The authors review the clinical outcome in patients with Crohn's disease(CD)based on studies describing the natural course of the disease.Population-based studies have demonstrated that the incidence rates and pre...The authors review the clinical outcome in patients with Crohn's disease(CD)based on studies describing the natural course of the disease.Population-based studies have demonstrated that the incidence rates and prevalence rates for CD have increased since the mid-1970s.The authors search for English language articles from 1980 until 2011.Geographical variations,incidence,prevalence,smoking habits,sex,mortality and medications are investigated.An increasing incidence and prevalence of CD have been found over the last three decades.The disease seems to be most common in northern Europe and North America,but is probably increasing also in Asia and Africa.Smoking is associated with an increased risk of developing CD.Age <40 at diagnosis,penetrating/stricturing complications,need for systemic steroids,and disease location in terminal ileum are factors associated with higher relapse rates.A slight predominance of women diagnosed with CD has been found.Ileocecal resection is the most commonly performed surgical procedure,and within the first five years after the diagnosis about one third of the patients have had intestinal surgery.Smoking is associated with a worse clinical course and withincreased risk of flare-ups.In most studies the overall mortality is comparable to the background population.To date,the most effective treatment options in acute flares are glucocorticosteroids and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α-blockers.Azathioprine/methotrexate and TNF-α-blockers are effective in maintaining remission.展开更多
According to Fromm, the life instinct constitutes the primary potentiality in man, while the death instinct a secondary potentiality, and which of the two prevails depending crucially on the living conditions that the...According to Fromm, the life instinct constitutes the primary potentiality in man, while the death instinct a secondary potentiality, and which of the two prevails depending crucially on the living conditions that the subject experiences during his or her childhood. Not limited to the individual level, Fromm＇s observation works on the collective level as well. Different environments foster different potentialities and lead to the formation of different cultures and ethics. A biophilic ethics treasures the value of love, peace, reciprocal altruism and unity of being, while a biophobic ethics is more addicted to hatred, violence, dualistic confrontation, and mutual destruction. Appling Fromm＇s theory to the interpretation of Charles Johnson＇s Middle Passage, readers can get a newly enlightened understanding of this award-winning masterpiece. Based on Fromm＇s hypothesis about human nature, this article analyzes the representation of the confrontations between the biophobic ethics and the biophilic ethics in this novel, the former being embodied by Captain Falcon＇s ＂syndrome of decay＂ which is also Johnson＇s critical metaphor of Western civilization, while the latter embodied by the Allmuseri culture＇s ＂syndrome of growth＂ which represents Johnson＇s idealistic imagination of the sum of non-Western civilization展开更多
Exergy is the ability of the maximum work done to the objective (relative) outside when the system changes from any state to its dead state. Exergy stems from the gaps of intensive properties between its present state...Exergy is the ability of the maximum work done to the objective (relative) outside when the system changes from any state to its dead state. Exergy stems from the gaps of intensive properties between its present state and its dead state. Generalized differential expression of exergy is advanced without any premise conditions, which is composed of generalized intensive and extensive (additive) properties. Any form of exergy can be deduced out from this generalized expression, only if its characteristic intensive and extensive parameters are known. That the exergy of any closed system is never below zero has been proved.展开更多
文摘The authors review the clinical outcome in patients with Crohn's disease(CD)based on studies describing the natural course of the disease.Population-based studies have demonstrated that the incidence rates and prevalence rates for CD have increased since the mid-1970s.The authors search for English language articles from 1980 until 2011.Geographical variations,incidence,prevalence,smoking habits,sex,mortality and medications are investigated.An increasing incidence and prevalence of CD have been found over the last three decades.The disease seems to be most common in northern Europe and North America,but is probably increasing also in Asia and Africa.Smoking is associated with an increased risk of developing CD.Age <40 at diagnosis,penetrating/stricturing complications,need for systemic steroids,and disease location in terminal ileum are factors associated with higher relapse rates.A slight predominance of women diagnosed with CD has been found.Ileocecal resection is the most commonly performed surgical procedure,and within the first five years after the diagnosis about one third of the patients have had intestinal surgery.Smoking is associated with a worse clinical course and withincreased risk of flare-ups.In most studies the overall mortality is comparable to the background population.To date,the most effective treatment options in acute flares are glucocorticosteroids and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α-blockers.Azathioprine/methotrexate and TNF-α-blockers are effective in maintaining remission.
基金Acknowledgement： This research is funded by the National Planning Office of Philosophy and Social Science of China （Reference 14CWW022）, and by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation （Reference 2014M552063）.
文摘According to Fromm, the life instinct constitutes the primary potentiality in man, while the death instinct a secondary potentiality, and which of the two prevails depending crucially on the living conditions that the subject experiences during his or her childhood. Not limited to the individual level, Fromm＇s observation works on the collective level as well. Different environments foster different potentialities and lead to the formation of different cultures and ethics. A biophilic ethics treasures the value of love, peace, reciprocal altruism and unity of being, while a biophobic ethics is more addicted to hatred, violence, dualistic confrontation, and mutual destruction. Appling Fromm＇s theory to the interpretation of Charles Johnson＇s Middle Passage, readers can get a newly enlightened understanding of this award-winning masterpiece. Based on Fromm＇s hypothesis about human nature, this article analyzes the representation of the confrontations between the biophobic ethics and the biophilic ethics in this novel, the former being embodied by Captain Falcon＇s ＂syndrome of decay＂ which is also Johnson＇s critical metaphor of Western civilization, while the latter embodied by the Allmuseri culture＇s ＂syndrome of growth＂ which represents Johnson＇s idealistic imagination of the sum of non-Western civilization
基金This work was supported by the National Major Basic Research Development Program ( Grant No. G2000026307).
文摘Exergy is the ability of the maximum work done to the objective (relative) outside when the system changes from any state to its dead state. Exergy stems from the gaps of intensive properties between its present state and its dead state. Generalized differential expression of exergy is advanced without any premise conditions, which is composed of generalized intensive and extensive (additive) properties. Any form of exergy can be deduced out from this generalized expression, only if its characteristic intensive and extensive parameters are known. That the exergy of any closed system is never below zero has been proved.
