“氧工程”能把科幻变成现实吗？

一家实力强大的企业力图把计算变得像呼吸一样必要和自然。

Effect of Elastic Strains on Adsorption Energies of C,H and O on Transition Metal Oxides

Platinum(Pt)-based noble metal catalysts(PGMs)are the most widely used commercial catalysts,but they have the problems of high cost,low reserves,and susceptibility to small-molecule toxicity.Transition metal oxides(TMOs)are regarded as potential substitutes for PGMs because of their stability in oxidizing environments and excellent catalytic performance.In this study,comprehensive investigation into the influence of elastic strains on the adsorption energies of carbon(C),hydrogen(H)and oxygen(O)on TMOs was conducted.Based on density functional theory(DFT)calculations,these effects in both tetragonal structures(PtO_(2),PdO_(2))and hexagonal structures(ZnO,CdO),along with their respective transition metals were systematically explored.It was identified that the optimal adsorption sites on metal oxides pinpointed the top of oxygen or the top of metal atom,while face-centered cubic(FCC)and hexagonal close-packed(HCP)holes were preferred for the transition metals.Furthermore,under the influence of elastic strains,the results demonstrated significant disparities in the adsorption energies of H and O between oxides and transition metals.Despite these differences,the effect of elastic strains on the adsorption energies of C,H and O on TMOs mirrored those on transition metals:adsorption energies increased under compressive strains,indicating weaker adsorption,and decreased under tension strains,indicating stronger adsorption.This behavior was rationalized based on the d-band model for adsorption atop a metallic atom or the p-band model for adsorption atop an oxygen atom.Consequently,elastic strains present a promising avenue for tailoring the catalytic properties of TMOs.

Fuzzy Support Vector Regression Model of 4-CBA Concentration for Industrial PTA Oxidation Process

In the past few years, support vector machines (SVMs) have been applied to many fields, such as pattern recognition and data mining, etc. However there still exist some problems to be solved. One of them is that the SVM is very sensitive to outliers or noises because of over-fitting problem. In this paper, a fuzzy support vector regression (FSVR) method is presented to deal with this problem. Strategies based on k nearest neighbor (kNN) and support vector data description (SVDD) are adopted to set the fuzzy membership values of data points in FSVR.The proposed FSVR soft sensor models based on kNN and SVDD are employed to predict the concentration of 4-carboxy-benzaldehyde (4-CBA) in purified terephthalic acid (PTA) oxidation process. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method indeed reduces the effect of outliers and yields higher accuracy.

On-line Monitoring for Phosphorus Removal Process and Bacterial Community in Sequencing Batch Reactor

For efficient energy consumption and control of effluent quality, the cycle duration for a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) needs to be adjusted by real-time control according to the characteristics and loading of waste-water. In this study, an on-line information system for phosphorus removal processes was established. Based on the analysis for four systems with different ecological community structures and two operation modes, anaerobic-aerobic process and anaerobic-anaerobic process, the characteristic patterns of oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and pH were related to phosphorous dynamics in the anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic phases, for determination of the end of phosphorous removal. In the operation mode of anaerobic-aerobic process, the pH profile in the anaerobic phase was used to estimate the relative amount of phosphorous accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulat-ing organisms (GAOs), which is beneficial to early detection of ecology community shifts. The on-line sensor val-ues of pH and ORP may be used as the parameters to adjust the duration for phosphorous removal and community shifts to cope with influent variations and maintain appropriate operation conditions.

Intrinsic photocatalytic water oxidation activity of Mn-doped ferroelectric BiFeO3

The development of stable and efficient visible light-absorbing oxide-based semiconductor photocatalysts is a desirable task for solar water splitting applications.Recently,we proposed that the low photocurrent density in film-based BiFeO_(3)(BFO)is due to charge recombination at the interface of the domain walls,which could be largely reduced in particulate photocatalyst systems.To demonstrate this hypothesis,in this work we synthesized particulate BFO and Mn-doped BiFeO_(3)(Mn-BFO)by the sol-gel method.Photocatalytic water oxidation tests showed that pure BFO had an intrinsic photocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction(OER)activity of 70μmol h^(-1) g^(-1),while BFO-2,with an optimum amount of Mn doping(0.05%),showed an OER activity of 255μmol h^(-1) g^(-1) under visible light(λ≥420 nm)irradiation.The bandgap of Mn-doped BFO could be reduced from 2.1 to 1.36 eV by varying the amount of Mn doping.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations suggested that surface Fe(rather than Mn)species serve as the active sites for water oxidation,because the overpotential for water oxidation on Fe species after Mn doping is 0.51 V,which is the lowest value measured for the different Fe and Mn species examined in this study.The improved photocatalytic water oxidation activity of Mn-BFO is ascribed to the synergistic effect of the bandgap narrowing,which increases the absorption of visible light,reduces the activation energy of water oxidation,and inhibits the recombination of photogenerated charges.This work demonstrates that Mn doping is an effective strategy to enhance the intrinsic photocatalytic water oxidation activity of particulate ferroelectric BFO photocatalysts.

