北京话“正”类时间副词的历时嬗变(1750—1950)

北京话(1750—1950)"正"类副词主要包括"正"、"正在"、"正然"、"正自"等四个。"正"是"正"类副词中最重要的一个,由"远行、长征"义慢慢虚化而来。同现代汉语相比,近代汉语中的"正"可以用在"正+VP"和"正+VP十之间/间/之时/时/之际"结构中;随着副词双音化的发展,"正在"、"正然"、"正自"相继出现。"正在"在1750——1950年间,与"正"相互竞争,并取得了优势,在现代汉语中成为"正"类副词语法功能的主要承担者;"正然"、"正自"则在这段时期内,慢慢退化,并几近消失。

黄季刚“字体分类”之“后”类辨析

黄季刚先生在《论学杂著·论字体分类》中首先将汉字分为"《说文》正字"和"《说文》后出字"两大类型,"《说文》正字"下又分为正、同、通、借四个小类,"《说文》后出字"分为讹、变、后、别四个小类。"后"分属于上下两个层次,将其下的解释和相关的语料相联系进行考察,可以看出黄季刚先生视《说文解字》为"小学"研究"主中之主"的思想,也体现出其字词关系观念。

Preliminary Studies on Summer Precipitation Patterns in China

[Objective] Study on the spatial distribution of summer precipitation patterns and interannual and interdecadal variability. [Method] The summer precipitation patterns were obtained from standard field of summer precipitation data for 160 observation stations in China during 1951 -2000 by the utilization of empirical orthogonal function （EOF）, and characteristics of interannual and interdecadal variability were analyzed. [Result] The summer precipitation mainly distributes in eastern part of China; The 1 st, 2nd and 3rd EOF modes of spatial distribution are especially remarkable as well consistent with the results of previous reports about three rainfall patterns from analysis on the percentages of precipitation anomaly of summer. [Conclusion] There exists interannual and interdecadal variability for summer precipitation in China.

The Classification of Positive Definite Unimodular Lattices Over Z[(1+21^(1/2))/2]

In this paper, the author applies adjacent lattice method and Siegel mass formula to determine the classes of positive definite unimodular lattices of rank 4 over Z , and obtains that the class number of unit genus gen( I 4 ) is nine and the class number of even unimodular lattices is three, and also gives the representative lattices of each class.

The Classification of Positive Definite Unimodular Lattices Over Z[(1+211/2)/2]

In this paper, the author applies adjacent lattice method and Siegel mass formula to determine the classes of positive definite unimodular lattices of rank 4 over Z , and obtains that the class number of unit genus gen( I 4 ) is nine and the class number of even unimodular lattices is three, and also gives the representative lattices of each class.

Quantum Mechanical Hilbert Transformation for Normally Ordering Coulomb Potential-Type Operators

We show that the technique of integration within an ordered product of operators can be extended to Hilbert transform. In so doing we derive normally ordered expansion of Coulomb potential-type operators directly by using the mathematical Hilbert transform formula.

A New Kind of Conjugate-nested Central Configurations in Consisted of One Regular Tetrahedron and One Regular Octahedron

A new case configuration in R^3, the conjugate-nest consisted of one regular tetrahedron and one regular octahedron is discussed. If the configuration is a central configuration, then all masses of outside layer are equivalent, the masses of inside layer are also equivalent. At the same time the following relation between ρ（r =√3/3ρ is the radius ratio of the sizes） and mass ratio τ=~↑m/m must be satisfied τ=~↑m/m=ρ（ρ＋3）（3＋2ρ＋ρ^2）^-3/2＋ρ（-ρ＋3）（3-2ρ＋ρ^2）^-3/2-4.2^-3/2ρ^-2-^-1ρ^-2/2（1＋ρ）（3＋2ρ＋ρ^2）^-3/2＋2（ρ-1）（3-2ρ＋ρ^2）^-3/2-4（2√2）^-3ρ, and for any mass ratio τ, when mass ratio r is in the open interval （0, 0.03871633950 ... ）, there exist three central configuration solutions（the initial configuration conditions who imply hamagraphic solutions） corresponding radius ratios are r1, r2, and r3, two of them in the interval （2.639300779… , ＋∞） and one is in the interval （0.7379549890…, 1.490942703… ）. when mass ratio τ is in the open interval （130.8164950… , ＋∞）, in the same way there have three corresponding radius ratios, two of them in the interval （0, 0.4211584789... ） and one is in the interval （0.7379549890…, 1.490942703…）. When mass ratio τ is in the open interval （0.03871633950…, 130.8164950…）, there has only one solution r in the interval （0.7379549890…, 1.490942703… ）.

