湘语果摄字的历史层次

从现实的方言材料入手,结合历史上的语音材料来看,湘语果摄字的读音只有一个历史层次,下面可分为三个层面:[o]是一个主体层面,[]是[o]高化的结果,[u]是戈韵字较早的一个读音层面,[a]是一个中古滞后层面。

冀鲁官话果摄一等字韵母读音历时演变研究

从中古到现代,冀鲁官话中果摄一等字的语音演变主要表现为元音高化,开口呼舌齿音u介音的增生,合口呼牙喉音u介音的脱落以及见系韵母展唇化。通过考察历史文献材料与现代方言材料,可以发现,u介音的增生与脱落均是由于声韵之间发音动程所导致的,其目的是为了发音连贯性。见系韵母展唇化在冀鲁官话中是一种自身演变,其演变动因是声韵异化。果合一牙喉音韵母uo>ɤ/ə的演变不晚于19世纪中期。

关中方言果摄读音的分化及历史层次

本文目的是分析关中方言果摄字读音的历史层次。从共时平面看,关中方言果摄字读音根据主元音的不同可归纳为两类:①以[a]及其变异形式为主元音;②以[o]及其变异形式为主元音。这些读音有的以音类为分布条件,有的则以语素为分布条件。从历时角度看,这些读音差异实际上反映了语音发展的不同历史层次,有的是滞古层次,有的属后起变化;其变化既有连续性音变方式,也有词汇扩散方式。

中古果假合摄考——兼谈取消中古ɑ元音构拟的假想

当代音韵学者在构拟中古音时多将果摄主元音构拟为ɑ,假摄为a,但通过对汉藏语言元音格局的比较,《广韵》歌戈麻三韵的异读纠缠,果假二摄的上古来源及后代音变,以及唐诗押韵情况的考察会发现为中古音设立ɑ、a对立并不可靠。而越南汉字音、朝鲜汉字音、日译汉音、汉藏对音、梵汉对音、侗台语的中古借词层显示果假二摄在中古主元音均应为a,其分别在于r介音的有无。而其他二等a类韵构拟也该重新思考。

A Method to Improve Photographing Function of Common Digital Camera to Small Flowers and Fruits

[ Objective] The aim of this study was to solve the problem of photographing small flowers and fruits with a common digital camera in field. [Method] Firstly, the photographic mode of a common digital camera was set as ＂macro＂ （or ＂soft snap＂ ） and ＂flash off＂. Secondly, the small flower or fruit was magnified with a magnifying glass, and then the magnified flower or fruit was automatically focused with the digital camera lens. After automatic focusing, the shutter button was pressed and the photograph finished. [Result] With this method, the clear inflo- rescence or floral photographs of Eragrostis pilosa （ Gramineae ） , Bidens biternata （Compositae） and Tribulus terrester （Zygophllaceae） were obtained in field. [ Conclusion] The optical system of a digital camera has been changed by the magnifying glass, which improves the photographic function of a common digital camera to small flowers and fruits, and also easily gets their clear photographs.

《篆隶万象名义》中果摄的注音特点

文章利用反切系联法、几遇数统计和反切结构分析法相结合,研究《篆隶万象名义》果摄的音系特点,并通过分析其中的特殊字音,探求《篆隶万象名义》注音上的特点,所得结论主要有:(1)果摄含有开口一等、合口一等和合口三等三个韵母,并讨论了果摄合口三等韵母产生和发展的轨迹;(2)辨析了“何”和“他”作反切下字时的注音和实际音值,发现反切用字中的多音字取当时的习用音义,且用字趋简性明显;(3)《名义》与《王三》不同的注音多是由于字本多音,二书取音不同造成的。

Study on Fruit Quality, Phenological Phases and Shoot Histomorphology of a New Bud Mutant Line, ‘Chuanzao Loquat’