Nitrosation Reaction Without Nitrogen Oxide Waste Gas Emission and Its Engineering Practice

The gas-liquid phase equilibrium is used in controlling the nitrosation reaction process. Decomposition of nitrous acid and oxidation side reaction.are suppressed in a closed reaction system. The system pressure is used as the criterion of the end of reaction, avoiding excessive feeding and reducing＇the decomposition＇of nitrous acid. The head space of the reactor is used as the gas buffer, stabilizing the feeding fluctuations and inhibiting the side reaction, decomposition of nitrous acid. Nitrogen oxide concentration is controlled at the minimum level.Thus the zero release ofnitrogen ox!de waste gas can be achieved without using any absorption process.

Solution chemistry back‐contact FTO/hematite interface engineering for efficient photocatalytic water oxidation

This work describes a simple yet powerful scalable solution chemistry strategy to create back‐contact rich interfaces between substrates such as commercial transparent conducting fluorine‐doped tin oxide coated glass(FTO)and photoactive thin films such as hematite for low‐cost water oxidation reaction.High‐resolution electron microscopy(SEM,TEM,STEM),atomic force microscopy(AFM),elemental chemical mapping(EELS,EDS)and photoelectrochemical(PEC)investigations reveal that the mechanical stress,lattice mismatch,electron energy barrier,and voids between FTO and hematite at the back‐contact interface as well as short‐circuit and detrimental reaction between FTO and the electrolyte can be alleviated by engineering the chemical composition of the precursor solutions,thus increasing the overall efficiency of these low‐cost photoanodes for water oxidation reaction for a clean and sustainable generation of hydrogen from PEC water‐splitting.These findings are of significant importance to improve the charge collection efficiency by minimizing electron‐hole recombination observed at back‐contact interfaces and grain boundaries in mesoporous electrodes,thus improving the overall efficiency and scalability of low‐cost PEC water splitting devices.

Lipid Oxidation and Fatty Acid Composition in Salt-Dried Yellow Croaker(Pseudosciaena polyactis) During Processing

Lipid oxidation in salt-dried yellow croaker(Pseudosciaena polyactis) was evaluated during processing with commonly used analytical indices, such as the peroxide value(POV), the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) value, and oxidative-relative lipoxygenase(LOX) activity. Additionally, fatty acids were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Both POV and TBARS increased significantly(P < 0.05) at the rinsing stage. POV reached its peak value of 3.63 meq O_2 per kg sample at the drying stage, whereas TBARS constantly increased from 0.05 to 0.20 mg MDA per kg sample. Processing of salt-dried yellow croaker had an extremely significant(P < 0.01) effect on LOX activity. Twenty-six fatty acids were identified. Combined eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA; C20:5n3) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA; C22:6n3) content varied between(19.20 ±0.37) mg g^(-1) and(23.45 ± 1.05) mg g^(-1). The polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid(PUFA/SFA) ratio in yellow croaker was 0.73–1.10, and the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was approximately 0.13–0.20. The contents of most fatty acids varied significantly(P <0.05) during the different processing stages, and these differences were caused by lipid oxidation. C18:0, C16:1n7, C19:0, and C22:6n3 showed clear changes in principle component one of a principle components analysis. These fatty acids are potential markers for evaluating lipid oxidation in fish muscle because there was a significant correlation between these markers and TBARS and LOX activity(P < 0.05) with Pearson's coefficients > 0.931.

Scientific and Engineering Progress in CO_2 Minerali zation Using Industrial Waste and Natural Minerals

The issues of reducing CO_2 levels in the atmo-sphere, sustainably utilizing natural mineral resources,and dealing with indus trial waste offer challenging opportunities for sustainable development in energy and the environment. The latest advances in CO_2 mineralization technology involving natural minerals and industrial waste are summarized in this paper, with great emphasis on the advancement of fundamental science, economic evaluation, and engineering applications. We discuss several lead-ing large-scale CO_2 mineralization methodologies from a techn ical and engineering-science perspective. For each technology option, we give an overview of the technical parameters, reaction pathway, reactivity, procedural scheme, and laboratorial and pilot devices. Furthermore, we present a discussion of each technology based on experimental results and the literature. Finally, current gaps in knowledge are identified in the conclusion, and an overview of the challenges and opportunities for future research in this field is provided.

