浅议刑事诉讼中的非法证据排除制度

非法证据的排除制度，是现代刑事司法发展的的必然产物。而在我国，这一制度却存在种种先天或后天的不足，仍有待于完善，是刑事诉讼法修改时一个大的热点。此文拟对现行的中国的刑事诉讼中的非法证据制度作一小小的评议，再针对“毒果”与“毒树之果”作分别讨论，阐明法官对于各种证据的不同采用原则，并在相关理论中配套制度的设计上提出建议，为我国刑事诉讼法的完善尽绵薄之力。

Observation of the Immune Effect of Fusion Protein VP4-STI

The aim of the study was to investigate the immune effect of fusion protein VP4-STI. 40 mouse were randomly divided into 4 groups of test bacterin group （30 μg VP4-STI ＋0.6 μg LTB）, aluminiumhydroxide vaccine group （30 μg VP4-STI ＋Al（OH）3 gel ） , pure protein VP4- STI vaccine group （30μg VP4-STI ） and PBS control group were immunized by rhinal dripping. And then, the antibody levels of the mouse were determined. The protection effects of mouse in all immune groups were observed after the toxicity test with strong virulent strain C83902 of E. coli. Anti-VP4-STI antibodies were produced in other groups with the highest at the 6th week, except PBS control group. The antibody level in aluminiumhydroxide bactetin group was higher than that in test vaccine group. The antibody level in pure protein VP4-STI bacterin group was lower, being extremely significantly different from that in test vaccine group （ P 〈0. 001 ）. Mouse in test vaccine group and aluminium hydroxide bacterin group had better immuno-protection effect on strong virulent strain C83902 of E. coli, obviously different from that in PBS control group. The research provided basis for further improving the immunogeneticity of STI.

Study on Screening of Virus Inhibitor Combinations against Viral Diseases in Chinese Cabbage

In this study, several kinds of virus inhibitors or passivators, such as Dufulin and lentinan, were used to design 15 individual or combination treatments, to investigate their control efficiency against viral diseases in Chinese cabbage. Re- sults showed that individual treatments of Dufulin and lentinan achieved high control efficiency of 70.01% and 66.02%, respectively; combination treatments of Dufulin ＋ lentinan, Dufulin ＋ Weijiaxi and Lentinan ＋Weijiaxi also produced certain synergistic effects, with control efficiency of 83.70%, 78.07% and 82.32%, respectively.

Application of Spodoptera litura Nucleopolyhedrovirus for Crop Pest Control

The laboratory bioassay and field control efficacy of Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus（Spli NPV） Chenzhou strain were preliminarily examined. The efficient artificial propagation method was to feed the host larvae with virus suspension,and the average mortality of the insects was 65.0%. The death peak of the pests appeared 4-8 d after virus infection. The high temperature, high humidity and poor light could help the virus infection and propagation. Filed control efficacy of Chenzhou strain was 86.6% in laboratory, which was better than of another commercial strain. The corrected control efficacy of this strain was 88.4% the field, which was higher than that of avermectin pesticide significantly. It was detected that the occlusion body（OB） concentration of the initial virus＇ s stock solution was 1.03×1011OBs/ml,and it was a strong SpliNPV strain, as it showed an excellent efficacy to control the pest Spodoptera litura, and thus there will be a good prospect of application and development of this SpliNPV strain.

Antiviral Activity of GuiQi Polysaccharides against Enterovirus 71 in vitro

In this study,we have investigated the antiviral activity of GuiQi polysaccharides (GQP) upon enterovirus 71 (EV71) in vitro.An assay using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT),and analyses of cytopathic effects (CPE)were used to examine the antiviral activity of GQP upon Vero cells infected with EV71.The results revealed that GQP at concentrations below 31.2μg/mL exhibited significant antiviral effects upon EV71 when applied under three different experimental protocols.GQP was most strongly active in preventing the adsorption of EV71 to target cells and in this respect it was significantly more effective than ribavirin.In addition,it was clear that GQP could inhibit viral replication when added to cells 2 h after infection,but if added at the point of infection its effect was weak.GQP is considered to be less toxic than ribavirin,and may warrant further evaluation as a possible agent in the treatment of hand,foot and mouth disease (HFMD).

