficulties, spelled out in game theory. Paris will not succeed where Copenhagen failed, namely to arrive at a binding and enforceable global environment policy that will be implemented before it is too late. Instead, there will be massive transaction costs from negotiating and re-negotiating, endless voting, the making of promises exante and reneging ex post, as well as the futile attempts at any enforcement action, given state sovereignty. Mankind will have to learn how to cope with the outcomes of global warming, as resilience is the only hope.
文摘We argue that genuine biological autonomy, or described at human level as free will, requires taking into account quantum vacuum processes in the context of biological teleology. One faces at least three basic problems of genuine biological autonomy： （1） if biological autonomy is not physical, where does it come from？ （2） Is there a room for biological causes？ And （3） how to obtain a workable model of biological teleology？ It is shown here that the solution of all these three problems is related to the quantum vacuum. We present a short review of how this basic aspect of the fundamentals of quantum theory, although it had not been addressed for nearly 100 years, actually it was suggested by Bohr, Heisenberg, and others. Realizing that the quantum mechanical measurement problem associated with the ＂collapse＂ of the wave function is related, in the Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum mechanics, to a process between self-consciousness and the external physical environment, we are extending the issue for an explanation of the different processes occurring between living organisms and their internal environment. Definitions of genuine biological autonomy, biological aim, and biological spontaneity are presented. We propose to improve the popular two-stage model of decisions with a biological model suitable to obtain a deeper look at the nature of the mind-body problem. In the newly emerging picture biological autonomy emerges as a new, fundamental and inevitable element of the scientific worldview.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61473026,61104131)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(JD1413)
文摘Alarm flood is one of the main problems in the alarm systems of industrial process. Alarm root-cause analysis and alarm prioritization are good for alarm flood reduction. This paper proposes a systematic rationalization method for multivariate correlated alarms to realize the root cause analysis and alarm prioritization. An information fusion based interpretive structural model is constructed according to the data-driven partial correlation coefficient calculation and process knowledge modification. This hierarchical multi-layer model is helpful in abnormality propagation path identification and root-cause analysis. Revised Likert scale method is adopted to determine the alarm priority and reduce the blindness of alarm handling. As a case study, the Tennessee Eastman process is utilized to show the effectiveness and validity of proposed approach. Alarm system performance comparison shows that our rationalization methodology can reduce the alarm flood to some extent and improve the performance.
基金supports from Ministry of Science and Technology Project (Grant No.2010CB955300)
文摘Bali Action Plan provisions acknowledge the fact that developing countries are already making efforts to reduce emissions and move towards a low carbon pathway.The Copenhagen Accord mentions "Nationally appropriate mitigation actions seeking international support will be recorded in a registry along with relevant technology,finance and capacity building support.The phrase "measurable,reportable and verifiable" was critical to the agreement,and the way in which the concept of MRV is reflected in the post-2012 agreement will have significant implications for the effectiveness of that agreement for stakeholders in both developing and developed countries.It is worth looking for current examples of developing country programs that can be measured,reported and verified and examining how countries themselves currently undertake mitigation policies and measures.Many of China's domestic policies have been in effect for several years and thus provide empirical evidence for how such programs can work on the ground.This paper will highlight how MRV is currently applied domestically in China and will not make any specific proposals for negotiators;it only seeks to inform international discussion on how MRV might be applied in practice,and therefore what provisions might be required in a UNFCCC climate agreement.
文摘Montmartre Jazz House in Copenhagen became one of the most famous venues in Europe. This paper describes its history,, from the first concert performed by the American jazz musician George Lewis and His New Orleans Orchestra to the turbulent and economical difficult years in the 1970＇s when the owner, Herluf Kamp-Larsen, had to declare himself bankrupt. A couple of Danish jazz musicians, trumpet player Palle Mikkelborg （1941-） and pianist Ole Kock Hansen （1945-）, explain the importance of the venue, and some of the most legendary jazz musicians that were hired during the clubs history are mentioned. The paper is based upon the author＇s book upon the venue and gives a survey of the history of Montmartre Jazz House. The research for the book includes lots of concert reviews, interviews with many musicians, members of the staff and Herluf Kamp-Larsen, and besides, the writer had access to the archive of the jazz house.
文摘F estningens Materialgard is a listed complex located in downtown Copenhagen. The refurbishment of the listed complex was studied to provide knowledge on how a process for refurbishing heritage buildings can be carried out successfully, as refurbishment of heritage buildings is often a complicated process. The process shows how to choose, evaluate and implement measures creating synergy between the interests of preserving heritage values and to develop affordable refurbishment that meets the requirements for the future use of the building. The refurbishment followed included restoration, energy upgrading and refurbishment of the individual buildings that make up the listed complex. The process focuses on the cooperation and dialogue between the parties involved. F estningens Materialgard is a case study where the Heritage Agency, the Danish Working Environment Authority and the owner as a team cooperated in identifying feasible refurbishment measures. Through the process the owner was supported by architects and engineers. Focus is put on how, to identify potential energy savings and, to decide on energy upgrading measures when refurbishing and restoring listed buildings. The refurbished Faestningens Materialgard is visualized in photos.
