“毛毛”:永恒的艺术魅力

《毛毛》是德国作家米切尔.恩德最为优秀的代表作,它以深刻的哲理和高超的艺术技巧成为轰动世界的经典文学名著。"毛毛"与"灰先生"之间的斗争,即物质与精神的对峙,以及作者独特的艺术技巧几个方面对文本进行分析,以期更深刻地理解《毛毛》的哲理蕴含。

“毛毛”的秘密

“毛毛”来到基地安家已经快一年了。它本是一只流浪狗，漂泊到基地门口的时候，战士们纷纷拿出好吃的东西招待它。也许是战士们的热情打动了它，它厌倦了流浪的生活留了下来，成了基地里特殊的一员。战士们给它起了一个可爱的名字——“毛毛”。

出土战国简册“[鹿毛]”字考

“[鹿毛]”字战国楚简五见,当分析为从“毛”“麃”省声,是“毛”字加注声符“麃”而成的注音形声字,即“毛”字异体。湖北老河口安岗一、二号楚墓竹简中此字当分别读为“毛”和“表”,“毛”表示旗杆上的一般毛饰,“鲁帛之表”指鲁地丝帛制成的用来装竹杖的套衣。

加强温湿度管理,防治自动缫丝产生“毛毛丝”

本文通过对我国部分制丝厂将立缫更新改造为自动缫丝后,在秋冬季节易产生“毛毛丝”的问题进行了分析研究,总结出了产生“毛毛丝”的根本原因;指出了防治“毛毛丝”的措施。

Gene Chip Analysis of Expression Pattern of Type I Inner Root Sheath (IRS) Keratin in AoHan Wool Sheep

[Objective] The paper was to study the expression pattern of specific genes during wool anagen and telogen stages and its significance to AoHan wool sheep breeding. [Method] Gene chip technology was used to detect the expression of epithelial genes in neck and groin during anagen and telogen stages in AoHan wool sheep. [Result] The expression of type Ⅰ IRS keratin genes KRT25, KRT26, KRT27 and KRT28 in neck and groin of wool sheep were statistically analyzed, and the result showed that the expression in neck during anagen stage was significantly higher than that in groin （The multiple was more than two times, P0.01）. The expression changes of the genes during anagen and telogen stages were compared, and the results showed that the expression of all Type I IRS Keratin genes performed in groin showed significant decrease from anagen stage to telogen stage （P 0.05）, the expression changes of other genes were two times higher, except KRT25 （LOC443079）. [Conclusion] The result indicated that the expression of type Ⅰ IRS Keratin genes is closely related with the control of wool density in specific part and the whole wool development cycle.

Effects of Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine on the Structure of Duodenal Mucosa of Chickens under Heat Stress

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of traditional Chinese herbal medicine on the structure of duodenal mucosa of chickens under heat stress. [Method] One hundred and twenty 88-day-old Isa Brown chickens were randomly divided into six groups, including three control groups （normal temperature control group, high temperature control group, high temperature Vc control group） and three high-temperature administration groups （high-dose administration group, moderate-dose administration group, low-dose administration group）. Chickens in normal temperature control group were reared at 14-25 ℃, and those in other five groups were reared at 28-39 ℃. The experiment lasted 10 d. Five chickens in each group were euthanized at 1, 4, 8 and 10 d post-treatment, respectively. The duodenal mucosa was collected and prepared into tissue slices with the conventional method for hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. Mucosal thickness, villus length and crypt depth of duodenal mucosa were measured. [Result] Under heat stress, duodenal mucosal thickness and villus length were both significantly lower than those in normal temperature control group, and the duodenal villi were scarce and thin. However, under high temperature conditions, various indicators in high-dose and moderate-dose administration groups were higher than those in high temperature control group and high temperature Vc control group, which exhibited extremely significant differences at 8 and 10 d post-treatment, especially. Moreover, various indicators in high-dose administration group were significantly higher than those in moderate-dose and low-dose administration groups. The traditional Chinese herbal medicine prescription exhibited higher protective effects on duodenal mucosa of chickens under heat stress compared with high temperature Vc control group. [Conclusion] Under heat stress, traditional Chinese herbal medicine reduced effectively the duodenal mucosa damage in chickens.