Development of Novel Antiviral Therapies for Hepatitis C Virus

Over 170 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), a major cause of liver diseases. Current interferon-based therapy is of limited efficacy and has significant side effects and more effective and better tolerated therapies are urgently needed. HCV is a positive, single-stranded RNA virus with a 9.6 kb genome that encodes ten viral proteins. Among them, the NS3 protease and the NS5B polymerase are essential for viral replication and have been the main focus of drug discovery efforts. Aided by structure-based drug design, potent and specific inhibitors of NS3 and NS5B have been identified, some of which are in late stage clinical trials and may significantly improve current HCV treatment. Inhibitors of other viral targets such as NS5A are also being pursued. However, HCV is an RNA virus characterized by high replication and mutation rates and consequently, resistance emerges quickly in patients treated with specific antivirals as monotherapy. A complementary approach is to target host factors such as cyclophilins that are also essential for viral replication and may present a higher genetic barrier to resistance. Combinations of these inhibitors of different mechanism are likely to become the essential components of future HCV therapies in order to maximize antiviral efficacy and prevent the emergence of resistance.

Role of dup A in virulence of Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is a gastric human pathogen associated with acute and chronic gastritis, 70% of all gastric ulcers, 85% of all duodenal ulcers, and both forms of stomach cancer, mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue(MALT) lymphoma and adenocarcinoma. Recently, attention has focused on possible relationship between presence of certain virulence factor and H. pylori-associated diseases. Some contradictory data between this bacterium and related disorders has been observed since not all the colonized individuals develop to severe disease. The reported diseases plausibility related to H. pylori specific virulence factors became an interesting story about this organism. Although a number of putative virulence factors have been identified including cytotoxin-associated gene a(cag A) and vac A, there are conflicting data about their actual participation as specific risk factor for H. pylori-related diseases. Duodenal ulcer promoting gene a(dup A) is a virulence factor of H. pylori that is highly associated with duodenal ulcer development and reduced risk of gastric cancer. The prevalence of dup A in H. pylori strains isolated from western countries is relatively higher than in H. pylori strains from Asian countries. Current confusing epidemiological reports will continue unless future sophisticated and molecular studies provide data on functional and complete dup A cluster in H. pylori infected individuals. This paper elucidates available knowledge concerning role of dup A in virulence of H. pylori after a decade of its discovery.

Field Trials of CpGV Virus Isolates Overcoming Resistance to CpGV-M

The Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) has been used for many years as biological agent for codling moth control in apple orchards. Resistance to the Mexican strain of CpGV was detected in orchards in Germany, France and Italy. A laboratory insect colony was started from insects collected in a French resistant orchard. It was named RGV. Various virus isolates were identified as active against this resistant insect colony. Field tests were carried out in 2007 to test if the two virus isolates CpGV-I12 and NPP-R1 were effective in the field. Although these virus isolates were not able to reduce insect caused fruit damages, they significantly reduced the overwintering insect populations. NPP-R1 was subjected to eight passages on RGV larvae (NPP-R1.8) that improved its biological activity on RGV larvae. 2008 field trials were set up to test this improved virus strain, compared to CpGV-I12 and Madex plus active on RGV. These tests confirmed the ability to control both in susceptible and resistant insect populations.

The Effect of Toxic Sulfide Exposure on Oxygen Consumption and Oxidation Products in Urechis unicinctus(Echiura:Urechidae)

To investigate sulfide detoxification in Urech＆ unicinctus, oxygen consumption rate and sulfide detoxification products were analyzed during sulfide exposure under controlled laboratory conditions. The results showed that oxygen consumption rates were elevated significantly during 3 h sulfide exposure compared to the control （P〈0.05）. The concentration of sulfite in body wall and hindgut of experimental worms increased significantly （P〈0.05） when exposed to 50 μmolL^-1 sulfide, reached a maximum at 24 h and then decreased. Similar result was observed in worms exposed to 150 μmolL^-1 sulfide except that sulfite concentration reached a maximum at 12 h. Contents of thiosulfate in body wall and hindgut of U. unicinctus exposed to sulfide were also significantly higher than that of the control without sulfide exposure. In conclusion, during short-time sulfide exposure U. unicinctus may raise oxygen consumption to detoxify toxic sulfide into sulfite and thiosulfate. Sulfide detoxification was restrained when the exposure time was prolonged or sulfide concentration was increased, which was indicated by decrease of sulfite, the intermediate product of sulfide detoxification.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: An Overview

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a zoonotic viral infection that is a serious threat to humans. The disease is widely distributed in Africa, Asia, and Europe and has developed into a serious public health concern. Humans become infected through the bites of ticks, by contact with a patient with CCHF, or by contact with blood or tissues from viremic livestock. Microvascular instability and impaired hemostasis are the hallmarks of the infection. Infection in human begins with nonspecific febrile symptoms, but may progress to a serious hemorrhagic syndrome with high mortality rates. Enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are the most used and specific tests for the diagnosis. The mainstay of treatment is supportive. Although definitive studies are not available, ribavirin is suggested to be effective especially at the earlier phase of the infection. Uses of universal protective measures are the best way to avoid the infection. In this review, all aspects of CCHF are overviewed in light of the current literature.