Pressure from the lips and the tongue in children with class III malocclusion

Objective： To discuss possible relationships between class In malocclusion and perioral forces by measuring the pressure from the lips and the tongue of children with class nI malocclusion. Methods： Thirty-one children with class In malocclusion were investigated and their perioral forces were measured at rest and during swallowing under natural head position by a custom-made miniperioral force computer measuring system. Results： The resting pressures exerted on the labial side and palatine side of the upper lett incisor, as well as the labial side and lingual side of the lower lett incisor, were 0 g/cm^2, 0 g/cm^2, 0.57 g/cm^2 and 0.23 g/cm^2, respectively. Correspondingly, the swallowing forces were 2.87 g/cm^2, 5.97 g/cm^2, 4.09 g/cm^2 and 7.89 g/cm^2, respectively. No statistical difference between muscular pressure and gender existed. During swallowing, the lingual forces were significantly higher than the labial forces （P〈0.01）, however, at rest there was no significantly different force between these two sides. Compared to the normal occlusion patients, children with class Ⅲ malocclusion had lower pedoral forces. The upper labial resting forces （P〈0.01）, the lower labial resting forces （P〈0.05） and all the swallowing pressures from the lips and the tongue （P〈0.01） showed statistical differences between the two different occlusion conditions. Meanwhile, no significant difference was found for the resting pressure from the tongue between class Ⅲ malocclusion and normal occlusion. Conclusion： Patients with class Ⅲ malocclusion have lower perioral forces and this muscle hypofunction may be secondary to the spatial relations of the jaws. The findings support the spatial matrix hypothesis.

Synthesis of Sedative-hypnotic Zopiclone Analogues

Eight new cyclopyrrolone compounds were synthesized according to the structure activity relationship and action mechanism of Zopiclone, a cyclopyrrolone hypnotic. Their preliminary pharmacodynamics are under investigation.

Influence of Magnetic Field on the Rectification Process of Binary Heterogeneous Azeotrope

To improve separate effect of binary heterogeneous azeotrope in the magnetic field with different magnetic induction intensity, the influence of magnetic field on the rectification process of binary heterogeneous azeotrope was investigated with l-butanol-water system. The results show that the composition of liquid-liquid phase equilibrium of l-butanol-water system has definitely changed, the composition of l-butanol in light phase （l-butanol layer） increases by 1. 17%-1.63% and the composition of water in heavy phase （water layer） increases by 1.21%-1.58% under the influence of magnetic field. By separation of magnetization, the composition of l-butanol increases by 0.8%-1.2% and the recovery ratio of 1 -butanol increases by 1.6%-2.5%. Magnetic field has positive effect, however, the magnetized effect is not in proportion to magnetic induction intensity and has an optimum condition, in the range of 0.25 T-0. 3 T.

On Infinite Disjoint Congruence Covering Systems

In this paper we show that for any α∈(0,l] there exists an infinite disjoint covering system {a1(modni)}i=1∞ such that

Pitfalls in Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Imaging:Causes and Their Classifications

