从张璪树石到荆浩山水——兼论《历代名画记》中的“山水”“树石”关系

《历代名画记》中"山水之变始于吴、成于二李;树石之状,妙于韦鶠,穷于张通"是对唐代山水画与树石画的总结,专画树石的张璪创造了皴法,这种皴法反过来又影响到山水画本身,最终在推崇张璪的唐末荆浩的山水画中开始有了皴法。从张璪树石到荆浩山水,这一过程也又一次印证了"山水""树石"的微妙关系。

Research of Ecological Restoration of Mycorrhizal Mulberry in Karst Rocky Desertification Area

Mycorrhizal mulberry is a plant, whose mulberry root and Arbuscular Myc-orrhizal fungi came into being a symbiotic relationship by a mean of natural or artifi-cial inoculation. Mycorrhizal mulberry coupling with main ecological barriers, such as barren soil drought in rocky desertification area, wil be beneficial to recovering the karst degraded ecosystem by removing these stresses. So, mycorrhizal mulberry is considered a new effective way in ecological control of karst rocky desertification. The research summarized the structures and the characteristic eco-physiological functions of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF）, and preliminarily discussed its availability and research in karst rocky desertification restoration ,including investiga-tion of AMF diversity, the key affecting factor of AMF species diversity, the sym-biosis mechanism between AMF and mulberry, promoting the development of agri-cultural economy in Karst Rocky Desertification area by mycorrhizal mulberry. These elaborate efforts are to demonstrate mycorrhizal mulberry adapting to karst environ-ment from a new view, lay a theoretical basis for karst degraded-ecosystem restoration, and final y guarantee sustainable development of mycorrhizal mulberry in rocky desertification area.

A New Transplanting Approach to Enhance Salt Tolerance of Tree Saplings

A field investigation was conducted to determine the survival and growth rate of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn.) and guava (Psidium guajava L.) saplings planted in salt-affected soils. The field used was highly saline-sodic in nature with a wide variation in electrical conductivity of the saturated soil extract (ECe), pHs, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and gypsum requirement (GR). A randomized complete block design was utilized with three treatments, i.e. T1 = plastic container bags totally removed, T2 = only the plastic container bag's base removed and T3 = plastic container bags un-removed. There were 34 and 8 plants in each block for eucalyptus and guava, correspondingly. The survival rates of eucalyptus and guava saplings were greater than 90%. In addition, gain in eucalyptus height was significantly higher in the T1 treatment where the bags were totally removed while for guava height the treatments were not significant.The gain in girth was not significant for both eucalyptus and guava saplings. With eucalyptus the taproot length was greater than the lateral roots while for guava the lateral roots were longer than the taproots.There was a decrease in the salinity-sodicity of the soils for the upper 30 cm depth under both types of vegetation, indicating that the salts had leached down to the B-horizon.

Hybrids between olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and stone flounder Kareius bicoloratus: karyotype,allozyme and RAPD analyses

The hybrid between olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and stone flounder Kareius bicoloratus was produced by artificial insemination of olive flounder eggs with stone flounder sperm. Sinistral and dextral are two types of hybrid progeny after metamorphosis. Karyotypes of both hybrid flounders are the same as those of the two parental species. Of the 22 loci examined from 12 allozymes, 12 confirmed hybridization of the paternal and maternal loci in hybrids and no difference was found in allozyme patterns of sinistral and dextral hybrid fishes. RAPD patterns of these specimens were also studied with 38 primers selected from 104 tested. Among them, the PCR products of 30 primers showed hybridization of the paternal and maternal bands. Genetic variation between hybrids and their parental stocks was analyzed by RAPD using 10 of the above 38 primers. The average heterozygosity and genetic distance were calculated. The results suggested that the filial generation could inherit a little more genetic materials from paternal fish than that from maternal fish.

Froth flotation of scheelite – A review

Froth flotation of scheelite has regained new focus since the 2010s and research regarding floatability and reagents has made great progress over the years. The main objective was and remains the selective flotation of scheelite from other calcium-bearing minerals, in particular calcite, fluorite and apatite. Due to similar properties, most attempts have limited success or only specific application(linked to a type of ore or a location). This article aims at reviewing all general physical-chemical information on froth flotation of scheelite, including electrokinetic properties, influence of p H and already existing reagents as well as ones still under examination. It appears that chelating or mixed collectors and modified versions of sodium silicate and quebracho hold great promise for scheelite flotation, while the use of said depressants and/or promoters seems inevitable.