Long-term treatment outcomes of clevudine in antiviral-naive patients with chronic hepatitis B

AIM:To evaluate the treatment outcomes of clevudine compared with entecavir in antiviral-naive patients with chronic hepatitis B(CHB).METHODS:We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of CHB patients treated with clevudine 30 mg/d and compared their clinical outcomes with patients treated with entecavir 0.5 mg/d.The biochemical response,as assessed by serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT) activity,virologic response,as assessed by serum hepatitis B virus DNA(HBV DNA) titer,serologic response,as assessed by hepatitis B e antigen(HBeAg) status,and virologic breakthrough with genotypic mutations were assessed.RESULTS:Two-hundred and fifty-four patients [clevudine(n = 118) vs entecavir(n = 136)] were enrolled.In clevudine-treated patients,the cumulative rates of serum ALT normalization were 83.9% at week 48 and 91.5% at week 96(80.9% and 91.2% in the entecavir group,respectively),the mean titer changes in serum HBV DNA were-6.03 and-6.55 log 10 copies/mL(-6.35 and-6.86 log 10 copies/mL,respectively,in the entecavir group),and the cumulative non-detection rates of serum HBV DNA were 72.6% and 83.1%(74.4% and 83.8%,respectively,in the entecavir group).These results were similar to those of entecavir-treated patients.The cumulative rates of HBeAg seroconversion were 21.8% at week 48 and 25.0% at week 96 in patients treated with clevudine,which was similar to patients treated with entecavir(22.8% and 27.7%,respectively).The virologic breakthrough in the clevudine group occurred in 9(7.6%) patients at weeks 48 and 15(12.7%) patients at week 96,which primarily corresponded to genotypic mutations of rtM204I and/or rtL180M.There was no virologic breakthrough in the entecavir group.CONCLUSION:In antiviral-naive CHB patients,longterm treatment outcomes of clevudine were not inferior to those of entecavir,except for virologic breakthrough.

Determination of Selected Toxic Elements in Apples from Organic Farming

Due to the elevated ecological awareness nowadays the consumption of products of organic agriculture is increasing. Organic farming means excluding the use of synthetic inputs, such as synthetic fertilizers and pesticides or genetically modified organisms, but there are only a few regulations regarding heavy metal concentrations in soils. Thus a not negligible uptake of metals from the soil where the apple trees are grown may occur. Furthermore inorganic copper compounds being traditional fertilizers for apple trees are not considered as synthetic fertilizers, thus they are still used in organic apple farming for soil or foliar application. Thus also apples produced by organic agriculture may contain toxic elements, such as cadmium, chromium, copper, and lead. The concentrations of these elements were determined in whole apples, as well as in the flesh and peel in order to estimate the possible risk for human health. Prior to analysis using ICP-AES samples underwent a microwave assisted digestion. The LODs obtained are below the recommended maximum levels in vegetables/fruits by WHO. In all samples no Cu, Cr, and Pb could be detected. Only Ca was found in the peel of about a third of samples investigated in concentrations between LOD and LOQ （1-3 μg/g）.

Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Associated with Acute Pancreatitis

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a systemic infectious disease caused by Hantaviruses and characterized by fevers, bleeding tendencies, gastrointestinal symptoms and renal failure. It encompasses a broad spectrum of clinical presentations, ranging from unapparent or mild illnesses to fulminant hemorrhagic processes. Among the various complications of HFRS, acute pancreatitis is a rare find. In this report, based on clinical data, laboratory and radiologic examination findings, we describe a clinical case, with HFRS from Dobrava virus, associated with acute pancreatitis. The patient was successfully treated by supportive management. Clinicians should be alert to the possibility of HFRS when examining patients with epidemiological data and symptoms of acute pancreatitis.