Role of transition-metal electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution with Si-based photoanodes

A comprehensive understanding of the role of the electrocatalyst in photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting is central to improving its performance.Herein,taking the Si-based photoanodes(n^(+)p-Si/SiO_(x)/Fe/FeOx/MOOH,M=Fe,Co,Ni)as a model system,we investigate the effect of the transition-metal electrocatalysts on the oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Among the photoanodes with the three different electrocatalysts,the best OER activity,with a low-onset potential of∼1.01 VRHE,a high photocurrent density of 24.10 mA cm^(-2)at 1.23 VRHE,and a remarkable saturation photocurrent density of 38.82 mA cm^(-2),was obtained with the NiOOH overlayer under AM 1.5G simulated sunlight(100 mW cm^(-2))in 1 M KOH electrolyte.The optimal interfacial engineering for electrocatalysts plays a key role for achieving high performance because it promotes interfacial charge transport,provides a larger number of surface active sites,and results in higher OER activity,compared to other electrocatalysts.This study provides insights into how electrocatalysts function in water-splitting devices to guide future studies of solar energy conversion.

Lubricant Biodegradation Enhancers: Designed Chemistry and Engineered Technology

In recent decades, a growing worldwide trend of developing the biodegradable lubricants has been prevailing to form a specific field of green chemistry and green engineering. Enhancement of biodegradability of unreadily biodegradable petroleum-based lubricants has as such become an urgent must. For over a decade the authors have been focusing on the improvement of biodegradability of unreadily biodegradable lubricants such as petroleum-based lubricating oils and greases. A new idea of lubricant biodegradation enhancer was put forward by the authors with the aim to stimulate the biodegradation of unreadily biodegradable lubricants by incorporating the enhancer into the lubricants in order to turn the lubricants into greener biodegradable ones and to help in situ bioremediation of lubricant-contaminated environment. This manuscript summarizes our recent efforts relating to the chemistry and technology of biodegradation enhancers for lubricants. Firstly, the chemistry of lubricant biodegradation enhancers was designed based on the principles of bioremediation for the treatment of hydrocarbon contaminated environment. Secondly, the ability of the designed biodegradation enhancers for increasing the biodegradability of unreadily biodegradable industrial lubricants was investigated through biodegradability evaluation tests, microbial population analysis, and biodegradation kinetics modeling. Finally, the impact of biodegradation enhancers on some crucial performance characteristics of lubricants such as lubricity and oxidation stability was tested via tribological evaluation and oxidation determinations. Our results have shown that the designed chemistry of nitrogenous and/or phosphorous compounds such as lauroyl glutamine, oleoyl glycine, oleic diethanolamide phosphate and lauric diethanolamide borate was outstanding in boosting biodegradation of petroleum-based lubricants which was ascribed to increase the microbial population and decrease the oil-water interfacial tension during the biodegradation process. Lubricants doped with the biodegradation enhancers exhibited much better biodegradability and higher biodegradation rate in the surrounding soils which could be well modeled by the exponential biodegradation kinetics. Furthermore, as lubricant dopants, the biodegradation enhancers also provided excellent capability in reducing friction and wear and in retarding oxidation of lubricants. In the nature of things, lubricant biodegradation enhancers, which are multi-functional not only in the improvement of biodegradability, but also in the fortification of lubricity and in the inhibition of oxidation of lubricants, are expected to be promising as a new category of lubricant additives.

Multiple carbon interface engineering to boost oxygen evolution of Ni Fe nanocomposite electrocatalyst

Interface engineering has been widely investigated to regulate the structure and performance of electrodes and photoelectrodes,but the investigation of multiple carbon interface modifications on the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is still shortage.Herein,we report remarkable promotion of OER performance on the NiFe‐based nanocomposite electrocatalyst via the synergy of multiple carbon‐based interface engineering.Specifically,carbon nanotubes were in situ grown on carbon fiber paper to improve the interface between CFP and NiFeO_(x)H_(y),and graphite carbon nanoparticles were in situ loaded and partly doped into the NiFeO_(x)H_(y) to modify the intergranular interface charge transfer and electronic structure of NiFeO_(x)H_(y).Consequently,the as‐obtained NiFeO_(x)H_(y)‐C/CNTs/CFP catalyst exhibited significantly enhanced electrocatalytic OER activity with an overpotential of 202 mV at 10 mA cm^(-2) in 1 mol L^(-1) KOH.Our work not only extends application of carbon materials but also provides an alternative strategy to develop highly efficient electrocatalysts.

