枯槁之美的文化内涵及发生——兼从“枯”的造字理念入手

中国古人崇尚生命和生命之美。"枯槁"虽具有死亡和消极意义,却在文学和艺术领域形成了典型的"枯槁之美"。关于它的发生、文化渊源以及发展过程尤其值得关注。通过梳理发现,其内涵发展大致经历了三个阶段,第一阶段"枯槁之美"还没有获得审美内涵;第二阶段审美内涵初步发生,集中展现为对生命的眷顾;第三阶段其内涵出现大拓展,展现出偏重高古、崇尚荒寒和道家属性。这些内涵都有相关的文化渊源,也与宋代特定的文化特征、审美倾向以及苏轼的贡献有关。同时,对"枯"的字义追溯,是深入探讨枯槁之美发生机制不容忽视的视角。"古"的字义承载着枯槁之美的文化基因,"枯"的造字理念暗含着枯槁之美两种不同的发生机制。

苏轼的“枯淡”论研究——兼论“东坡和陶诗”的文化史意义

苏轼对"平淡"风格的认识,主要体现在他对陶渊明诗歌"枯淡"美的批评上。"枯淡"风格的形成是一个"绚烂之极归于平淡"的过程,体现在陶渊明的诗歌中就是"质而实绮,癯而实腴"、"外枯而中膏,似淡而实美"的美学效果。从"枯淡"风格出发,苏轼发现了柳宗元、韦应物诗风与陶渊明"同源",并作出了"柳在韦上"的判断。苏轼还创作了大量的"和陶诗",这在中国古代文化史上具有重要的认识价值。

“知者乐水”与“上善若水”——论柳诗“枯澹”之美

苏轼评柳宗元诗,好用"澹泊""枯澹"等语,意指其诗歌创作形貌朴实而情韵丰满。所谓"枯澹"之美实与儒家所倡"中和之美"、道家所倡"法天贵真"本质相同。柳诗中具有"枯澹"之美的作品,集中创作于元和五年至元和十年之间。在此期间,柳宗元深受儒、道两家"知者乐水""上善若水"等观点的影响,力求改变"躁进"心态,愤懑之意减淡,内心日趋平和,诗歌创作讲求自然,故这一时期的作品呈现"枯澹"之貌。此外,移居愚溪也是造成柳宗元诗歌风格变化的原因之一,而苏轼的个人处境和遭遇,也使他格外看重柳诗的平淡自然之作。

夏枯草汤加减结合雷火神针治疗良性甲状腺结节(气郁痰阻型)临床效果观察

目的 探究夏枯草汤加减结合雷火神针治疗良性甲状腺结节(气郁痰阻型)临床效果。方法 研究纳入99例良性甲状腺结节(气郁痰阻型)患者(2019年7月—2020年5月),采取随机数字表法将99例患者分成两组,分别为对照组50例与观察组49例,对照组口服优甲乐3个月治疗,观察组在对照组治疗基础上+夏枯草汤加减结合雷火神针治疗,治疗3个月,比较各组患者疗效、治疗前后患者甲状腺结节数目及甲状腺结节大小变化、中医证候积分(颈部触及结节、喉间梗阻感、善太息、情志抑郁、头晕目眩等)变化、甲状腺功能指标变化及血清中胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)水平变化、结节内血流信号分级情况变化、不良反应。结果 与观察组(95.92%,47/49)相比,对照组患者有效率(84.00%,42/50)较低(P<0.05);治疗前,两组患者甲状腺结节数目及甲状腺结节大小、中医证候积分(颈部触及结节、喉间梗阻感、善太息、情志抑郁、头晕目眩等)、IGF-1、TGF-β、VEGF、结节内血流信号分级情况比较(P>0.05),治疗后各组患者甲状腺结节数目及甲状腺结节大小、中医证候积分(颈部触及结节、喉间梗阻感、善太息、情志抑郁、头晕目眩等)、IGF-1、TGF-β、VEGF、结节内血流信号分级情况均改善,观察组患者治疗后甲状腺结节数目及甲状腺结节大小、中医证候积分(颈部触及结节、喉间梗阻感、善太息、情志抑郁、头晕目眩等)、IGF-1、TGF-β、VEGF、结节内血流信号分级情况等指标优于对照组患者(P<0.05);两组患者治疗前后促甲状腺激素(TSH)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)等甲状腺功能指标无变化(P>0.05);对照组失眠1例,口干1例,观察组口干1例,不良反应比较,P>0.05。结论 夏枯草汤加减结合雷火神针治疗良性甲状腺结节(气郁痰阻型)临床效果佳,安全可靠,值得应用。