Differential Expression of Immune Genes between Body Side Skin and Groin Skin of Aohan Fine Wool Sheep

[Objective] To get major genes for wool traits regulation from immune genes. [Methods] Microarray technology was used to detect differentially expressed immune genes between body side skin （more wool growing） and groin skin （no wool growing） of Aohan fine wool sheep. [Results] 46 immune genes （fold change 〉2.0） were identified and classified, and then 6 of which were selected for QPCR confir- mation. The degree of consistency of the QPCR and microarray results was 66.67%, [Conclusion] Immune privilege may participate in wool growth regulation.

Soil structure characters of different soil and water conservation plantations in typical black soil region

A study was conducted to determine the characters of soil structure in different water and soil conservation forests in Keshan County,northwest of Heilongjiang Province,China.The soil bulk density,the ratio of non-capillary porosity and capillary porosity（NCP/CP）,and the generalized soil structure index（GSSI） were measured for Fraxinus mandshurica,Larix gmelini,Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica,and Picea koraiensis plantations as well as the abandoned land（as control） adjacent to the forests in typical black soil region.Results show that at soil depth of 0–30cm,the soil bulk density of F.mandshurica forest and L.gmelini forest was lower than that of P.sylvestris var.mongolica forest and P.koraiensis forest,with the relative decrease of 8.04%–11.01%.The soil bulk density of L.gmelini forest was significantly different from that of the P.sylvestris var.mongolica forest and P.koraiensis forest.The NCP/CP values of the four types of plantations were all higher（59.75%–128.82% relatively） than that of abandoned land（p〈0.05）,indicating that the soil aeration and permeability under forest were enhanced,especially under L.gmelini forest.GSSI values of the four types of forests were also relatively higher（2.98%–4.36%） than abandoned land（p〈0.05）,indicating that those soil and water conservation forests,especially the F.mandshurica forest and P.koraiensis forest,can promote soil condition to approximate ideal soil structure.The result of this study can provide theoretical basis for scientifically evaluating the effects of vegetation restoration on soil quality in typical black soil region.

Description of a new Homidia species(Collembola: Entomobryidae) with labial chaetae expanded

Homidia triangulimacula sp. nov. is described from Tiantong National Forest Park, Zhejiang Province. It can be easily discriminated from other species of Homidia by triangular dark patch on dorsal central mesothorax, labial chaeta M replicated and labial basal and posterior labial chaetae expanded, 6＋6 macrochaetae on posterior abdominal segment IV, and middle S-chaeta posterior to macrochaeta m3 on abdominal segment V. A detailed morphological character comparison and a key to species with chaetae expanded on labium or posterior labium in Homidia are provided here.

Establishment and application of logging saturation interpretation equation in vuggy reservoirs

Vuggy reservoirs are the most common, albeit important heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs in China. However, saturation calculations using logging data are not well developed, whereas Archie method is more common. In this study, electrical conduction in a vuggy reservoir is theoretically analyzed to establish a new saturation equation for vuggy reservoirs. We found that vugs have a greater effect on saturation than resistivity, which causes inflection in the rock-electricity curve. Using single-variable exPeriments, we evaluated the effects of rug size, vug number, and vug distribution on the rock-electricity relation. Based on the general saturation model, a saturation equation for vuggy reservoirs is derived, and the physical significance of the equation parameters is discussed based on the seepage-electricity similarity. The equation parameters depend on the pore structure, and vugs and matrix pore size distribution. Furthermore, a method for calculating the equation parameters is proposed, which uses nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） data to calculate the capillary pressure curve. Field application of the proposed equation and parameter derivation method shows good match between calculated and experimental results, with an average absolute error of 5.8%.

Formation and Control of Drilling Burrs

In this paper, a new forming model of the feed direction burr for drilling process is presented. The feed direction burr formation is experimented and studied. The related theories are analyzed, and the influential factors of the feed direction burrs are pointed out. Furthermore, a certain number of new measures to prevent and decrease the burr in drilling process are advanced.