文摘Objective: The purpose of the study is to investigate the degree and influencing factors of self-perceived burden in elderly patients with essential hypertension in China's Mainland. Methods:The study used the cross-sectional investigation method and the patients were recruited from six tertiary hospitals in Chengdu, China. A convenience sample of 451 elderly patients with essential hypertension was included in this study. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed as well. Results: Results showed that the score of elderly essential hypertension patients’self-perceived burden was 27.96 ± 6.04, which was at medium degree. According to Spearman's r test the anxiety, depression and medication compliance with Self-perceived burden (SPB) of elderly hypertension patients were statistically significant (r=0.372, 0.899,0.438,P=0.000,respectively). Single factor analysis showed that the difference of patients’ gender, place of residence, monthly per capita income, marital status, whether can afford medical expenses and number of complications in SPB scores was statistically significant (P<0.05). Multiple regression analysis also showed that anxiety, medication compliance, age and marital status were the main influencing factor of SPB of elderly hypertension patients (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our care workers should pay attention to the self-perceived burden of elderly patients with essential hypertension, and omnibearing, systematic nursing should be supplied to decrease the self-perceived burden of them.
文摘In this paper we add some new corcollary and theorems to [1],in particular,we show the fundamental theorem of ultraproducts in lattice valued model for L α logic. As a corollary,we get the α compactness theorem for L_α logic.
文摘The localized differential quadrature (LDQ) method is a numerical technique with high accuracy for solving most kinds of nonlinear problems in engineering and can overcome the difficulties of other methods (such as difference method) to numerically evaluate the derivatives of the functions.Its high efficiency and accuracy attract many engineers to apply the method to solve most of the numerical problems in engineering.However,difficulties can still be found in some particular problems.In the following study,the LDQ was applied to solve the Sod shock tube problem.This problem is a very particular kind of problem,which challenges many common numerical methods.Three different examples were given for testing the robustness and accuracy of the LDQ.In the first example,in which common initial conditions and solving methods were given,the numerical oscillations could be found dramatically;in the second example,the initial conditions were adjusted appropriately and the numerical oscillations were less dramatic than that in the first example;in the third example,the momentum equation of the Sod shock tube problem was corrected by adding artificial viscosity,causing the numerical oscillations to nearly disappear in the process of calculation.The numerical results presented demonstrate the detailed difficulties encountered in the calculations,which need to be improved in future work.However,in summary,the localized differential quadrature is shown to be a trustworthy method for solving most of the nonlinear problems in engineering.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71171003)Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province of China(No.090416225)Natural Science Foundation of Universities of Anhui Province of China(No.KJ2010A037)
文摘A class of stochastic differential equations(SDEs) driven by semimartingale with non-Lipschitz coefficients was studied.By using Gronwall inequality,the non-confluence of solutions is proved under the general conditions.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, Grant No. 2010CB951604)the National Key Technologies Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2012BAC22B02)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41105120)
文摘This paper extends the dimension-reduced projection four-dimensional variational assimilation method(DRP-4DVar) by adding a nonlinear correction process,thereby forming the DRP-4DVar with a nonlinear correction, which shall hereafter be referred to as the NC-DRP-4DVar. A preliminary test is conducted using the Lorenz-96 model in one single-window experiment and several multiple-window experiments. The results of the single-window experiment show that compared with the adjoint-based traditional 4DVar, the final convergence of the cost function for the NC-DRP-4DVar is almost the same as that using the traditional 4DVar, but with much less computation. Furthermore, the 30-window assimilation experiments demonstrate that the NC-DRP-4DVar can alleviate the linearity approximation error and reduce the root mean square error significantly.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41171110Strategic Priority Research Program-Climate Change: Carbon Budget and Related Issues of the CAS,No.XDA05010205
文摘Marked by the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen 2009, climate change is shaping the new pattern for future geopolitics with unprecedented drive. Climate change has surpassed the category of pure environment problem and become a focal issue in international relations. Driven by climate change, new changes have taken place in the evolution of geopolitical pattern. (1) Geopolitical contention expands into new fields and regions. (2) Measures and tools of geopolitical contention become more diversified. (3) Main bodies of geopolitical gambling are divided into different groups. With the development of politicization, climate change has become the significant driving force that can influence the evolution of geopolitical pattern. Measures, sphere and contents of geopolitical contention changed dramatically, carbon emission permits, carbon tariff and new energy technology turned into the key points of geopolitical contention. Climate change acts on the evolution of geopolitical pattern through three main paths: "Feedback effect", "Trace back effect", and "Ripple effect", and they exert influence on geopolitical pattern with three impacts: "Depression effect", "Traceability effect", and "Diffusion effect". We draw several conclusions from the analysis: (1) Climate change gradually becomes one of the most active driving forces to impact on the evolution of geopolitical pattern in the present world and it diversifies the geopolitical targets. (2) Climate change generates new geopolitical tools. The developed countries use climate change as a "Lever" to pry strategic resources like energy and grain and the geopolitical means are in a more secretive way. (3) Low-carbon technology, with new energy technology as the core, becomes the key factor of geopolitical influence and power transition. Those who can take advantage of new energy technologies will occupy the leading position in future's climate change negotiations and geopolitical competition.