[Objective] This study was to explore the growth characteristics and fruit quality of a new bud mutant line, ＇Chuanzao Loquat＇. [Method] Paraffin section technique combined with field investigation method were adopted to conduct com- parative analysis of shoot histomorphology and phenological phases between two Io- quat varieties, ＇Chuanzao Loquat＇ and ＇Zaozhong 6＇. [Result] ＇Chuanzao Loquat＇ branched out and unfolded leaves about half to a month earlier than ＇Zaozhong 6＇; both the flowering and fruiting phases of ＇Chuanzao Loquat＇ were three months earlier than a precocious variety, ＇Zaozhong 6＇; the proportions of epidermis, cortex parenchyma, vascular tissue and medulla were 3.7%, 14.5%, 15.9% and 65.9%, re- spectively, in spdng shoots of ＇Chuanzao Loquat＇, and 3.1%, 42.5%, 6.9% and 47.5%, respectively, in ＇Zaozhong 6＇. [Conclusion] In terms of phenological phases, ＇Chuanzao Loqua＇ is earlier than ＇Zaozhong 6＇, a currently widely planted precocious variety, and thus is an important germplasm resource of Ioquats.

Computer-Assisted DEM-Based Aero Photography Design

In aerial photography, the primary factor is terrain undulation. However, most of the external aerial photography software used for aerial photography design do not take terrain undulation influence into consideration. Therefore, the design result has comparative randomicity and ＂gaps＂ are expected. An aerial photography design system is developed by analyzing the terrain undulation influence to the design result with DEM data so that the forward overlap and side overlap can be justified according to the block terrain undulation to meet specifications or standards. The data designed by this system is compared with the real flying data. The results show that making use of DEM to assist in aerial photography design can ensure that the designed result fits the real terrain better.

Fructose-sorbitol ingestion provokes gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with eating disorders

AIM:To evaluate gastrointestinal(GI) symptoms and breath hydrogen responses to oral fructose-sorbitol(F-S) and glucose challenges in eating disorder(ED) patients.METHODS:GI symptoms and hydrogen breath concentration were monitored in 26 female ED inpatients for 3 h,following ingestion of 50 g glucose on one day,and 25 g fructose/5 g sorbitol on the next day,after an overnight fast on each occasion.Responses to F-S were compared to those of 20 asymptomatic healthy females.RESULTS:F-S provoked GI symptoms in 15 ED patients and one healthy control(P < 0.05 ED vs control) .Only one ED patient displayed symptom provocation to glucose(P < 0.01 vs F-S response) .A greater symptom response was observed in ED patients with a body mass index(BMI) ≤ 17.5 kg/m 2 compared to those with a BMI > 17.5 kg/m 2(P < 0.01) .There were no differences in psychological scores,prevalence of functional GI disorders or breath hydrogen responses between patients with and without an F-S response.CONCLUSION:F-S,but not glucose,provokes GI symptoms in ED patients,predominantly those with low BMI.These findings are important in the dietary management of ED patients.

Effect of Nitrate on Root Development and Nitrogen Uptake of Suaeda physophora Under NaCl Salinity

The effects of NaCl salinity and NO^-3 on growth, root morphology, and nitrogen uptake of a halophyte Suaeda physophora were evaluated in a factorial experiment with four concentrations of NaCl （1, 150, 300, and 450 mmol L^-1） and three NO^-3 levels （0.05, 5, and 10 mmol L^-1） in solution culture for 30 d. Addition of NO^-3 at 10 mmol L^-1 significantly improved the shoot （P 〈 0.001） and root （P 〈 0.001） growth and the promotive effect of NO^-3 was more pronounced on root dry weight despite the high NaCl concentration in the culture solution, leading to a significant increase in the root：shoot ratio （P 〈 0.01）. Lateral root length, but not primary root length, considerably increased with increasing NaCl salinity and NO^-3 levels （P 〈 0.001）, implying that Na^＋ and NO3^- in the culture solution simultaneously stimulated lateral root growth. Concentrations of Na^＋ in plant tissues were also significantly increased by higher NaCl treatments （P 〈 0.001）. At 10 mmol L^-1 NO^-3, the concentrations of NO^-3 and total nitrogen and nitrate reductase activities in the roots were remarkably reduced by increasing salinity （P 〈 0.001）, but were unaffected in the shoots. The results indicated that the fine lateral root development and effective nitrogen uptake of the shoots might contribute to high salt tolerance of S. physophora under adequate NO^-3 supply.