“毛道”杂考

"毛道"一词,中古佛典屡见,主要有两个意义:一是毛的顶端,与毛端同义;二是指儿童,在佛教文献里多与"凡夫"连文,很少独用。两个意义均可写作"毛头",原因是译经者方言里"道、头"同音所致。"儿童"义的"毛道",其语源来自于"髦"或"髦头",又写作"毛头"。

Comparison of ciliature microtubule organelles in three hypotrichous ciliate species

We examined the structure and spatial organization of ciliature base-associated microtubules （BAM） in three hypotrichous ciliates （Stylonychia mytilus, Pseudourostyla cristata, Euplotes woodruffi） in fluorescence microscopy. The results revealed that BAM, including the anterior （ALM）, posterior longitudinal microtubule （PLM） and the transverse microtubule （TM） bands, are composed of tubulin. The respective microtubular bands have cytoplasmic polarization patterns that are significantly asymmetric. The BAM of the midventral files in P. cristata appear cord-shaped compared with the ALM bands of transverse cirri in both S. mytilus and E. woodruffi, which extend to the left anterior side of the cell before converging. The TM bands of the left marginal cirri （MC） in S. rnytilus extend to the right side of the cell, while those of the right MC bands extend to the left. Our observations suggest that BAM traits are common in hypotrichous ciliates even though different species possess different microtubule arrangements related to the conserved cirral morphogenetic patterns in the respective species. The differing development of BAM in the three ciliate suggests that the microtubules may be conserved in different hypotrichs. We have also demonstrated that the BAM, which appear polar and asymmetric, are localized in specific cytoskeletal positions and extend in different orientations within the cortex to connect with other ciliature-associated structures and, thus, strengthen the cortex. These BAM features indicate that they are directly associated with cell motion.

Slope wavenumber spectrum models of capillary and capillary-gravity waves

Capillary and capillary-gravity waves possess a random character, and the slope wavenumber spectra of them can be used to represent mean distributions of wave energy with respect to spatial scale of variability. But simple and practical models of the slope wavenumber spectra have not been put forward so far. In this article, we address the accurate definition of the slope wavenumber spectra of water surface capillary and capillary-gravity waves. By combining the existing slope wavenumber models and using the dispersion relation of water surface waves, we derive the slope wavenumber spectrum models of capillary and capillary-gravity waves. Simultaneously, by using the slope wavenumber models, the dependence of the slope wavenumber spectrum on wind speed is analyzed using data obtained in an experiment which was performed in a laboratory wind wave tank. Generally speaking, the slope wavenumber spectra are influenced profoundly by the wind speed above water surface. The slope wavenumber spectrum increases with wind speed obviously and do not cross each other for different wind speeds. But, for the same wind speed, the slope wavenumber spectra are essentially identical, even though the capillary and capillary-gravity waves are excited at different times and locations. Furthermore, the slope wavenumber spectra obtained from the models agree quite well with experimental results as regards both the values and the shape of the curve.

Capillary force of a novel skew-grooved wick structure for micro heat pipes

In order to improve the capillary force of grooved wick, a novel skew-grooved wick structure was proposed for micro heat pipes. Risen meniscus experiments were carried out to research the capillary force of the skew-grooved and rectangle-grooved wick and a comparison of capillarity between the two wick structures was explored. A theoretical capillary force model of skew-grooved wick structure was also developed to calculate its effective capillary radius by comparing with the rectangle-grooved wick. From the experimental results, the maximum capillary force of the skewed-grooved wick is 8.62% larger than that of the rectangle-grooved wick. From the theoretical analysis, because the skewed-grooved wick has a smaller effective capillary radius, its maximum capillary force is 8.64% larger than that of the rectangle-grooved wick. The results indicate that the skew-grooved wick provides larger capillary force than the rectangle-grooved wick.