Two-Stage Hydrogenation Modification of C_9 Petroleum Resin over NiWS/γ-Al_2O_3 and PdRu/γ-Al_2O_3 Catalysts in Series

Hydrogenation modification is one of the most important ways to produce high-quality petroleum resin. The col- orless C9 petroleum resin （CgPR） was obtained by two-stage catalytic hydrogenation over NiWS/？-A1203 catalyst and PdRu/ y-A1203 catalyst connected in series. Via the hydrogenation reaction, aromatic rings in C9PR were converted to alicyclic rings, and its color was reduced from Gardner color grade No. 11 to Gardner color grade No. 0. The optimum Ni/W atomic ratio was found to be close to 0.23, while the optimum Pd/Ru atomic ratio was close to 3.80. The TEM results showed that the morphology and size of sulfide or metal particles of the two kinds of catalysts remained almost unchanged after the reac- tion was carried our for 1 204 hours, attesting to their good catalytic stability.

Flotation separation of molybdenite and talc using tragacanth gum as depressant and potassium butyl xanthate as collector

Tragacanth gum(TG)was explored as a depressant to realize the flotation separation of molybdenite and talc.The flotation experiments indicated that when using potassium butyl xanthate(PBX)as a collector,molybdenite showed excellent floatability while talc was completely depressed by TG,thus realizing the flotation separation of the two minerals.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)analysis results showed that TG was adsorbed on molybdenite surface via chemisorption.The results of contact angle measurement,Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy,and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(ToF-SIMS)indicated that the pre-adsorption of TG on molybdenite could not hinder the further chemisorption of PBX on molybdenite.Because PBX has no collecting ability on talc,the flotation separation of molybdenite and talc came true using PBX to collect molybdenite and TG to depress talc.

Study on Preparation of Waterproofing Agent for Mineral Wool Board from Modified C_9 Petroleum Resin

The modified petroleum resin emulsion prepared from the C9petroleum resin was modified with maleic anhydride.The effects of maleic rosin and maleic anhydride addition level,the modification time and the alkali liquor on the properties of the emulsion were discussed.The results showed that the optimum process conditions covered:a maleic anhydride mass fraction of 1.5%,a maleic rosin mass fraction of 10%,a KOH mass fraction of 1%,a petroleum resin modification temperature of 200℃,a petroleum resin modification duration of 3 h,and a modified petroleum resin emulsion/wax emulsion mixing ratio of 1:1.The particle size of modified petroleum resin emulsion prepared under these conditions was equal to 104.166μm.

Effects of thermoelectric-magneto convection on the solidified microstructures of Al-4.5%Cu alloy

A magnetic field was used to directional solidification of dendritic Al-Cu alloys. The primary arm spacing of the dendrites is increased with increasing the external magnetic field strength. This microstructural coarsening is related to the thermoelectric current on the l/s interface, which is induced by difference of temperature on the inter- face. Within a magnetic field Lorentz force may be generated in front of the interface, causing a thermoelectric-magneto convection that makes the microstructure coarsened. This induced convection also leads to structural instability so that the secondary arms are well developed when grown in the external field.

The Effect of Tree Species on the Chemical Properties of Soil in the Rehabilitation of a Limestone Quarry at Athi River, Kenya

A comparison of field performance of Acacia xanthophloea, Schinus molle, Casuarina equisetifolia and Gravellia robusta plant species was made in an exhausted limestone quarry, backfilled with limestone mine waste in a semi-arid area in Athi River, Kenya. The aim of the study was to determine if the tree species had an influence on the soil chemical properties. The soil had alkaline pH ranging from 8.0 to 8.98, low nitrogen content （〈 0.03%）, moderate phosphorus concentrations ranging from 44.15 ppm to 21.33 ppm and high to moderate exchangeable cations （Na, Ca, Mg and K）. All the tree species exerted a positive influence on soil properties necessary for plant growth. The pH values and total phosphorus were relatively lower in soils close to the trees （0.5 m） and increased with distance from the trees, while the soil values for total nitrogen and exchangeable cations were relatively higher close to the trees. C. equisetifolia had the best growth performance and a higher positive influence on the soil chemical properties necessary for plant growth followed by A. xanthophloea. It was concluded that trees should remain a feature of quarry rehabilitation because of their role in maintaining the biophysical environment.

