美国种族主义“正当性”的来源与建立

种族主义,在现在的美国人看来,野蛮、恶毒、荒谬,但在20世纪上半叶之前,多数美国人认为它合理而正当。其根源在于,神学家以《圣经》为据,创造出黑人应为白人作奴的神话;科学家以人类的起源以及不同人种体质上的差异为依据,创造出种族有优劣差等的神话。神、俗两界共同缔造了种族主义的社会与文化传统、白人至上的政治与经济原则。而推动这股传统与原则得以建立的力量则在于人的自利心。

刑法司法解释方法论——寻求刑法司法解释的客观性

刑法解释方法一直是刑法解释学中的核心课题。在刑法解释方法中,文义解释方法作为传统的解释方法之一,其承诺法律自身中存在客观性,只有严格按照语义进行解释才能保证刑法解释的客观性。目的论解释方法主张对刑法条文的解释应遵循一定的目的,未必要机械地按照语义来进行解释,其关注的是在个案中法官如何理解、解释和应用刑法条文才能实现刑法的目的。因此,在目的论解释方法中,刑法解释的客观性是指“合法性”与“正当性”。

“一带一路”视域下国际投资仲裁的完善与发展

自国家“一带一路”倡议提出并实施后,我国与沿线国家之间的投资规模和速度逐年攀升,与之相关的投资争端也伴随而生。在众多争端解决方式中,国际投资仲裁因其便捷高效等特点备受瞩目。但国际投资仲裁制度和规则建设并非尽善尽美,近年来关于国际投资仲裁的正当性危机引发广泛讨论。“一带一路”沿线国家众多,政治文化传统各异,投资争端有其特殊性,此区域国际投资仲裁如何推进以促使争端妥为解决,值得深入探究。本文认为应对可提交仲裁的范围界定不明、透明度不足、仲裁员选任问题和道德危机以及仲裁裁决和裁决撤销结果不一致等问题进行具体分析,探讨变革方案,以促使投资争端有效解决,为“一带一路”倡议实施保驾护航。

Witnesses＇ Appearance in Court and Guarantees for the Defendant＇s Right to Confrontation

The main significance of witnesses＇ appearing in court to testify in criminal trials is that this practice guarantees the defendant＇s right to confrontation. The issue can thus be framed in another way, as the issue of the appearance in court of the necessary witnesses. Here, the defendant＇s right to confront is the key point. Since neither China＇s criminal procedural law nor corresponding judicial interpretations have granted the defendant the right to confront, the rate of appearance of the necessary witnesses amounts in practice to only about twenty- five percent. Criminal trials conducted in the absence of the right to confrontation usually conform to the doctrine of positive substantive truth and manifest a lack of care in conviction and sentencing as well as reliance on a single source of legitimacy in reaching judgments. To correct this state of affairs, it is necessary to institute the right to confront and corresponding safeguards.