Spain became a net receiver country of a high number of foreigners entering the labour market in the first decade of the 21 st century. The ensuing economic crisis, beginning in 2007, led to the destruction of a large...Spain became a net receiver country of a high number of foreigners entering the labour market in the first decade of the 21 st century. The ensuing economic crisis, beginning in 2007, led to the destruction of a large number of companies and jobs. The objective of this paper is to analyze the relationship between educational level, employment and economic activity, in the Spanish and foreign working population in the Spanish labour market and the impact that the economic crisis is having on employment and self-employment. The hypotheses considered have been as followed--HI： The economic crisis mainly affects the less educated working population, both Spanish and foreign; H2： Self-employment is characterized by being an initiative of a working population with low educational levels for both population groups （Spanish and foreign）; H3： Employment is related to the productive economic structure. Micro-data from the Labour Force Survey 2009 （EPA in Spanish） has been used, compiled by Spains National Statistics Office （INE in Spanish）, and it has been applied Multiple Correspondence Analysis （MCA） to detect possible associations among the study variables （nationality, level of education, salaried employment, self-employment and economic activity）. The results show significant differences between both groups： Spanish and foreign working population. The study also shows how the crisis affects employment, and the important role played by the educational level of the working population, especially foreigners employed in certain economic activities.展开更多
This paper describes in a general way the objectives, contents and methods of molecular breeding, and the application of molecular breeding in hybrid rice.
The FAs （fulvic acids） belong to natural organic contaminants that are commonly found in different environments. In the process of oxidation and disinfection FAs are precursors of toxic substances, which cause a pro...The FAs （fulvic acids） belong to natural organic contaminants that are commonly found in different environments. In the process of oxidation and disinfection FAs are precursors of toxic substances, which cause a problem in many water treatment plants. In the sewage treatment plants, FAs are not biodegradable and together with purified wastewater and are discharged into surface waters. One of important source of the formation of FAs is the municipal landfill. In this thesis the authors test the amount of soluble fulvic acids present in the leachate of Barycz landfill in Krakow. The extracted FAs were subjected to a detailed analysis for the content of metals and IR spectrum analysis has also been done. Basing on elemental composition the C/O, C/H and C/N ratios have been determined. The obtained data were compared with the characteristics specified in the literature.展开更多
The combination of photovoltaic system with a thermal to form the hybrid PVT （photovoltaic thermal）, which together will generate electricity and heat. This energy depends on the input that is to say the energy of s...The combination of photovoltaic system with a thermal to form the hybrid PVT （photovoltaic thermal）, which together will generate electricity and heat. This energy depends on the input that is to say the energy of solar radiation, temperature and speed wind and output which is the operating temperature of the system. This production also depends on the mode of heat removal. The authors present in this article; a study by a numerical simulation of the thermal behavior of a prototype hybrid sensor through the development of an energy balance that involves heat exchange between the different components of the hybrid sensor, and it will allow us to study the influence of internal and external parameters on the temperature variation in the different layers of the prototype PV/T studied.展开更多
Transport risk assessment for the environment has two important aspects--problem solving model and solution veracity. Problem solving model is larger understanding of tasks interconnection, which represents in itself ...Transport risk assessment for the environment has two important aspects--problem solving model and solution veracity. Problem solving model is larger understanding of tasks interconnection, which represents in itself partial solution of general risk assessment. Veracity of solution means how the results are consistent with the reality. By researching of both aspects, it rises many unanswered questions. It is concerned about verification and validation of risk assessment results. By risk assessment for the environment it is possible to meet wide variety of more or less good soluble problems. It exists simple problems based on risk assessment of common traffic accidents connected with service charge outflow. On the other site, it exists complex problems of risk assessment connected with dangerous goods transport by traffic or pipelines. By simple problems solving there are not many questions about risk assessment veracity. It is possible to determine traffic accidents frequencies and service charge outflows consequences on the basis of examined events in transportation with great veracity. By complex problems the situation is quite different. The frequencies of large accidents are very low but the consequences for the environment may be large. Both are encumbered by large level of uncertainty. That is why the question is rising. To what degree, it is in these cases correct to make decision based on risk assessment.展开更多