Highly Active and Stable Ni_2P/SiO_2 Catalyst for Hydrogenation of C_9 Petroleum Resin

Catalytic hydrogenation is an appropriate method for the improvement of C9 petroleum resin（C9PR） quality. In this study, the Ni2P/SiO2（containing 10% of Ni） catalyst prepared by the temperature-programmed reduction（TPR） method was used for hydrogenation of C9 petroleum resins. The effect of reaction conditions on catalytic performance was studied, and the results showed that the optimum reaction temperature, pressure and liquid hourly space velocity（LHSV） was 250 ℃, 6.0 MPa, and 1.0 h-1, respectively. The bromine numbers of hydrogenated products were maintained at low values（250 mg Br/100g） within 300h, showing the high activity and stability of Ni2P/SiO2 catalyst. The fresh and spent catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD）, BET surface area（BET） analysis, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, Fourier transform infrared（FTIR） pyridine adsorption, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）. Compared with the traditional sulfurated-Ni W catalysts, Ni2P possessed globe-like structure instead of layered structure like the active phase of Ni WS, thereof exposing more active sites, which were responsible for the high activity of Ni2P/SiO2 catalyst. The stability of Ni2P/SiO2 catalyst was probably attributed to its high sulfur tolerance, antisintering, anti-coking and carbon-resistance ability. These properties might be further ascribed to the special Ni-P-S surface phase, high thermal stability of Ni2P nanoparticles and weak surface acidity for the Ni2P/SiO2 catalyst.

Extraction of cerium(Ⅳ) using tributyl phosphate impregnated resin from nitric acid medium

Tributyl phosphate （TBP） solvent was used for impregnation into Amberlite XAD-16 nonionic polymeric resin beads using the wet method to prepare solvent impregnated resin （SIR）. Undiluted TBP in a ratio to the resin support （volume to mass） of 6.0 at room temperature （RT） in 24 h was impregnated the resin with a mass ratio of 1.944, while the prepared gross sample of SIR at the ratio of solvent to resin of 3.0 was impregnated with a mass ratio of 1.88. Cerium（Ⅳ） oxide concentrate, prepared from crude Egyptian monazite sand, containing 37% cerium, 1.6% thorium and about 40% the other trivalent rare earth oxides, was used to prepare cerium（Ⅳ） nitrate solution for extraction using the prepared SIR. The impregnated resin was satisfactory for Ce（Ⅳ） extraction from nitric acid medium at room temperature. Cerium loading capacity of the impregnated resin reached 95.6% of the calculated theoretical capacity （173 g/kg （Ce/SIR）） under the conditions of 51.57 g/L cerium and 2.48 g/L thorium, 5.0 mol/L free nitric acid, solution to resin ratio of 10.0 and contacting the phases for 5.0 min. The loading capacity reached 98.75% when cerium concentration was increased to 91.43 g/L under the same conditions.

Effects of Intercropping with CaryophyllaceaeAccumulator Plants on Cadmium Accumulation ofCyphomandra betacea Seedlings

The pot experiments were conducted to study the effects of intercropping with Pseudostellaria maximowicziana,Malachiumaquaticum and Stellaria media on Cd accumulation of Cyphomandra betacea seedlings.Compared with the monoculture,intercropping with Caryophyllaceae endarachneyllaceae accumulator plants decreased the biomass of C.betacea seedlings,and also reduced the photosynthetic pigment contents in C.betacea seedlings,which involve chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,total chlorophyll and carotenoid.Intercropping with P.maximowicziana and M.aquaticum increased the Cd contents in shoots of C.betacea seedlings,which increased by 65.02%and 25.61%,respectively,compared with the monoculture.Intercropping with S.media reduced the Cd contents in shoots of C.betacea seedlings,which were reduced by 4.68%compared with the monoculture.When intercropping with C.betacea seedlings,the Cd accumulation amounts of 3 Caryophyllaceae accumulator plants were ranked as S.media>P.maximowicziana>M.aquaticum.Intercropping with S.media could effectively reduce Cd accumulation of C.betacea seedlings under Cd-contaminated soil condition.

Analysis of petroleum hydrocarbons in mangrove sediments of Red Sea of Yemen

A field work has been carried out to identify the occurrence of oil and oil products pollution in mangrove sediment from Red Sea of Yemen. The concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons is from 700ng/g at Kamaran Island station to 400 ng/g at Al-Hodiedah station, and the total organic carbon (TOC) in samples ranges from 0.07% at Dhubab station to 0.03% at Kamaran Island station. This pollution is as a result of localized oil pollution and/or heavy ship traffic in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.

Risk Assessment Based on Fault Tree Analysis for Damaged Pipe Repair During Operation in Petrochemical Plant

In petrochemical plant, the in-operation repairing is usually a repairing strategy with pressured inoperation repairing for avoiding huge economic losses caused by unplanned shutdown when some slight local leakage happens in pipes. This paper studies the effects of repairing strategies on the failure probability of the pipe systems in process industries based on the time-average fault tree approach, especially the in-operation repairing strategies including pressured in-operation repairing activities. The fault tree model can predict the effect of different repairing plans on the pipe failure probability, which is significant to the optimization of the repairing plans. At first pipes are distinguished into four states in this model, i.e., successive state, flaw state, leakage state and failure state. Then the fault tree approach, which is usually applied in the studies of dynamic equipment, is adopted to model the pipe failure. Moreover, the effect of pressured in-operation repairing is also considered in the model. In addition, this paper proposes a series of time-average parameters of the fault tree model, all of which are used to calculate node parameters of the fault tree model. At last, a practical case is calculated based on the fault tree model in a repairing activity of pipe thinning.

