地方风俗的诠释和建构——以大理白族“绕三灵”仪式中的“架尼”为例

地方知识精英对"绕三灵"这一民俗活动的叙述与诠释都因他们与仪式参与者之间时间、空间和社会的距离而与仪式参与者本身的实践和解释之间存在较大的差异。他们对地方风俗的诠释因应着社会政治文化环境的演变而演变,他们的诠释也因之成为"民族风俗知识"的建构过程,而与民族志意义上的叙述存在着较大的差别。

瑞芬太尼用于抑制神经外科手术上头架疼痛反应的临床观察

目的探讨瑞芬太尼用于抑制神经外科手术上头架疼痛反应的临床效果。方法选取80例行开颅手术上头架的颅内肿瘤患者作为研究对象,使用随机数字表法将其分为研究组和对照组,每组40例。对照组应用罗哌卡因进行局部麻醉,研究组应用瑞芬太尼进行静脉注射全身麻醉,比较2组患者术中给局部麻醉药前(T0)、头架固定即刻(T1)、上头架后1 min(T2)、上头架后3 min(T3)、上头架后5 min(T4)、上头架后10 min(T5)的心率、平均动脉压(MAP)变化。结果 2组患者在上头架后,心率均有所减缓,研究组上头架后各时间点T2、T3、T4、T5的心率水平分别为(66.20±8.76)、(64.54±8.49)、(61.79±7.79、(61.57±6.78);对照组则分别为(70.11±8.41)、(71.14±8.33)、(68.91±8.84)、(67、39±7.75)组间对比,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组患者上头架前后的MAP水平均无明显波动,2组患者各时间点的MAP水平比较,差异均无统计学意义。结论罗哌卡因局麻和瑞芬太尼全身麻醉均能减小神经外科手术上头架时的血流动力学波动幅度,并且瑞芬太尼的操作更简单,实用性更强。

瑞芬太尼用于抑制神经外科手术上头架疼痛反应的临床分析

为了使神经外科手术时视野良好、头颅稳定、病变部位充分暴露,要在手术前对患者进行上头架固定,在上头架期间患者会产生一定的疼痛反应,这一强烈的刺激过程会造成患者血流动力学的剧烈波动[1],从而对手术结果产生重要影响,因而必须加强对头面部神经的麻醉以保证患者头部体位和血流动力学的稳定性。为了探讨瑞芬太尼用于抑制神经外科手术上头架疼痛反应的临床效果和血流动力学变化，

Application and optimization design of non-obstructive particle damping-phononic crystal vibration isolator in viaduct structure-borne noise reduction

The problems associated with vibrations of viaducts and low-frequency structural noise radiation caused by train excitation continue to increase in importance.A new floating-slab track vibration isolator-non-obstructive particle damping-phononic crystal vibration isolator is proposed herein,which uses the particle damping vibration absorption technology and bandgap vibration control theory.The vibration reduction performance of the NOPD-PCVI was analyzed from the perspective of vibration control.The paper explores the structure-borne noise reduction performance of the NOPD-PCVIs installed on different bridge structures under varying service conditions encountered in practical engineering applications.The load transferred to the bridge is obtained from a coupled train-FST-bridge analytical model considering the different structural parameters of bridges.The vibration responses are obtained using the finite element method,while the structural noise radiation is simulated using the frequency-domain boundary element method.Using the particle swarm optimization algorithm,the parameters of the NOPD-PCVI are optimized so that its frequency bandgap matches the dominant bridge structural noise frequency range.The noise reduction performance of the NOPD-PCVIs is compared to the steel-spring isolation under different service conditions.

200例无痛头架安放的临床体会

伽玛刀治疗是颅脑肿瘤新兴治疗方法之一，而立体定位头架的安放的准确性是保证其治疗效果的重要一环。我科于2008年1月以来伍用异丙酚、舒芬太尼用于无痛立体定位头架安放200例，现将体会报道如下。

疾病以痛吻你,我该如何以歌处方

“白医生(化名),急诊患者来了。”护士的呼唤声打破了病区的宁静。那是一个盛夏的午后,120工作人员用急救车转运过来一个女性患者。输液架上有1个3L袋(全肠外营养配置装置)、2个微量输液泵(舒芬太尼+奥曲肽),患者用鼻氧管吸氧状态,连着心电监测仪。很明显,这是一个癌症重症患者。

VIBRATION CONTROL OF A SPACE TRUSS STRUCTURE WITH A PIEZOELECTRIC ACTIVE MEMBER

Active vibration control is an effective way of increasing robustness of the design to meet the stringent accuracy requirements for space structures. This paper presents the results of active damping realized by a piezoelectric active member to control the vibration of a four-bay four-longern aluminum truss structure with cantilever boundary. The active member, which utilizes a piezoelectric actuating unit and an integrated load cell, is designed for vibration control of the space truss structures. Active damping control is realized using direct velocity feedback around the active member. The placement of the active member as one of the most important factor of affecting the control system performance, is also investigated by modal dissipation energy ratio as indicator. The active damping effectiveness is evaluated by comparing the closed-loop response with the open loop response.

