生育模式由“治民”向“民治”发展的探讨——以山西省翼城县H村计划生育为例

在对山西省翼城县H村30年人口生育发展脉络梳理的基础上,文章采用问卷调查和访谈法,对H村的生育模式进行了梳理,认为国家政策、育龄妇女受教育程度、家庭收入状况、农村社会保障制度、基层计生员责任心交互作用是H村"晚婚、晚育加间隔"政策成功的五大因素,也是计划生育由"治民"转向"民治"的关键。

Problems and Significance of Land Consolidation Projects Quality and Countermeasures

Land consolidation program would not only increase farmland area, but also improve land quality. With consideration of problems in land consolidation, such as highlighting number and ignoring quality, and compensating poor farmlands for occupied highly-qualified farmlands, the research proposed the importance of quality of land consolidation program and the way for improving the quality, in order to draw attention of national land consolidation industry for quality of the program, protect farmlands and crop safety, and advance social stability and harmony.

Farmer Participatory Evaluation of Nursery Bed Treatments for the Control of Root-Knot Nematodes [Meloidogynejavanica （Treub） Chitwood and Meloidogyne incognita （Kofoid and White） Chitwood] in Smallholder Farms in Kenya

Root-knot nematodes （Meloidogvne spp.） constrain the production of high value vegetable crops, such as tomato, on smallholder farms in Kenya. For several years, control of root-knot nematodes largely depended on the use of synthetic nematicides, most of which have been banned due to their toxicity to humans and the environment. Farmer-participatory trials were established, for two consecutive growing seasons on farmers＇ fields infested with root-knot nematodes （A4eloidogvne javanica and Meloidogyne incognita）, at two sites in central Kenya （Maragua and Kirinyaga districts）, representing two contrasting group of farmers （low-input and high-input）. The trials aimed at evaluating the potential of using biological control agents （BCAs）, i.e. Poehonia ehlamydosporia and Pasteuria penetrans, antagonistic plants （Crotalaria grahamiana and Tagetes minuta）, ＂＇trash burning＂ and chemical control （dazomet 98% = Basamid~ Granular） in the management of root-knot nematodes in tomato nursery beds, and quantify the associated net benefits, compared to an untreated control. Crotalaria grahamiana, ＂trash burning＂ and dazomet, significantly （P 〈 0.05） reduced the number of second-stage juveniles （J2s） of the root-knot nematodes in the soil in nursery beds during the first season at Karigui-ini, but there was no significant （P 〉 0.05） increase in yield after transplanting tomato seedlings from the respective treatment. Similarly, one of the BCAs （P. ehlamydosporia）, was effectively transferred to the field with seedlings from the BCA-treated nursery beds, but there was no significant （P 〉 0.05） increase in yield due to slow proliferation of the BCA, after transplanting. Participatory partial budgets were successfully developed with srnallholder farmers, and proved to be a vital tool in making informed decisions on management options for root-knot nematodes. In general, labour was considered by all farmers as the major input that contributed to the overall additional cost of the different treatments at both sites. This necessitates improvement in efficiency of labour resource use.

ACUPUNCTURE AT TRAGUS APEX FOR TREATMENT OF TRAUMATIC OCULAR MUSCLE PARALYSIS——A Report of 16 Cases

Traumatic ocular muscle paralysis is nota rare condition in clinical practice. However,complete recovery is very difficult. Withacupuncture at the tragus apex, we treated 16cases in the period of 1992-1996, withsatisfactory therapeutic results reported asfollows.

Democracy on the Road toward the Rule of Law Started from Umbrella Movement

This paper had started its words from the hot current Umbrella Movement in Hongkong, with putting forward the questions that ＂ What is the democracy？ ＂ and ＂ How should the democracy develop？ ＂ . And then, it had reviewed the historical development of the concept of democracy, on that basis, it had explored the socialist democratic system in China and analyzed the dilemmas in the construction of socialist democracy. And it gave the responses to questions in the beginning of the article and explained the reasons in details. At the last, some notes on the construction of democracy in China＇ s journey toward rule of law were written in this article.

A Study Into the Causes of the Dispute in China＇s Rural Areas

The process of urbanization and industrialization in China, has been instrumental in depriving villagers of land and their way of life. This has led to a series of conflicts between government and villagers over the land. This issue has become the core of the conflict. The present from-top-to-bottom rural planning does not meet villagers＇ needs. Within the rural area, there are close social and organizational relationships, the villagers strongly demand autonomy. This has led to conflict between the state and villagers rights of autonomy. The conflict is ongoing, it has never stopped. For the purpose of this paper, the rural area of Zhejiang Province was investigated. The method of the empirical study was employed in order to comprehensively analyze the developmental stage of urban-rural relations, planning systems, the conflict process, and difficulties in the process of urbanization. The study discovered that the conflict was led by different value orientations between the two stakeholders--the government and the villagers. This resulted in a series of conflicts over land and natural resources and added to the breakdown of relationships on both sides, this was an external manifestation of value orientation on both sides. In conclusion, the paper recommends conflict resolution proposals and measures to be employed at every stage of urbanization.