Objective To describe the pitfalls in positron emission tomography/computed tomography （PET/CT） imaging and classify them according to the principles of their generation. Methods We summarized retrospectively the ^18F-fluorodeoxyglucose （FDP） PET/CT imaging pitfalls through reviewing the PET/CT images of 872 patients. The pitfalls were divided into artifacts and infrequent physiological uptake, and the artifacts were further classified according to their causes. Meanwhile, we calculated the incidences of various pitfalls. Whether the PET/CT pitfalls influenced the diagnostic decision was analyzed. The appearances of pitfalls in PET were also described. Results Pitfalls could be found in PET/CT images of 684（78.4%） patients. Artifacts were found in 664 （76.15%） patients, and could be classified into self-factor artifacts and equipment-or technology-related artifacts. Among self-factor artifacts, respiratory motion （57.5%）, postprandial or hyperglycemia artifacts （2.41%）, and metal or high density matter artifacts （1.38%） were frequent. As for equipment-or tectmology-related factors, injection point outleakage or radiotracer contamination （13.88%） and truncation artifacts （1.83%） were most common ones. Infrequent physiological FDG uptakes, including fatty up-take, endometrial uptake, and bilateral breast feeding period uptake, were found in 20 （2.29%） patients. Among all pitfalls, the artifacts in 92 （13.4%） patients and infrequent physiological uptakes in 6 （0.88%） patients affected the diagnostic results. Artifact images in PET could be described as hot or cold area and the images of infrequent physiological uptake were always shown as hot area. Conclusions The incidence of pitfall in PET/CT imaging was high and the causes of pitfalls are various. Among all causes that artifacts generated, respiratory motion is the most common. Some pitfalls may disturb clinical physicians＇ decision, so it is important to recognize artifacts and physiological uptake, and distinguish them from pathological uptakes.

Solid-Liquid Equilibria of Benzoic Acid Derivatives in 1-Octanol

The solid-liquid equilibrium of benzoic acid derivatives in 1-octanol was first determined in this article. Using a laser monitoring observation technique, the solubility data of o-amino-benzoic acid, p-amino-benzoic acid,o-chloro-benzoic acid, and m-nitro-benzoic acid in 1-octanol were measured by the polythermal method in the temperature range of 20-50℃. The experimental data were regressed with the. Wilson equation and the λH equation. The experimental results showed that the solubility of the four chemicals in 1-octanol increased significantly with temperature. The results indicate that the molecular structure and interactions affect the solubility significantly.The solubility order of the benzoic acid derivatives is as follows： m-nitro-benzoic acid〉o-chloro-benzoic acid〉 o-amino-benzoic acid〉p-amino-benzoic acid. Both the Wilson equation and λH equation are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Classification of tight sandstone reservoirs based on NMR logging

The traditional reservoir classification methods based on conventional well logging are inefficient for determining the properties,such as the porosity,shale volume,J function,and flow zone index,of the tight sandstone reservoirs because of their complex pore structure and large heterogeneity.Specifically,the method that is commonly used to characterize the reservoir pore structure is dependent on the nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)transverse relaxation time(T2)distribution,which is closely related to the pore size distribution.Further,the pore structure parameters(displacement pressure,maximum pore-throat radius,and median pore-throat radius)can be determined and applied to reservoir classification based on the empirical linear or power function obtained from the NMR T2 distributions and the mercury intrusion capillary pressure ourves.However,the effective generalization of these empirical functions is difficult because they differ according to the region and are limited by the representative samples of different regions.A lognormal distribution is commonly used to describe the pore size and particle size distributions of the rock and quantitatively characterize the reservoir pore structure based on the volume,mean radius,and standard deviation of the small and large pores.In this study,we obtain six parameters(the volume,mean radius,and standard deviation of the small and large pores)that represent the characteristics of pore distribution and rock heterogeneity,calculate the total porosity via NMR logging,and classify the reservoirs via cluster analysis by adopting a bimodal lognormal distribution to fit the NMR T2 spectrum.Finally,based on the data obtained from the core tests and the NMR logs,the proposed method,which is readily applicable,can effectively classify the tight sandstone reservoirs.

One Hundred and Eighty-nine Homeomorphism Classes of the G. M.

In this paper the homeomorphism number of G. M.has been finded with the method of that push the negative edges in inner tier and outer tier into the middle tier as far as possible.