The Outer-Performance Distortion of the Suspension Shock Absorber and Its Critical Velocity

On the basis of analysing the outer performance degradation of shock absorber on suspenson and from the relationship between outer and inner performances of the shock absorber, an internal relationship between the structure design and degradation of the shock absorber is discussed in the paper. From dynamic property, analysed the dynamic cause for degradation, the paper proposes a technical method of improving outer performance and a concept of critical velocity, and discusses what effects the critical velocity and the outer performance mance degradation has.

Cognitive conflict between readers and the writer under frame theory： Reinterpretation of Toni Morrison＇s Recitatif

This paper reinterprets Toni Morrison＇s short story Recitatif, from the perspective of frame theory in cognitive linguistics. It proposes that readers should modify their default values by activating the old and upcoming new information pieces so as to re-match the intended cognitive framing of the writer. It finally concludes that the real theme of the novel is not the strengthening of race codes but the discoloring of the White and the Black.

Semi-active control for vibration attenuation of vehicle suspension with symmetric MR damper

A semi-active force tracking PI controller is formulated and analyzed for a magnetorheological (MR) fluid-based damper in conjunction with a quarter-vehicle model. Two different models of the MR-damper are integrated into the closed-loop system model, which includes: a model based upon the mean force-velocity (f-v) behaviour; and a model synthesis comprising inherent nonsmooth hysteretic force and the force limiting properties of the MR damper. The vehicle models are analyzed to study the vibration attenuation performance of the MR-damper using the semi-active force tracking PI control algorithm. The simulation results are also presented to demonstrate the influence of the damper nonlinearity, specifically the hysteresis, on the suspension performance. The results show that the proposed control strategy can yield superior vibration attenuation performance of the vehicle suspension actuated by the controllable MR-damper not only in the sprung mass resonance and the ride zones, but also in the vicinity of the wheel-hop. The results further show that the presence of damper hystersis deteriorates the suspension performance.

EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE OF SEMI RIGID FRAME WITH ROTATIONAL DAMPER

The seismic behavior of frames with semi rigid connections and rotational dampers is examined.The ground acceleration due to earthquake is regarded as a stochastic process,and a pseudo excitation algorithm in frequency domain is implemented in a computer program to handle non orthogonal damping properties of the system.The computer program which incorporates detailed connection models and rotational damping models is used to investigate the effect of the connection of the semi rigid frame.It is shown from analytical studies that semi rigid frames with rotational dampers improve the seismic response of the building and may provide an effective and reliable earthquake resistant design solution.

Performance-based passive control analysis of adjacent structures:Optimization of Maxwell dampers

The performance-based passive control analysis of the Maxwell dampers between one 10-story and one 6-story adjacent RC frames is conducted in this work.Not only the optimal parameters but also the optimal arrangements of the Maxwell dampers are proposed based on the optimal target of making the total exceeding probability of the adjacent structures to be minimal.The applicability of the analytical expressions of the Maxwell damper damping parameters under different seismic performance targets are firstly examined and then the preferable damping parameters of the Maxwell dampers are proposed through the extensive parametric studies.Furthermore,the optimal arranging positions and optimal arranging numbers of the Maxwell dampers between the adjacent buildings are derived based on a large number of seismic fragility analyses,as well.The general arranging laws of the Maxwell dampers between the adjacent buildings are generated based on the discussion of the theoretical method through the simplified plane model.The optimal parameters and optimal arrangement of the Maxwell dampers presented make both the adjacent structures have preferable controlled effects under each seismic performance target which can satisfy the requirements of multi-performance seismic resistance of the modern seismic codes.