Surface characteristics and structure of oxide films containing Ca and P on Ti substrate

The oxide films were obtained in an electrolyte of calcium glycerphosphate (Ca-GP) and calcium acetate (CA) by microarc oxidation (MAO). The oxide films displayed a porous and rough structure on the film surface, and the roughness tended to increase with increasing voltage of microarc oxidation. The oxide film exhibited a uniform coating and tends to be well boned to the substrate. The thickness of oxide films depended on the final voltage at a constant concentration of electrolyte solution. Ca and P were also incorporated into the oxide film during the microarc oxidation process. It was found that the electrolyte of calcium glycerphosphate (Ca-GP) and calcium acetate (CA) was suitable for microarc oxidation to form oxide film containing Ca and P on Ti substrate. The concentration of Ca and P were 11.6 at% and 6.4 at%, respectively, when microarc oxidation was performed in the electrolyte of 0.06 M Ca-GP and 0.25 M CA at current density 50 A/m^2 and final voltage 350 V. The composition of the Ca, P and Ti changed during depth profiling. The crystalline phases were only anatase when final voltage was below 300 V and rutile was presented when voltage was up to 350 V. The microstructure, phase structure and phase composition were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), energy dispersive X-ray microanalyser (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

Non-specific Arm Pain

Non-specific arm pain is a special clinical condition that can occur in work-related activities that involve maintaining a static position for prolonged periods or repetitive and frequent movements of the hand or entire arm. Such activities include typing on a keyboard, maneuvering a computer mouse, playing musical instruments （such as piano and guitar） and many forms of manual labor. The pain is dull and diffuse; It is localized in the forearm or in the hand but quickly can expand to the entire extremity. Non-specific arm pain is the most frequent type of work-related pain after lower-back pain. It thus has important socio-economic significance as a major cause of absence from work. The designation of ＂non-specific＂ originates from the fact that it has no obvious signs of tissue damage, unlike the ＂specific＂ pain accompanying carpal tunnel syndrome, tenosinovitis de Quervain, or lateral epicondylitis. Suggested causes of the pain include microtrauma of soft tissue followed by an inflammatory reaction, ischemia, fatigue, hyper-sensitization of nociceptors, focal dystonia of the hand and/or psychological stress. Treatment consists of application of NSAIDs, physical modalities, stretching and aerobic exercises. Prevention focuses on ergonomic modification during manual labor or work on a computer.

Study of Sandy Silica Properties in Area of Edree （Libya） and the Possibility of Using in Various Engineering Industries

Silica materials are located in various regions of Libya in large quantities and different mining conditions, so the purpose of this study is silica materials in the south-west of the Libyan region Edree in terms of quality and the possibility of using in various engineering industries, particularly construction. The results show that the sands of silica presented in Edree area are of a high degree of purity, as the percentage of silicon （SIO2） reached 99.5%, the percentage of impurities was negligible and represented in some chemical elements in different proportions, such as calcium 0.224%, sodium 0.004%, iron 0.0006%, zinc 0.0003%, boron 0.0003%, potassium 0.0001%, manganese 0.0001% and magnesium 0.0001%, making these materials very suitable in the manufacture of all types of glass, crystal and semi-crystalline high-quality without needing any important treatment, as well as its suitability as a refinement in manufacture of templates metal castings in addition to the possibility of use in the manufacture of cement, building materials and as a filler in paint and brick making and sand and concrete elements can also be used in electronic industries. A geological material of silica present in the form of a sequence of layers of clay and thin layers of sand stone and a large stock of high-quality near the surface, making mining operations of the type of surface and reduces the cost of extraction.