SHORT TIME DYNAMICS OF CILIATE ABUNDANCE IN THE BOHAI SEA (CHINA)

The ciliate community in the Bohai Sea (China) was studied from 23 September to 7 October 1998. A hurricane struck the study area between the two grid station investigations, which were six days apart. Six tintinnid species (Favella panamensis, Leptotintinnus nordqvisti, Tintinnopsis butschlii, T. karajacensis, T. Radix and Wangiella dicollaria) were identified. Total cililate abundance in the surface layer ranged from 20 to 770 ind/l. In the first grid investigation, Tintinnopsis karajacensis dominated in the warm, low salinity waters at the Huanghe River mouth. Aloricate ciliate sp.1 dominated in the cold, high salinity waters in the northwest of the study area and the Bohai Strait. In the second grid investigation, T. Karajacensis almost disappeared. The abundance of aloricate ciliate sp.1 decreased drastically. The aloricate ciliate sp.2 dominated at the Bohai Strait. The change of ciliate abundance may be due to the disturbance of hurricane.

Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Leaves Extracts from Native and Exotic Plants in Southern Brazil against Spodoptera frugiperda （Lepidoptera： Noctuidae） Caterpillars

The caterpillar Spodopterafrugiperda is an important pest of several crops, due to the damage it causes and the difficulty of its control. The method of controlling these pests is through chemical insecticides, which cause adverse effects to the biotic and abiotic environment. The selection of new insecticides that meet the requirements of efficacy, safety, selectivity and those are economically viable, is highlighting the study of mechanisms of plant defense. The present study aimed to verify the insecticide effect of 27 plants in three different types of plants extracts： aqueous, decoction and polypeptide on S. frugiperda. Three plants were chosen for performing sublethal effects bioassays： two plants with the highest corrected mortality （E. pulcherrima and R. simsii） and the other plant （Maytenus ilicifolia （espinheira santa）） with corrected mortality similar to control. In preliminaries bioassays, 25 plants showed corrected mortality less than 50%, according to Abbott＇s formula. R. simsii （azalea） and E. pulcherrima （billed parrot） showed 51% and 68% of corrected mortality, respectively. Only R. simsii aqueous and the three extracts of E. pulcherrima differ significantly from control （P 〈 0.05）. The aqueous extracts and decoction of R. simsii and polypeptide extract of E. pulcherrima reduced the larval period of S. frugiperda, different from control （P 〈 0.05）. The polypeptide extract of R. simsii reduced the pupal period of the target insect. The extracts obtained by decoction, aqueous and polypeptide of E. pulcherrima extracts and decoction of polypeptides and R. simsii affected the fertility and fecundity of S. frugiperda. For the other parameters, there is no significant difference when compared with the control. The results of this study suggest that the extracts obtained by decoction, aqueous and polypeptide of E. pulcherrima and R. simsii can be used to control S. frugiperda. However, the successful search, product starting from extracts of plants depends on the availability of plant and the entire assembly around the detection of bioactive products, in addition to the active ingredients of the chemical synthesis and elucidation of the target site insecticide molecule.

Taxonomic Studies on a New Marine Ciliate, Apocoleps magnus gen. nov., spec. nov. (Ciliophora, Colepidae), Isolated from Qingdao, China

The morphology and infraciliature of a new marine colepid ciliate, A＇pocoleps magnus gen. nov., spec. nov., are de- scribed based on living observations and silver impregnations. The new genus Apocoleps is characterized by having 8 （vs. 6 in most other related genera） armour tiers, spines at both ends of the cell, 3 adoral organelles and plates with 4 reniform uni-windows. Apo- coleps magnus spec. nov. is defined by the following features： body elongated and slightly curved, about 100-120p.mx 3545 lam in vivo; anterior tertiary tier plate with four uni-windows, most secondary and main tier plates with four uni-windows, posterior tertiary tier plate with two uni-windows; left plate margin slightly serrated; on average 23 transverse and 22 longitudinal ciliary rows; one terminal contractile vacuole; marine habitat.

Study on a New Method of Reducing the Water Shrinkage of Rabbit Hair Knitted Fabrics

In order to reduce the water shrinkage of rabbit hair knitted fabrics, a new method is developed, which is blending rabbit hairs with a little bit of blaze. The sericin on the blaze which can swell and melt in hot and wet condition can cohere the rabbit hairs through special processing. So the relative movement among fibers could be restricted. The testing results show that the water shrinkage of rabbit hair knitted fabrics can be greatly reduced after processed.