Corporate Governance Mechanisms： Evidence From Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises （SMEs）

This paper aims to investigate the extent to which Malaysian small- and medium-sized enterprises （SMEs） adopted corporate governance （CG） principles and their effects on firm performance. The principles examined included： establishing clear roles and responsibilities; strengthening composition; and reinforcing independence. The paper is based on a questionnaire survey study among 113 SMEs that consisted of 35% （39） of manufacturing and related services and 65% （74） from services including information and communication technology （ICT）, primary agriculture, construction, mining, and quarrying. The analysis of the data indicates that 32% of the respondents said that the primary reason why they have their own business is to have control over their own working life. This fmding appears to confirm the f＇mancing theory that SMEs owners have other goals than profitability. In addition, 30% of SMEs perceived that the most important role played by the board is risk management; hence, these boards have a greater control over financial risks that may lead to better financial performance. The analysis also shows that 81% of the respondents＇ board consisted of internal board members only. These enterprises need to see the important role of external board members as a source of advice providers and experts to them. For policies relating to clear roles and responsibilities of board, only 28% of the respondents established clear functions reserved for the board and those delegated to management; substantial respondents did not draw up policies relating to reinforce board independency （between 75% and 79%） and to strengthen board composition （46%）. Besides, 68% of the respondents have the position of chairman and CEO held by same individuals and 81% of the chairman is an executive member of the board. These findings suggest that SMEs cannot see the importance of strengthening board and having independent board members. Regression analysis also indicates that board independence has a significant and positive impact on firm performance. Hence, SMEs need to appreciate networking advantages, competency, and strategic knowledge that the right board can offer. The governmental ministries and agencies in Malaysia need to take active measures to encourage SMEs to strengthen their board governance, because SMEs are the important economic powers for stimulating national economic growth. This paper contributes to the empirical literatures on the adoption of CG principles and their effects on SMEs＇ firm performance in emerging markets.

Hypotheses of ＂Harmonious Man＂： The Humanity Upgrade of Management and It＇s Sustainability Significance

Hypotheses of humanity is the logical premise and foundation of institution design and perfect. ＂Political man＂ had boosted the sprout of ancient democracy polity, ＂economic man＂ has accelerated the development of market economy in immediate and modern times, ＂free man＂ described the blueprint of future society, and ＂harmonious man＂ will promote the construction of harmonious society and the development of management to conducting oneself so as to serve others. The article explains the theory headstream, abstract ways, basic intension and sustainability effect to the hypotheses of＂harmonious man＂.

Extremist Politics as an Instrument of Ethnic Assertions among the Bodos of Northeast India

Ethnic assertions worldwide have assumed different forms ranging from moderate methods of articulation of autonomy to extremist means of violent struggle. Resort to extremism by some sections of an ethnic group usually triggers inter-ethnic conflicts with other groups on the one hand and leads to confrontation with the state on the other. This paper seeks to examine the dynamics of this phenomenon in the context of Bodos, the largest plains tribe of Assam, a State of Northeast India. The paper enquires as to whether extremist politics has met the Bodo aspirations for self-determination or has intensified the conflicts and contradictions within the Bodo society with ramifications for other ethnic groups inhabiting the Bodo-dominated areas. It is also necessary to explore the responses of the Union and State governments to Bodo extremist politics for an understanding of the conflict management process.

The Environmental Democracy under Political Siege in Turkey

On June 24th, 2018, President Tayyip Erdogan, along with his pro-Islamic party, the Justice and Development Pazty, AKP, won the general election in Turkey, which will enable Mr. Erdogan to be a one-man ruler of the Republic of Turkey in the foreseeable future. Now, invested with infinite executive-presidential power, coupled with having complete control of the military, cabinet, judiciary and legislative branches, enables Mr. Erdogan to pursue his ambition to be a “nuclea3： power leader” in the Sunni Islamic world. The scientific denialism in general and environmental science, in particular, will reach a whole new level of insanity in Turkey where any conceivable environmental democracy will be abolished. The new government will further change the education establishment in every level and implement its anti-science political doctrines in which logic is an enemy and scientific truth is a menace. The last fifteen years of experience show that the AKP＇s politicians have become anti-science zealots who preach a dangerously new political cultism that is devoid of actual facts, if it does not fit their religious aberration narrative, Thus, virtually every aspect of the nuclear power program in Turkey will be a state secret under the control of one religiously motivated and driven ruler and this, should certainly sound alarm bells across the globe.