Effects of salinity on survival,feeding behavior and growth of the juvenile swimming crab,Portunus trituberculatus(Miers,1876)

Effect of salinity on survival,feeding behavior and growth of juvenile swimming crab P ortunus trituberculatus was investigated under 5 salinity levels of 5,10,20,30 and 40. The results show that the crab juveniles fed 2 or 3 times at the salinity 20 and 30,each lasted for about 25 minutes,for a total feeding time of 73.2±22.65 minutes per day. At these salinities,there were significantly higher in the frequency of feeding and in total feeding time than those at lower salinities of 5 and 10. All crab juveniles moulted when reared at a salinity of 20 during the 5 days duration of the experiment,which is significantly higher than those at other salinities. All juveniles survived at salinity 20,and the survivorship was not significantly different from that at 30,but was signif icantly higher than those at other salinities. The crab juveniles reared at a salinity of 20 had the highest value of food ration of 0.190 8±0.011 3 g/g BW,average body weight gain of 0.796±0.128 g,gain rate of 87%–96%,and food conversion ratio of 1.20±0.09. There was no significant difference in the values found between 20 and 30 but these values were significantly lower than that at the other salinities( P> 0.05). Highest activities of digestive enzymes(Amylase,Protease,Lipase) and lowest activities of protective enzymes(SOD,PO,CAT) were also obtained on crab juveniles reared at salinity of 20.

Numerical analysis on the shoot resistance of heat treated light weight B-grade bulletproof steel plates

Bulletproof steel plates are widely used for the safety of special vehicles.This paper mainly researches on the shoot resistance of heat treated light weight B-grade bulletproof steel plates through numerical analysis.Based on the flow behavior of bulletproof steel plates and bullet at various high strain rates,finite element(FE) model has been set up using ANSYS/LS-DYNA software.The simulation results are compared with the shooting results,which show a good consistency and a high reliability.Therefore,the simulation results are efficient approaches and strategies to decide and select the mechanical property and thickness of bulletproof steel plates,saving a lot of work and the cost of experiments.

Prevalence of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Associated Factors Among Secondary School Children in Mongolia

The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence of students＇ fruit and vegetable intake and its associated factors among adolescents in Mongolia. Data for this analysis were from the 2010 Mongolia Global School-Based Health Survey （GSHS）. The GSHS administered a self-report questionnaire to a nationally representative sample （N = 5,328） of 7th-llth grade school children. Chi-square analyses and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to determine the prevalence and to predict the fruit and vegetable intake from associated factors. Only 7.0% of students met WHO＇s recommendation of eating fruits and vegetables S or more times per day. There was a significant association between gender and fruit and vegetable intake （P = .016）. There was a significant relationship between living condition and fruit and vegetable intake （P =.029）. Students who lived in apartment were more likely to have adequate fruit and vegetable intake than those who lived in ger in the khashaa. To be effective, educational interventions should be implemented as early as possible.

Visual navigation in orchard based on multiple images at different shooting angles

The orchards usually have rough terrain,dense tree canopy and weeds.It is hard to use GNSS for autonomous navigation in orchard due to signal occlusion,multipath effect,and radio frequency interference.To achieve autonomous navigation in orchard,a visual navigation method based on multiple images at different shooting angles is proposed in this paper.A dynamic image capturing device is designed for camera installation and multiple images can be shot at different angles.Firstly,the obtained orchard images are classified into sky and soil detection stage.Each image is transformed to HSV space and initially segmented into sky,canopy and soil regions by median filtering and morphological processing.Secondly,the sky and soil regions are extracted by the maximum connected region algorithm,and the region edges are detected and filtered by the Canny operator.Thirdly,the navigation line in the current frame is extracted by fitting the region coordinate points.Then the dynamic weighted filtering algorithm is used to extract the navigation line for the soil and sky detection stage,respectively,and the navigation line for the sky detection stage is mirrored to the soil region.Finally,the Kalman filter algorithm is used to fuse and extract the final navigation path.The test results on 200 images show that the accuracy of visual navigation path fitting is 95.5%,and single frame image processing costs 60 ms,which meets the real-time and robustness requirements of navigation.The visual navigation experiments in Camellia oleifera orchard show that when the driving speed is 0.6 m/s,the maximum tracking offset of visual navigation in weed-free and weedy environments is 0.14 m and 0.24 m,respectively,and the RMSE is 30 mm and 55 mm,respectively.