A Cluster-Based Method for Marine Sensitive Object Extraction and Representation

Within the context of global change, marine sensitive factors or Marine Essential Climate Variables have been defined by many projects, and their sensitive spatial regions and time phases play significant roles in regional sea-air interactions and better understanding of their dynamic process. In this paper, we propose a cluster-based method for marine sensitive region extraction and representation. This method includes a kernel expansion algorithm for extracting marine sensitive regions, and a field-object triple form, integration of object-oriented and field-based model, for representing marine sensitive objects. Firstly, this method recognizes ENSO-related spatial patterns using empirical orthogonal decomposition of long term marine sensitive factors and correlation analysis with multiple ENSO index. The cluster kernel, defined by statistics of spatial patterns, is initialized to carry out spatial expansion and cluster mergence with spatial neighborhoods recursively, then all the related lattices with similar behavior are merged into marine sensitive regions. After this, the Field-object triple form of < O, A, F > is used to represent the marine sensitive objects, both with the discrete object with a precise extend and boundary, and the continuous field with variations dependent on spatial locations. Finally, the marine sensitive objects about sea surface temperature are extracted, represented and analyzed as a case of study, which proves the effectiveness and the efficiency of the proposed method.

New Multiple Soliton-like and Periodic Solutions for （2＋l）-Dimensional Canonical Generalized KP Equation with Variable Coefficients

In this paper, the generalized ranch function method is extended to （2＋1）-dimensianal canonical generalized KP （CGKP） equation with variable coetfficients. Taking advantage of the Riccati equation, many explicit exact solutions, which contain multiple soliton-like and periodic solutions, are obtained for the （2＋1）-dimensional OGKP equation with variable coetffcients.

Nonlinear inversion of electrical resistivity imaging using pruning Bayesian neural networks

Conventional artificial neural networks used to solve electrical resistivity imaging （ERI） inversion problem suffer from overfitting and local minima. To solve these problems, we propose to use a pruning Bayesian neural network （PBNN） nonlinear inversion method and a sample design method based on the K-medoids clustering algorithm. In the sample design method, the training samples of the neural network are designed according to the prior information provided by the K-medoids clustering results; thus, the training process of the neural network is well guided. The proposed PBNN, based on Bayesian regularization, is used to select the hidden layer structure by assessing the effect of each hidden neuron to the inversion results. Then, the hyperparameter αk, which is based on the generalized mean, is chosen to guide the pruning process according to the prior distribution of the training samples under the small-sample condition. The proposed algorithm is more efficient than other common adaptive regularization methods in geophysics. The inversion of synthetic data and field data suggests that the proposed method suppresses the noise in the neural network training stage and enhances the generalization. The inversion results with the proposed method are better than those of the BPNN, RBFNN, and RRBFNN inversion methods as well as the conventional least squares inversion.

An Effective Concept Extraction Method for Improving Text Classification Performance

This paper presents anew way to extract concept that can beused to improve text classification per-formance (precision and recall). Thecomputational measure will be dividedinto two layers. The bottom layercalled document layer is concernedwith extracting the concepts of parti-cular document and the upper layercalled category layer is with findingthe description and subject concepts ofparticular category. The relevant im-plementation algorithm that dramatic-ally decreases the search space is dis-cussed in detail. The experiment basedon real-world data collected from Info-Bank shows that the approach is supe-rior to the traditional ones.

Parasitized wasp mitogenomes mistaken for scale insect host mitogenome sequences

The mitogenome is a double strand molecule that has become an extensively studied molecular marker used in the study of the phylogeny of insects.A recent study investigated the mitogenomes of Planococcus citri(Risso,1813)and Unaspis yanonensis(Kuwana,1923)published by PeerJ(Liu et al.2020).In our study,we determine that the putative“P.citri and U.yanonensis”mitogenomes did not originate from Coccoidea but from parasitic wasps in the Chalcidoidea.These results are based on the genetic distances of the barcoding sequences of cytochrome c oxidase I(COI)and on molecular identifications performed against the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool(BLAST)in NCBI.