Effectiveness of Disinfection of Anesthetics Tubes in Oral Surgery -An in Vitro Study

Context： Anesthetic tubes are always on the surgical table, for this reason, it＇s necessary to perform its disinfection, generally by chemicals. Aim： Was to analyze the effectiveness of tubes decontamination made by disinfectant substances used in a clinical setting and to identify the microorganisms found on their surface. Materials and Methods： 14 anesthetic tubes were collected from dental clinic, on 5 groups. 01 plastic and 01 glass tubes that were not submitted to any disinfection process composed the control group and they had been sown in Agar Blood. Experimental groups underwent immersion and fixation with the proposed chemicals for 1 minute, laminar flow hood was used to seed it in Agar Blood and then it was transferred to incubator for 24 hours at 37℃. Tests were used to identify the main Gram positive pathogenic genera. Gram-negative pathogenic colonies isolated were seeded in biochemical means of identification. Results： It was possible to identify the presence of Staphylococcus coagulase negative, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus viridans, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter spp, as well as the effectiveness of chemical solutions proposed in this study. Conclusions： All chemical solutions proposed in this study were effective for the surface disinfection process of anesthetic tubes.

Composition of Gentamicin C Components in Gentamicin Sulphate Generics Commonly Used in Small Animal Practice in Nigeria

Gentamicin is one of the commonly used antibiotics in small animal practice in Nigeria. Fake and substandard drugs are responsible for high cost in both economic terms and lives lost. For decades, Nigeria has been flooded by counterfeit and poor-quality medicines. Because of the variations in gentamicin C components in different formulations and the effect of this on its efficacy and toxicity, this study was designed to evaluate the percentage of each of the major components of gentamicin C in some injectable gentamicin sulphate generics commonly used in small animal practice in Nigeria. Of the 22 multisource generics of injectable gentamicin sulphate samples analyzed for percentage content of gentamicin C major components using USP HPLC （United States Pharmacopoeia high performance liquid chromatography） method, 95.5% （21 ） met the USP specification. This suggests that there is a significant improvement in the monitoring of quality of drugs marketed in Nigeria, including gentamicin sulphate. Nevertheless, considering the propensity of the manufacturers adjusting their manufacturing processes following product＇s registration by the regulatory body, there is still the need for regular surveillance of drug products by batches to ensure their efficacy and safety.

Decontamination of Potential Toxic Elements in Sewaged Soils by Inorganic Amendments

This study investigated the feasibility of using some natural clay minerals available in Egypt like kaolinite, bentonite, also using of iron oxide, rock phosphate and mixture of these types to minimize the rate of Ni, Cu, Zn and Mn desorption from sewage soils and to evaluate the effect of these mixtures on Zn equivalent constant values before and after remediation. The obtained results indicated that all mixtures used were minimizing the rate of potential toxic elements （PTE＇s） release from sewage soils compared to control treatment. According to the decreasing order of different treatments, data indicated that application of the mixture treatment of bentonite, kaolinite and rock phosphate （RP） in sewage soils becomes the best treatment compared to other treatments used. However, the lowest and save Zn equivalent constant value which represents the hazard indicator in the study was observed in sewage soil treated with the mixture of bentonite and RP. The kinetic constants of Elovich, modified Freundlich and Hoerl equations, the best fitted models, were significantly decreased compared to control treatments with different percent of minimization according to type of pollutants and remediation material used. To understand the mechanisms of PTE＇s retained in treated sewage soil, distribution study was applied which showed that different pollutants studied were removed to hardly available form different mechanisms of PTE＇s undergo in treated sewage soils were discussed in the study.

The clinical effects of concurrent radiochemotherapy in cases suffered from stages III to IVa nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Objective： The aim of the study was to investigate the clinical effects of concurrent radiochemotherapy in treating locally advanced （Stages III-IVa） nasopharyngeal carcinomas （NPCs）. Methods： A total of 95 patients who suffered from nasopharyngeal carcinoma （Stages III-IVa） was divided into two groups： Group concurrent radiochemotherapy （Group CCRT, n = 49） and Group radiotherapy （Group RT, n = 46）. The two groups were both delivered conventional fractionated radiotherapy, while Group CCRT was delivered three cycles chemotherapy of PF （DDP ＋ 5-Fu） regimen or PLF （DDP ＋ 5-Fu ＋ CF） regimen. Results： The complete remission rate and total remission rate of Group CCRT were higher than those of Group RT, and the differences were of statistical importance （X2 = 4.72-7.19, P 〈 0.05）. The one-year overall survival （OS） rate was calculated by life table method, in Group CCRT, it was higher than that of Group RT and the difference was of statistical importance （X2 = 4.24, P 〈 0.05）. The 3-year overall survival （OS） rate, nasopharyngeal control rate and cervical lymph nodes＇ control rate of Group CCRT were all higher than those of Group RT and the differences were of statistical importance （X2 = 4.28-4.40, P 〈 0.05）. The 5-year overall survival （OS） rate and metastasis-free rate of Group CCRT were higher than those of Group RT and the differences were of statistical importance （X2 = 3.96-8.26, P 〈 0.05）. The incidence rates of acute toxicities in Group CCRT were obviously higher than those in Group RT, and the difference of gastrointestinal reaction was of statistical importance （X2 = 11.70, P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion： This study has demonstrated that concurrent radiochemotherapy can improve the remission rate, overall survival rate and locally control rate. The toxicities of concurrent radiochemotherapy can be tolerated by the patients.