Esterification of Free Fatty Acids in Waste Cooking Oil by Heterogeneous Catalysts

Waste cooking oil(WCO) is becoming the most promising alternative feedstock to produce biodiesel due to its low cost in China. In this study, NKC-9 ion-exchange resin and H-beta zeolite were selected as heterogeneous catalysts in the WCO esterification process and their esterification characteristics were compared by orthogonal experiments. NKC-9 resin showed higher activity and achieved a higher final conversion compared with H-beta zeolite under the same reaction conditions. Reusability experiments showed that NKC-9 resin still exhibited high activity after 5 runs. The effects of the mole ratio of alcohol to oil, reaction time, reaction temperature and the catalyst dose were investigated by multifactor orthogonal analysis. The influence of the free fatty acid(FFA) content was also investigated, and the result showed that the esterification rate could be as high as 98.4% when the FFA content was 6.3wt%.

Oldest Peach Fossil Found in Yunnan

Prunus persica（peach）is an economically important deciduous tree in the Rosaceae family that produces20 million tons of fruit per year.China has a long history of peach cultivation known from both historical and archaeological evidences.So far.

Chemical component and antimicrobial activity of volatile oil of Calycopteris floribunda

The volatile oil of leaves and barks of Calycopteris floribunda was examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 52 volatile chemical components in leaves were identified. The antimicrobial assay of oils in the leaves and barks was carried out by disk diffusion method in vitro. The major components (mass fraction) in leaves are caryophyllene oxide (13.79%),n-hexadecanoic acid (11.91%) and β-caryophyllene (10.45%). Ten constituents are identified accounting for about 99.98% of the total volatile oil in the bark. Among these components,n-hexadecanoic acid (59.18%),linolic acid (12.70%) and butyl octyl phthalate (8.21%) are the major constituents. The oils exhibit strong antimicrobial activity and display more potent against bacteria than fungi.

Experimental Plans Method to Formulate a Resin Concrete

This work is an experimental approach based on the method of experimental plans to determine a specific formulation of a resin concrete. In this study, an unsaturated polyester resin （thermosetting resin） was used with two types of mineral fillers （dune sand and crushed sand）, and with the addition of a marble powder to ensure the continuity of the particle size mixing granular. The lack of the methods for developing this kind of composite materials, had led us to perform an initial experimental approach to define the experimental field, that is to say determine the mass proportions of the various compounds of mixture of our study. In the second approach, we have established and implemented fully experimental plans with three factors namely： factor （1）： sand, factor （2）： resin, factor （3）： marble powder. Test results being the density of polymer concrete and the mechanical resistances. Finally, multi-parameters regression allowed us to determine predictive mathematical models for the different responses of the study. Tests results showed that at three days we got a tensile strength of about 16 MPa with a resin concrete density of 1.9 g/cm3. This shows the advantages of this material.

Research of Agronomic Characteristics of Peach Rootstocks on Calcareous SoilmTwelve Yearly Results

The experimental orchard on calcareous soils in the Tikves region has been established in 1999, in order to investigate the influence of the rootstocks on the behaviour of the peach trees. In the experiment we evaluated next rootstocks： Nemaguard （Prunus persica × Prunus davidiana）, seedlings of GF 677 （Prunus persica ×Prunus amygdalus）, hybrids BMVA 1, BMVA 2, VAF 215 and Autochthones type and GF 677 （Prunus persica × Prunus amygdalus） clonal. As control rootstocks in our experiment was used seedlings from vineyard peach （Prunus persica）. The experiment was established with one year old trees from Redhaven variety. Agronomical characteristics （vegetative growth, occurrence of leaf chlorosis, tree mortality, yield, productivity and fruit quality） of the trees on different rootstocks have been measured over a twelve-year period （1999-2010）. Significant differences on the level of P 〈 0.05 have been observed on vigour of the trees. The most vigorous trees were those on GF 677 clonal, GF 677 seedling and BMVA 2. The trees on Vineyard peach and Nemaguard was the weakest ones. The highest cumulative yield was recorded on GF-677 clonal rootstock, and the lowest on Nemaguard. Occurrence of chlorosis was the highest at Vineyard peach, Nemaguard and Autochthones hybrid, GF 677 clonal was the only rootstock without iron chlorosis. The percent of tree mortality to twelfth year was the highest at Autochthones hybrid （33.3）, and at GF 677 clonal and BMVA 1 had not tree mortality.