Upper trophic structure in the Atlantic Patagonian shelf break as inferred from stable isotope analysis

The Patagonian Shelf is a very productive region with dif ferent ecosystem structures. A long history of fishing in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean combined with a complex hydrographic structure, with a permanent front over the shelf-break and dif ferent coastal frontal regions, and a wide non-frontal area in between have made the food web in this area more complex and have resulted in changes to the spatialtemporal scale. Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen were used to determine the trophic structure of the Patagonian shelf break which was previously poorly understood. The results indicated that the average δ^(15)N value of pelagic guild(I llex argentinus) was remarkable lower than those of the other guilds. The δ^(13)C values of almost all species ranged from-17‰ to-18‰, but S tromateus brasiliensis had a significant lower δ^(13)C value. Compared with the southern Patagonian shelf, short food chain length also occurred. The impact of complex oceanographic structures has resulted in food web structure change to the temporal-spatial scale on the Patagonian shelf. The Patagonian shelf break can be considered as a separated ecosystem structure with lower δ^(15)N values.

The Outer Performance Degradation of Shock Absorber and Its Effect on Ride Comfort and Driving Safety

Based on the well-known quarter car representation of the automobile suspension,this paper deals with the effect of shock absorber outer performance degradation(OPD)on vehicle ride comfort and driving safety.Based on an elastici- ty model of a flat circular plate having a central hole,a program for the determina- tion of shock absorber outer performance(SOP)has been developed. Based on a hy- drodynamic theory,principles for the inter performance design of shock absorbers are presented to ensure expected SOP and the concept of critical velocity for the pre- vention of OPD is studied.By analysing the mechanism of degradation,a method for the elimination of shock absorber degradation is offered for practical structural design,i.e,the structural design of dual-tube gas charge shock absorbers.A good deal of experimental data,are presented to prove the theoreticaly studies.

Stiffness-damping matching method of an ECAS system based on LQG control

A novel method of matching stiffness and continuous variable damping of an ECAS(electronically controlled air suspension) based on LQG(linear quadratic Gaussian) control was proposed to simultaneously improve the road-friendliness and ride comfort of a two-axle school bus.Taking account of the suspension nonlinearities and target-height-dependent variation in suspension characteristics,a stiffness model of the ECAS mounted on the drive axle of the bus was developed based on thermodynamics and the key parameters were obtained through field tests.By determining the proper range of the target height for the ECAS of the fully-loaded bus based on the design requirements of vehicle body bounce frequency,the control algorithm of the target suspension height(i.e.,stiffness) was derived according to driving speed and road roughness.Taking account of the nonlinearities of a continuous variable semi-active damper,the damping force was obtained through the subtraction of the air spring force from the optimum integrated suspension force,which was calculated based on LQG control.Finally,a GA(genetic algorithm)-based matching method between stepped variable damping and stiffness was employed as a benchmark to evaluate the effectiveness of the LQG-based matching method.Simulation results indicate that compared with the GA-based matching method,both dynamic tire force and vehicle body vertical acceleration responses are markedly reduced around the vehicle body bounce frequency employing the LQG-based matching method,with peak values of the dynamic tire force PSD(power spectral density) decreased by 73.6%,60.8% and 71.9% in the three cases,and corresponding reduction are 71.3%,59.4% and 68.2% for the vehicle body vertical acceleration.A strong robustness to variation of driving speed and road roughness is also observed for the LQG-based matching method.

More than Carbon Stocks:A Case Study of Ecosystem-based Benefits of REDD+ in Indonesia

During the 15th Conference of the Parties （COP 15）, Parties agreed that reducing emissions from deforesta- tion and forest degradation and enhancing ＇removals of greenhouse gas emission by forests＇ （REDD＋） in developing countries through positive incentives under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change （UNFCCC） was capable of dealing with global emissions. As REDD＋ seeks to lower emissions by stopping deforestation and for- est degradation with an international payment tier according to baseline scenarios, opportunities for ecosystem benefits such as slowing habitat fragmentation, conservation of forest biodiversity, soil conservation may be also part of this effort. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate ecosystem-based benefits of REDD＋, and to identify the rela- tionships with carbon stock changes. To achieve this goal, high resolution satellite images are combined with Normal- ized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI） to identify historical deforestation in study area of Central Kalimantan, In- donesia. The carbon emissions for the period of 2000-2005 and 2005-2009 are 2.73 ×10^5 t CO2 and 1.47× 10^6 t CO2 respectively, showing an increasing trend in recent years. Dring 2005-2009, number of patches （NP）, patch density （PD）, mean shape index distribution （SHAPE_MN） increased 30.8%, 30.7% and 7.6%. Meanwhile, largest patch index （LPI）, mean area （AREA MN）, area-weighted mean of shape index distribution （SHAPE_AM）, neighbor distance （ENN_MN） and interspersion and juxtaposition index （IJI） decreased by 55.3%, 29.7%, 15.8%, 53.4% and 21.5% re- spectively. The area regarding as positive correlation between carbon emissions and soil erosion was approximately 8.9 x l03 ha corresponding to 96.0% of the changing forest. These results support the view that there are strong syner- gies among carbon loss, forest fragmentation and soil erosion in tropical forests. Such mechanism of REDD＋ is likely to present opportunities for multiple benefits that fall outside the scope of carbon stocks.