Effect of Zhu-yuan decoction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis after functional endoscopic sinus surgery

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness and safety of Zhu-yuan decoction(ZYD) in patients after functional endoscopic sinus surgery(FESS).METHODS: A total of 85 patients were randomized into two groups: 44 were treated with intranasal corticosteroids(INC), and 41 were given Chinese herbal medicine(CHM). Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis(CRS) who underwent FESS were prospectively enrolled in the study. Before surgery, they were evaluated by visual analog scale(VAS), nasal endoscopy, computed tomography(CT), and routine blood test. After surgery, they were randomized to take ZYD or INC for 12 weeks and revaluated by VAS; nasal endoscopy at 4, 8, and 12 weeks;and CT at 12 weeks after surgery.RESULTS: In the both groups, VAS and endoscopyscores decreased significantly at 4, 8, and 12 weeks,and CT scores after treatment declined at 12 weeks compared with baseline scores. No significant differences were observed with regard to postoperative VAS, endoscopy, or CT scores between groups.ZYD, combined with surgery, can reduce VAS, nasal endoscopy, and CT scores and has the same efficacy and safety profile as INC in post-FESS management.No fatalities or major adverse events occurred in either group.CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that ZYD has similar effects and safety profiles in patients after FESS compared with INC.

Developmental dysplasia of the hip： A special pathology

Developmental dysplasia of the hip （DDH） is one of the most common congenital disorders in childhood. Its diverse pathological changes require different treatments and result in different outcomes. Although many studies have been conducted on DDH, some special pathology is still unrecognized. We here presented a rare case of a one-year and eleven-month old girl with DDH; a half-free intra-articular osteocartilaginous tissue was found in her right hip joint. X-ray, computer assisted tomography （CT） and magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） were performed to evaluate the pathological changes. MRI revealed some positive findings. The patient experienced open reduction and histopathological examination of the small tissue. Through gross anatomy it is a half-free intra-articular osteocartilaginous tissue, which can fully match a fossa observed at the femoral head. Histopathological examination found that the tissue was composed of collagenous fiber and cartilage-like tissue. Interestingly, we found the expression of type l collagen according to immunohistochemical analysis, which indicated that the cartilage-like tissue was formed due to laceration of the articular cartilage. This kind of disorder should be included as one of the pathologies of DDH. The most possible origin of this tissue is the femoral head which we speculate may have been fractured before.

Identification of neurons responsible for feeding behavior in the Drosophila brain

Drosophila melanogaster feeds mainly on rotten fruits, which contain many kinds of sugar. Thus, the sense of sweet taste has evolved to serve as a dominant regulator and driver of feeding behavior. Although several sugar receptors have been described, it remains poorly understood how the sensory input is transformed into an appetitive behavior. Here, we used a neural silencing approach to screen brain circuits, and identified neurons labeled by three Gal4 lines that modulate Drosophila feeding behavior. These three Gal4 lines labeled neurons mainly in the suboesophageal ganglia （SOG）, which is considered to be the fly＇s pri- mary taste center. When we blocked the activity of these neurons, flies decreased their sugar consumption significantly. In contrast, activation of these neurons resulted in enhanced feeding behavior and increased food consumption not only towards sugar, but to an array of food sources. Moreover, upon neuronal activation, the flies demonstrated feeding behavior even in the absence of food, which suggests that neuronal activation can replace food as a stimulus for feeding behavior. These findings indicate that these Gal4-1abeled neurons, which function downstream of sensory neurons and regulate feeding behavior to- wards different food sources is necessary in Drosophila feeding control.