关于“枯山水”造园艺术对我国现代景观设计的启示

"枯山水"是一种带有浓厚和风的造园艺术,其别致的美感让它在全球景观设计中独占一席,并在现代景观设计中也得已传承和创新。本文主要从"强化具有代表性的民族元素"、"深化小中见大的设计思维"、"满足大众审美需求"三个方面分析了"枯山水"造园艺术对我国现代景观设计的启示。

职高生作文“枯柴”现象及对策

本文分析了当前职高学生作文中的“枯柴”现象及其原因：缺少人文情怀，并针对这些现象提出了应对的策略：加强人文情怀的熏陶培养。

子宫肌瘤液化囊性变误诊为“枯胎”1例

患者35岁,一胎一产后14个月,于1993年5月于经后3天来我所取环,术前妇检子宫平位、宫体增大约50天妊娠大小,无压痛表面光整,活动度佳,双侧附件正常,尿妊娠试验(-)。“B”超检查提示:宫腔囊性占位,拟诊过期流产而行清宫术。

李成山水画“枯木寒林”图式语言探析

谈起中国山水画,树的形象在其中占据重要地位。韩拙在其著作《山水纯全集》中言:“林木者,山之衣也。”作为山水画画面最基本的构成要素,树起着再现自然物象和意象表现的作用。北宋时期随着画院制度的完善以及文人士大夫介入绘画,树的形象特征、表现技法达到一个高峰,画家在主观意象的基础上完成对自然的写真,形成了北宋山水独特的“枯木寒林”图式特征。李成是其中的杰出代表,《宣和画谱》所记载的李成作品多为寒林景致。文章从宋代以前树的形象、李成“枯木寒林”图式风格的形成以及图式传承三个方面来加以论述,并以此图式特征来窥视李成山水画之绝妙。

“枯山水”对现代招贴设计的影响

海报设计的综合性要求设计师不单单要有对于的设计审美能力，除此以外还需要设计师有“思想”，枯山水的景观极致精简抽象，使得它本体的美感需要观赏者自身去思考和顿悟，因此可以为海报设计提供宝贵灵感。

Comparative Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)Genotypes with Various Levels of Resistance to Bacterial Wilt Through SSR and AFLP Analyses

Bacterial wilt （BW） caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is an important constraint to peanut （Arachis hypogaea L.） production in several Asian and African countries, and planting BW-resistant cultivars is the most feasible method for controlling the disease. Although several BW-resistant peanut germplasm accessions have been identified, the genetic diversity among these has not been properly investigated, which has impeded efficient utilization. In this study, the genetic relationships of 31 peanut genotypes with various levels of resistance to BW were assessed based on SSR and AFLP analyses. Twenty-nine of 78 SSR primers and 32 of 126 AFLP primer combinations employed in this study were polymorphic amongst the peanut genotypes tested. The SSR primers amplified 91 polymorphic loci in total with an average of 3.14 alleles per primer, and the AFLP primers amplified 72 polymorphic loci in total with an average of 2.25 alleles per primer. Four SSR primers （14H06, 7G02, 3A8, 16C6） and one AFLP primer （P1M62） were found to be most efficient in detecting diversity. The genetic distance between pairs of genotypes ranged from 0.12 to 0.94 with an average of 0.53 in the SSR data and from 0.06 to 0.57 with an average of 0.25 in the AFLP data. The SSR-based estimates of the genetic distance were generally larger than that based on the AFLP data. The genotypes belonging to subsp, fastigiata possessed wider diversity than that of subsp, hypogaea. The clustering of genotypes based on the SSR and AFLP data were similar but the SSR clustering was more consistent with morphological classification ofA. hypogaea. Optimum diverse genotypes of both subsp, hypogaea and subsp.fastigiata can be recommended based on this analysis for developing mapping populations and breeding for high yielding and resistant cultivars.

Antifungal Activity of Extracts from Clerodendrum Bungei Leaves against Two Species of Phytopathogens

The test was undertaken to reveal the antifungal activity of extracts from Clerodendrum bungei leaves against Pestalotia and Rhizoctonia solani, the results showed that optimal condition for best antifungal activity of extracts against pestalotia and Rhizoctonia solani are as follows： material-liquid ratio of 1：6,75% ethanol as extracting solvent, reflux at 90℃ for 1.5 h. The substances with good dissolubility in ethanol and water solution such as organic acid, bioflavonoid and alkaloid are main antifungal bioactive substances in Clerodendrun bungei.