Vibration Control of Jacket Platforms with Magnetorheological Damper and Experimental Validation~

Magnetorheological （MR） dampers have been proposed to control the vibration of offshore platforms in this paper. The semi-active control strategy based on fuzzy control algorithm was adopted to determine the optimal output control force based on the responses of jacket platforms. A typical jacket platform in Mexico Gulf was selected as the numerical example to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed control method. Furthermore, a model experiment was performed to validate the results of the numerical simulation. The experimental model of the jacket platform was designed based on dynamical similarity criterion by the scale of 1：50. Both of the numerical and experimental results show that the semi-active control system with the MR damper can reduce vibrations of jacket platforms effectively and at the same time the control effect is stable.

Model of Wetland Carbon Sequestration in the Venetian Lagoon, Italy

This research deals with an evaluation of the sink of greenhouse gas CO2 in a eutrophic area of the Venetian lagoon where fish is farmed （＂Valle da pesca＂）. Following CDM UNFCCC （Clean Development Mechanism United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change） criteria, this can be considered relevant to the international standard for the voluntary evaluation of carbon credits on the basis of Annex a of Kyoto Protocol. To identify the ＂Valle da pesca＂ brackish lagoon properties regulating the carbon dioxide （CO2）, a survey has been performed during three seasons in one year and in four different locations. These places are located in the Italian Venetian Lagoon and in the Grado Lagoon in North Italy, Europe. To identify the CO2 sink capacity, a special index is calculated. The CO2 concentrations and sink are regulated by the balance of autotrophic and heterotrophic activities, and the sediment anoxic denitrification and macro algae are crucial tank of CO2 in the valley shallow waters. The ponds potential-CO2 yield of 80-124 kg/m2 per year and the value are related and proportional to the correct human environmental control （water flux control）.

Comparison of the vibration isolation performance of a seat suspension with various design modes

Three design modes of seat suspension,i.e.,negative stiffness elements(NSEs),damping elements(DEs),and negative stiffness-damping elements(NSDEs),are proposed to evaluate the ride performance of a vehicle.Based on a dynamic model of a seat suspension and indexes of the root mean square deformation and acceleration of the seat suspension(x RMS)and driver s seat(a RMS),the influence of the design parameters of the NSEs,DEs,and NSDEs on the driver s ride comfort is evaluated.A genetic algorithm is then applied to optimize the parameters of the NSEs,DEs,and NSDEs.The study results indicate that the design parameters of the NSEs and NSDEs remarkably influence x RMS and a RMS,whereas those of the DEs insignificantly influence x RMS and a RMS.Based on the optimal results of the NSEs,DEs,and NSDEs,the damping force of the DEs is 98.3%lower than the restoring force of the NSEs.Therefore,the DEs are ineffective in decreasing x RMS and a RMS.Conversely,the NSEs combined with the damping coefficient of the seat suspension strongly reduce x RMS and a RMS.Consequently,the NSEs can be added to the seat suspension,and the damping coefficient of the seat suspension can also be optimized or controlled to further enhance the vehicle s ride performance.

Experimental Study on the Effectiveness of TLDs under Wave Loading

The objective of this study is to experimentally investigate the effectiveness of Tuned Liquid Dampers (TLDs) for suppressing the dynamic response of a platform structure subjected to wave loading and to explore the applicability of TLDs for suppressing the structural vibration of fixed offshore platforms. The experimental model is scaled according to a full size platform by matching its dynamic properties. Rectangular and circular TLDs of various sizes and water depths are examined. The experiments were performed in a 2-D wave flume. The effectiveness of TLDs is evaluated based on their response reduction. By observing the performance and the behavior of TLDs through laboratory experiments, the effects of a number of parameters including container shape, container size, number of dampers, frequency ratio, mass ratio, and incident wave characteristics are investigated.