Safety and efficacy of oral HD-03/ES given for six months in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection

AIM： To investigate the safety and efficacy of the formulation HD-03/ES capsules in the management of patients with chronic hepatitis B infection.METHODS： A total of 25 patients were recruited to the study and were given HD-03/ES, two capsules twice daily for six months. Clinical assessment of symptoms and signs were done using the ＂clinical observation table＂ once a month before and after the treatment. Biochemical investigations of total bilirubin, ALT, AST, serum protein for liver function tests were done every month after initiating treatment. Serum was analyzed for HBV markers for HBsAg, HBeAg and HBV DNA at baseline, 4 and 6 mo alter therapy using ELISA kits from Roche.RESULTS： After 6 mo of therapy with HD-03/ES, a significant reduction of ALT values from 66.5 ± 11.1 to 39.1 ± 5.2 （P 〈 0.01） and a significant HBsAg loss （52%, P 〈 0.001）, HBeAg loss （60%, P 〈 0.05） and HBV DNA loss （60%, P 〈 0.05） was observed. Adverse effects were mild and never warranted withdrawal of the drug.CONCLUSION： The results of this pilot study indicate that HD-03/ES might be a safe and effective treatment for chronic hepatitis B infection and a long-term multicentric comparator trial is warranted and under way.

A Few Specialized Issues That Should Be Focused on Anti-HIV Drug Evaluation In Vitro

Since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART), the lifespan and quality of life of patients infected with HIV have been significantly improved. But treatment efficacy was compromised eventually by the development of resistance to antiretroviral drugs, and more new anti-HIV drugs with lower toxicity and higher activity were needed. Based on the experience and lessons learned from the treatment in the developed countries, US FDA suggested that more pharmacodynamical researches should be considered ahead of the clinical trials. To facilitate the anti-HIV drug research and development, we reviewed a few specialized issues that should be focused on drug evaluations in vitro, including: 1) Mechanism of action studies, demonstrating the candidate drug's efficacy to specifically inhibit viral replication or a virus-specific function and confirm the drug target. 2) Drug resistance studies, selecting the drug-resistant variants in vitro and determining the activities inhibiting HIV isolates resistant to approved antiretroviral drugs of the same class. 3) Antiviral activity in vitro in the presence of serum proteins, ascertaining whether an investigational product is significantly bound by serum proteins. 4) Combination activity analysis, evaluating in vitro antiviral activity of an investigational product in two-drug combinations with other drugs approved.

Human endogenous retroviruses and cancer:Causality and therapeutic possibilities

A substantial part of the human genome is derived from transposable elements;remnants of ancient retroviral infections.Conservative estimates set the percentage of human endogenous retroviruses(HERVs) in the genome at 8%.For the most part,the interplay between mutations,epigenetic mechanisms and posttranscriptional regulations silence HERVs in somatic cells.We first highlight mechanisms by which activation of members of several HERV families may be associated with tumor development before discussing the arising chances for both diagnosis and therapy.It has been shown that at least in some cases,tumor cells expressing HERV open reading frames(ORFs) thus gain tumor-promoting functions.However,since these proteins are not expressed in healthy tissues,they become prime target structures.Of potential pharmacological interest are the prevention of HERV transposition,the inhibition of HERV-encoded protein expression and the interference with these proteins' activities.Evidence from recent studies unequivocally proves that HERV ORFs represent a very interesting source of novel tumor-specific antigens with even the potential to surpass entity boundaries.The development of new tumor(immune-) therapies is a very active field and true tumor-specific targets are of outstanding interest since they minimize the risk of autoimmunity and could reduce side effects.Finally,we postulate on main future research streams in order to stimulate discussion on this hot topic.