RICE TRANSFORMATION WITH A PHYTOALEXIN GENE AND BIOASSAY OF THE TRANSGENIC PLANTS

Immature embryos, mature embryos and embryogenic calli of 6 rice (Oryza sativa L.) materials were transformed with particle bombardment. The plasmids pSSVstl and pVE5+ were used, both containing the phytoalexin gene from grapevine coding for stilbene synthase, but driven by 35S and its own promoter respectively. Through resistance selection for G418 (100 to 150 mg/L) or hygromycin (50 mg/L), 54 independent transgenic plants were isolated and further assessed by PCR, Southern blot and Dot blot analyses. The transgenic plants and their progenies were tested for resistance to blast ( Pyricularia oryzae ) and bacterial blight of rice ( Xanthomonas oryzae ). Preliminary results indicated that the stilbene synthase gene could enhance the resistance of transgenic plants and their progenies to both pathogens.

Preliminary Study on Garlic Root Exudates Influences to the Growth of Pomegranate Wilt Pathogen(Ceratocystis fimbriata)and Bacillus subtilis

[Objectives] This paper aims to explore the possibility to intercrop garlic with pomegranate tree to control pomegranate wilt.[Methods] Root exudates of garlic is cultivated in 1/5 concentration of MS solution and distilled water is examined in lab to test their effect to growth of mycelia of pomegranate wilt pathogen（Ceratocystis fimbriata）and multiplication of Bacillus subtilis.[Results] The result shows that garlic root exudates whatever cultivated in MS solution or distilled water could not inhibit or promote mycelia growth of C.fimbriata.However,garlic root exudates cultivated in both methods effectively promote multiplication of B.subtilis.[Conclusions] It is suggested that intercropping garlic with pomegranate tree by combining application B.subtilis could be a promising way to prevent pomegranate wilt spread in practice.

Screening for Siderophore-producing Endophytic Bacteria against Fusarium oxysporum

[Objective] With a strain of endophytic antagonistic bacteria with good disease control efficacy in pot as trial material,the paper was to explore the antagonistic mechanism of siderophore against Fusarium oxysporum.[Method] Whether the strain produced siderophore and its fluorescent property was judged by MSA（Modified Sugar-Aspartic acid） plate.The siderophore activity of strains in liquid MSA medium was determined through the absorbance values at particular wavelength.The inhibition effects of it siderophore against F.oxysporum under different concentrations of Fe3＋ were compared.Then the strain was preliminarily identified based on morphological,physiological and biochemical characteristics [Result] The fluorescent siderophore produced by the endophytic bacteria in MSA medium had a strong inhibition effect against F.oxysporum.With the increasing concentration of Fe3＋,the inhibition effect against the pathogen weakened.The preliminary analysis showed these strains belonged to Bacillus.[Conclusion] Bacillus could compete the absorption of Fe3＋ by secreting siderophore to inhibit the growth of F.oxysporum.

Separation and Purification of Recombinant Hirudin Variant 3 from Bacillus subtilis

[ Objective] The research aimed to get the optimized separation and purification conditions of the hirudin produced from Bacillus subtilis DB403 （pUBH5）. [Method] Through the systemic pretreatment, preliminary chromatography and fine chromatography. [Result]The optimized separation and purification conditions were that： Supernatant was treated by trichloroacetic acid, then by ultrafiltration desalt and anion exchange chromatography. Strong anion Q F. F. was better than weak anion DEAE F.F. The proper balanced solution was Tris-HCI （ pH 8.0）. The proper conductivity was 6 ms/cm. The maximum applied sample was 240 ATU/ml to matrix of strong anion Q F. F. This optimized procedure was magnified in strong anion exchange HiPrep 16/10Q with the 90% recovery and 70.2% purity. The purification of gel filtration of Sephacryl S-100 to hirudin was not relative to flow rate within certain scope. The application size of sample was 10 ml. The purity checked by HPLC was 95.1%, and the recovery was 93%, and the band of SDS-PAGE was single. [ Conclusion] The research provided the reference of the further industrialization separation and purification of hiruin.

Screening of Biocontrol Strain Bacillus subtilis by N^+ Ion Beam Implantation

[Objective] This study was to investigate the effect of N＋ ion beam implantation on the survival rate and mutation rate of biocontrol strain Bacillus subtilis. [Method] The factors influencing B. subtilis ion beam implantation, including culture time, dilution concentration, solvent, drying time of mycoderm were optimized. B. subtilis cells were implanted by using ion beam at dose of 2.0×10^14～4.0×10^14 ions/cm2 and the energy of 30 kev. Then the methods of culturing colonies confronting each other on plate and Oxford cup diffusion were used to screening strains. [Result] The optimal parameters were found as follows： culture in liquid for 20-24 h, dilution with sterile water to 106 cells/ml and drying time of 60 min for sample preparation; the optimal N＋ ion beam implantation dose of 2.0×10^14～4.0×10^14 ions/cm2 at the energy of 30 kev, the survival rate of 8.43%-26.71% and the mutation rate of 3.50%-5.43%. [Conclusion] This study provided reference for ion beam implantation mutation of B. subtilis.