The Potential Application of Plant Essential Oils/Extracts as Natural Preservatives in Oils during Processing： A Review

The present work summarizes recent investigations carried out about the usage of natural antioxidants in lipid-rich food during processing. Synthetic antioxidants have been used as food additives to retard lipid oxidation and development of off-flavor for over 50 years. However, the literature has expressed safety concerns and health risks （toxic and carcinogenic effects） associated with the use of synthetic antioxidants recently. Natural antioxidative substances from the polyphenols of edible plants are believed to be safer and may provide with additional health benefits and more effective compared to synthetic antioxidants. Due to the fact that natural antioxidants are additives that people mixed with food and consumed for centuries, they are known to be safe by the consumer. Therefore, it is an area worth to investigate due to consumer concerns about health. In the literature, there are many studies showing that the natural antioxidants have important antioxidant effect. Plants （oil seeds, cereals, vegetables, fruits, herb and spices）, compounds from animal source （peptides and amino acids）, enzymes and some microorganisms are important natural antioxidants. Plant extracts have been widely used to retard lipid oxidation in foods during frying and accelerated storage processes. They were found as strong antioxidant sources due to their high contents of phenolic compounds. There are countless studies about natural antioxidants. However, they have not been investigated completely by means of toxicology.

Importance, features and uses of metal oxide catalysts in heterogeneous catalysis

This short review paper aims at assembling the present state of the art of the multiuses of metal oxides in heterogeneous catalysis, concerning liquid and gaseous phases of the reactant mixtures on solid catalysts. It includes the description of the main types of metal oxide catalysts, of their various preparation procedures and of the main reactions catalysed by them (acid-base type, selective and total oxidations, bi-functional catalysis, photocatalysis, biomass treatments, environmental catalysis and some of the numerous industrial applications). Challenges and prospectives are also discussed.

A Case Study on Construction Dewatering-lnduced Settlement Damage： Could This Have Been Avoided？

A homeowner reported extensive settlement damage approximately two weeks after the groundwater in the vicinity of the home was lowered at a nearby construction project. The infrastructure improvement project consisted of installing a 27-inch-diameter sanitary sewer main with an invert elevation about 19 ft below existing grade. Groundwater was lowered 12 ft during construction, down to a depth of 23 ft below existing grade. This paper addresses the following key questions regarding settlement and potential structural damage as a result of a temporary drop in groundwater caused by construction dewatering： （1） How could a decrease in groundwater elevation cause settlement？ （2） Is this a highly unusual or atypical phenomenon that cannot be explained or estimated using science and engineering techniques available to the engineering profession？ （3） Based on the standard of care at the time, should these problems have been anticipated, or at least examined, by the engineering firms engaged on this project？ Answers to these questions are addressed herein using results from geotechnical analyses and data obtained from laboratory and in-situ tests.

Estimation of the Carbon Dioxide Formation in Heat-Power Complex of the Central Asia and Prospective of Development of Hydrogen Power Engineering

In structure of manufacture of PFER （primary fuel and energy resources） in Central Asia region the leading place occupies now organic fuel. Thus about half of total amount of power resources it is necessary on the natural gas which basic stocks are concentrated in Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. More than 95% of all electric power in Tajikistan is developed by hydroelectric power stations. Use of hydrogen as energy carrier allows to consider and solve power problems in close connection with ecological. At a large factory electrolysis of water with capacity of 450 t/day and more expenses of the electric power on 1 m3 hydrogen can be finished by capacity up to 4.0-4.5 kWt.h. At such expense of the electric power in a number of power situations electrolysis of water, even in modem conditions can become a competitive method of obtaining of hydrogen.

Effect of Electrical Stimulation on the Growth of Endothelial Cell

Exogenous electrical stimulation plays an important role on endothelial cells and vessels. Study on the effect of electrical stimulation on endothelial cells might be helpful to regulate cell metabolism on a certain extent, or provide new ideas for vascular tissue engineering. A bioreactor that can apply electrical stimulation was designed on the basis of parallel-plate chamber. To investigate the possible effect of electrical stimulation on human umbilical vein endothelial cells （HUVECs）, the different levels and duration＇s electrical stimulations were applied to HUVECs in culture. The cell morphology was observed by microscopy and the levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase （eNOS） gene were measured by RT-PCR. Different levels and durations of electrical stimulation produce different effects on eNOS gene expression. The eNOS gene expressions of the experimental group ceils under the voltage of 50 mV, 100 mV, 150 mV and 200 mV were significantly lower than that of the control group after 3-hour electrical stimulation, while the eNOS gene levels of the experimental group cells in 6-hour electrical stimulation were higher than those of the control group under all tested voltages. After 12-hour stimulation, the eNOS gene levels of HUVECs decreased under 50 mV, and then gradually increased until 200 inV. The low voltage of 6-hour electrical stimulation is more appropriate for HUVECs growth.