The TV as a Space of Identification and Differentiation

The objective of this article is to work the media representation of citizens＇ rights in television news. We have taken a particular case which happened in the province and the autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina during the second week of December 2010. Such circumstances were in opposition to housing rights and property. We selected a sample of three evening news （two private and one public） Telenoche, Telefe News, and Vision 7, with the intention of establishing a line of comparison in both media, and thereby recognizing the differences in patterns of representation the news. From the analysis of data, we realize the ways in which TV News defined the citizen complaint.

Rabeprazole vs esomeprazole in non-erosive gastro-esophageal reflux disease: A randomized, double-blind study in urban Asia

AIM：Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is becoming increasingly common in Asia. Data on the efficacy of proton pump inhibitors in patients with non-erosive GERD (NERD)in Asia is lacking. This double-blind study compared the efficacy and safety of rabeprazole with esomeprazole in relief of symptoms in patients with NERD.METHODS: One hundred and thirty-four patients with reflux symptoms of NERD and normal endoscopy were randomized to receive rabeprazole 10 mg or esomeprazole 20 mg once daily for 4 wk. Symptoms were recorded in a diary and changes in severity of symptoms noted.RESULTS: At 4 wk of treatment, rabeprazole 10 mg and esomeprazole 20 mg were comparable with regards to the primary endpoint of time to achieve 24-h symptomfree interval for heartburn 8.5 d vs9 d and regurgitation 6 d vs 7.5 d. Rabeprazole and esomeprazole were also similarly efficacious in term of patient's global evaluation with 96% of patients on rabeprazole and 87.9% of patients on esomeprazole, reporting that symptoms improved(P=NS). Satisfactory relief of day- and night-time symptoms was achieved in 98% of patients receiving rabeprazole and 81.4% of patients receiving esomeprazole. Adverse events were comparable in both groups (P = NS).CONCLUSION: Rabeprazole 10 mg has a similar efficacy and safety profile in Asians with NERD as esomeprazole 20 mg. Further study is necessary to investigate whether the small differences between the two drugs seen in this study are related to the improved pharmacodynamicpro perties of rabeprazole. Both drugs were well tolerated.

Analysis on the Background of a Coalition Government Proposed by the Communist Party of China

It was under extremely complex background at home and abroad that the Communist Party of China proposed to form a coalition government. Domestically, the Kuomintang was faced with military defeat and political crisis while the strength of the Communist Party of China grew increasingly. Besides, the Constitutionalism Movement launched by democratic parties failed. Internationally, the proposal of a coalition government was inspired politically by some European countries and promoted by the US-Soviet policies towards China. It had a significant impact on domestic and international situation at that time and pointed out the direction of Chinese political model for Chinese people.

Is a Human Right to Democracy Justifiable？

In this article, I examine the view that there is a human right to democracy, and consider why we should regard this issue as decisive in solving the problems of foreign interference in the protection of human rights. I also note that there has been almost no discussion about the holder of the human right to democracy, that is, who is to hold this right. After comparing John Rawls＇ argument against the human right to democracy and Thomas Christiano＇s argument for it and showing similarities and critical differences among their arguments, I insist that we ought to be sensitive when proclaiming that democracy--be it a minimally egalitarian democracy or a more exacting one--is a universal value. We have sufficient cause to consider carefully not only the political circumstances but also the political infrastructure of the country before we proceed to an even limited intervention in the name of the protection of a human right to democracy. If the human right to democracy is not just a right to vote, but a right to the whole process of establishment and enjoyment of democracy, it should be understood as a group right that pertains to a human population that legitimately claims political self-determination. Any human population that insists on the democratic self-determination of their political will is both able and entitled to establish and administer democratic institutions, regardless of the diversity of its ascribed or cultural characteristics. The establishment of such a group with a firm political identity should be considered as the political infrastructure to claim and exercise the human right to democracy.