Effect of Morphological Traits on Sheath Blight Resistance in Rice

Sheath blight, caused by the Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, is one of the most serious diseases of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The relationship between morphological traits and sheath blight resistance was investigated in 1999 and 2000 by using a segregant population consisting of 240 inbred recombination lines, derived from an elite combination of Zhenshan 97 X Minghui 63. Partial correlation analysis between phenotypic data (morphological characteristics and heading date (HD)) and sheath blight ratings (SBR) showed that only one trait, plant compactness, was significantly correlated with resistance to sheath blight in both 1999 and 2000, eight traits, such as plant height, heading date, and penultimate leaf angle, were significantly correlated with SBR in either of the two years, and the remaining 10 morphological traits were not consistently associated with SBR in the two years. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL) controlling plant compactness was found to be in the site on chromosome 9 adjacent to the region responsible for qSB9, a major QTLs conferring sheath blight resistance. One out of the three QTLs contributing to a penultimate leaf angle was mapped approximately on the same region as another sheath blight resistance QTL, qSB5, located on chromosome 5. Whereas, no QTLs underlying most other traits was detected on the chromosomal region correlated with sheath blight resistance QTL. The results in the present study suggested that the morphological traits were not the main factors responsible for the SBR separation among the recombinant inbred lines (RILs) population. Nevertheless, some morphological characteristics had some indirect influence on expression of sheath blight resistance genes through altering a microclimate on paddy field so as to influence the infection of the pathogen and development of the disease. An efficient approach in resistance breeding to sheath blight was recommended by pyramiding major QTLs for sheath blight resistance and selecting those morphological traits that favor resistance gene expression.

Screening and Identification of Antagonistic Bacteria against Soil-borne Diseases of Tomato

[Objective] This study was conducted to screen resources for biological control of soil-borne diseases of tomato. [Method] Antagonistic bacteria against Ral- stonia solanacearum and Fusarium oxysporum were isolated and purified from soil samples by dilution plating and confronting incubation on PDA plates, then the antibacterial spectrum and metabolic secretions of the bacterial isolates were measured, and their species were identified by establishing phylogenetic trees with Neighbor-Joining method. [Result] From the 60 soil samples, 10 of 59 antagonistic bacteria isolates against R. solanacearum showed inhibition zone diameter 〉 25 mm, and 4 of 30 strains against F. oxysporum exhibited inhibition rate 〉 30%. The bacteriostatic substances and antibacterial spectrum analysis on above 14 isolates revealed that four strains N23-2, N58-2, NF59-3 and NF61-1 had good antago- nism against pathogenic bacteria and fungi; 12 strains produced cellulose, 11 strains produced proteases, and 6 strains produced siderophores. The molecular identification experiments indicated that four strains were members of Paenibacillus, three strains of Streptomyces, three strains of Pseudomonas strains, and four strains of Bacillus strains.

Effects of Heavy Metal Stress on the Growth Curves of Two Sepcies of Bacteria

[Objective] The aim was to study on the effects of heavy metal stress on the growth curves of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtili. [Method] Using traditional culture method,Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtili were cultured under heavy metal stress including Cu2＋,Hg2＋,Pb2＋,Cd2＋ and Cr6＋ in different concentrations. Then the growth curves of the bacteria were determined to investigate the effects of exogenous heavy metals on the growth of the two kinds of bacteria. [Result] The proliferation of the two bacteria was inhibited at high concentrations of Hg2＋ and Cd2＋ respectively,and G＋ is more sensitive to them than G-; when the heavy metal concentration was 50 mg/L,the toxicity of the five kinds of heavy metals on the two bacteria was Hg2＋Cd2＋Cu2＋Cr6＋≈Pb2＋. [Conclusion] The research will provide a basis to explore the effects of heavy metal on environment and ecological system.

Cloning and Analysis of WRKY Gene of Rice Induced by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn

[Objective] The aim was to clone the up-regulated expression gene of rice induced by Rhizoctonia solani.[Method] The EST fragment K16 obtained by suppression subtraction hybridization（SSH）was cloned and confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction（RT-PCR）.Then RT-PCR products were cloned into the PMD18-T vector and sequenced.The functions of the sequence were predicted with bioinformatics method.[Result] A 1 079 bp gene was obtained.The gene encoded a protein with 236 amino acids.The protein contains many motif sites,two WRKY domains and a C2H2 zinc finger motif.The gene showed high identities with WRKY8,WRKY24 and WRKY30 gene of rice.[Conclusion] The up-regulated expression gene induced by R.solani was representative WRKY family gene.The gene could play an important role on rice sheath blight resistance.