The Origin of the Different Waves of Iranian Migration in France

From the knowledge exile of the 19th century, the profile changed towards the political refugee in 1908. French was then recognized as the official language in administration. Iranian migration later took on another dimension after the 1953 Coup, a politicization that reached a peak with the arrival in Paris of Khomeini on August 2, 1978. In spite of this migratory tradition, about 4,000 persons before the revolution, the majority being from the political and financial elite, these migratory flows amplified in the middle of the 1980s, in such a way that at the end of December 2014, there were 31,000 Iranians in France. This new phase which included four waves, from a sociological point of view, can be called the diasporaisation of Iranian migration. The socio-economic profile goes from the urban elite： lawyers, officials, journalists, teachers, doctors, nurses, magistrates, military officials, company directors, political exiles, etc., to artisans such as shopkeepers, garage owners, building contractors.., and finally from the skilled labourer, on through to unskilled workers in building, restauration or removals,

Postcolonialism and Socio-political Development in Africa： Learning Through the Literary Eyes of Ngugi Wa Thiong＇O

This study presents the fact that the relationship between the white colonialists and the black indigenous population threw up a myriad of socio-political cross fertilization in Africa. The way and manner the Whites related with the Black people, the levels of reactions and response of the black population to the invading socio-political values and standards during the colonial era has been the subject of interesting writings in Africa. Of significance in this class of writing in Kenya is Ngugi Wa Thiong＇O＇s works. His profound sympathy with his people in their weaknesses, their poverty in the socio-political development in Kenya, and particularly his hatred of exploitation, cruelty, and injustice are noteworthy. It is the thrust of this work to critically look at the socio-political change in postcolonial Kenya through the literary eyes of Ngugi in his remarkable and compelling work, Petals of Blood （1977）, with a view to establish the contributions of the work to real socio-political development in Kenya through the approaches of textual criticism, interpretation, and post-colonial theory. Thus, the study examines the socio-political development in postcolonial Kenyan society, the lifestyle of people, and the relationships that exist among Kenyan citizens, especially between the rich and the poor, the government （ruling class）, and the governed （masses）. It also establishes the basis for the continued prevalence of the themes of violence, corruption, injustice, disillusionment, decadence, and disintegration in contemporary Kenyan literature, in spite of the transformation and change in the socio-political setting of the State.

It Can＇t Be Like It Used to Be： Informality as a Contagion of Democratization in American Culture

The authors＇ purpose is to illustrate that counter cultures follow changes in democracy. While allowing more political freedom for individuals, such freedom is expressed by overtaking those rules, taboos, and mores that previously were followed when the minorities lacked that freedom. Changes occur in such topics as sexual mores, aesthetic appreciation of music, and the media. Beginning in the 1950s, American culture has changed dramatically because of changes in polities and the media. While not suggesting that this is good or bad, the authors profess that it is inevitable.

Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation versus repeat hepatectomy for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma:retrospective randomized control study

Objective:Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation(PRFA) is known to be as effective as hepatectomy for small hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) in the long-term.We wished to ascertain how it is for recurrent small HCC.Methods:From January 2009 to November 2011,a series of sixty-one patients were included in the study according to the criteria:each patient had one recurrent HCC,less than 5 cm in diameter.Twenty-six of the 61 patients were treated with PRFA and the other 35 were treated with repeat hepatectomy.Results:The interval from first surgery to recurrent for repeat hepatectomy and PRFA groups were(1,239.60±1,017.00) d and(903.42±975.11) d respectively(P=0.066).The tumor-free time after repeat hepatectomy and PRFA were(310.23±159.50) d and(278.27±123.29) d respectively(P=0.584).Size of tumor in repeat hepatectomy and PRFA were(7.34±3.16) cm^2 and(5.59±3.40) cm^2(P=0.215),the total expenditure for each patient of the two groups were(26,150.66±7,923.60) yuan and(21,135.00±1,156.76) yuan(RMB),and the time of hospitalization for each of the two groups were(15.29±4.28) d and(7.46±2.20) d(P<0.001).Conclusion:PRFA is proved to be as effective as repeat hepatectomy in the treatment of recurrent small HCC,and superior to repeat hepatectomy as it is less invasive.

Rights and Disagreement

Constitutionally protected rights remove political issues from the control of the democratically elected legislature. Since such rights therefore limit the power of the majority, recent work in rights theory argues that the constitutional protection of rights is inconsistent with the fundamental democratic idea of government by the people. According to this view, democracies should assign the power to resolve questions regarding the nature and extent of individual rights to the majority. Constitutional attempts to remove such questions from the public agenda, it is argued, are disrespectful to citizens who disagree with the views embodied in the constitutionalized rights. I argue that this critique： （1） is insufficiently attentive to the question of when legislation by the majority constitutes a legitimate exercise of political power; and （2） underestimates the importance of securing the constitutive conditions of democratic self-government.

The First Charity Law Formulated in China Opens an Age of Governing “The Good” According to Law

The 4th Session of the Twelfth National People＇s Congress of the People＇s Republic of China held a plenary meeting on March 16,2016,and adopted the Charity Law of the People＇s Republic of China,as the first charity law in China,it shall come into force on September 1,2016,