Nitrogen （N） cycling in boreal peatland ecosystems may be influenced in important ways by freeze-thaw cycles （FTCs）. Adsorption and desorption of ammonium ions （NH4＋） were examined in a controlled laboratory ex...Nitrogen （N） cycling in boreal peatland ecosystems may be influenced in important ways by freeze-thaw cycles （FTCs）. Adsorption and desorption of ammonium ions （NH4＋） were examined in a controlled laboratory experiment for soils sampled from palustrine wetland, riverine wetland, and farmland reclaimed from natural wetland in response to the number of FTCs. The results indicate that freeze-thaw significantly increased the adsorption capacity of NH： and reduced the desorption potential of NH4＋ in the wetland soils. There were significant differences in the NH4＋ adsorption amount between the soils with and without freeze-thaw treatment. The adsorption amount of NH4＋ increased with increasing FTCs. The palustrine wetland soil had a greater adsorption capacity and a weaker desorption potential of NH4＋ than the riverine wetland soil because of the significantly higher clay content and cation exchange capacity （CEC） of the riverine wetland soil. Because of the altered soil physical and chemical properties and hydroperiods, the adsorption capacity of NH4＋ was smaller in the farmland soil than in the wetland soils, while the desorption potential of the farmland soil was higher than that of the wetland soils. Thus, wetland reclamation would decrease adsorption capacity and increase desorption potential of NH4＋, which could result in N loss from the farmland soil. FTCs might mitigate N loss from soils and reduce the risk of water pollution in downstream ecosystems.展开更多
文摘Spain became a net receiver country of a high number of foreigners entering the labour market in the first decade of the 21 st century. The ensuing economic crisis, beginning in 2007, led to the destruction of a large number of companies and jobs. The objective of this paper is to analyze the relationship between educational level, employment and economic activity, in the Spanish and foreign working population in the Spanish labour market and the impact that the economic crisis is having on employment and self-employment. The hypotheses considered have been as followed--HI： The economic crisis mainly affects the less educated working population, both Spanish and foreign; H2： Self-employment is characterized by being an initiative of a working population with low educational levels for both population groups （Spanish and foreign）; H3： Employment is related to the productive economic structure. Micro-data from the Labour Force Survey 2009 （EPA in Spanish） has been used, compiled by Spains National Statistics Office （INE in Spanish）, and it has been applied Multiple Correspondence Analysis （MCA） to detect possible associations among the study variables （nationality, level of education, salaried employment, self-employment and economic activity）. The results show significant differences between both groups： Spanish and foreign working population. The study also shows how the crisis affects employment, and the important role played by the educational level of the working population, especially foreigners employed in certain economic activities.
文摘This paper describes in a general way the objectives, contents and methods of molecular breeding, and the application of molecular breeding in hybrid rice.
文摘The FAs （fulvic acids） belong to natural organic contaminants that are commonly found in different environments. In the process of oxidation and disinfection FAs are precursors of toxic substances, which cause a problem in many water treatment plants. In the sewage treatment plants, FAs are not biodegradable and together with purified wastewater and are discharged into surface waters. One of important source of the formation of FAs is the municipal landfill. In this thesis the authors test the amount of soluble fulvic acids present in the leachate of Barycz landfill in Krakow. The extracted FAs were subjected to a detailed analysis for the content of metals and IR spectrum analysis has also been done. Basing on elemental composition the C/O, C/H and C/N ratios have been determined. The obtained data were compared with the characteristics specified in the literature.
文摘The combination of photovoltaic system with a thermal to form the hybrid PVT （photovoltaic thermal）, which together will generate electricity and heat. This energy depends on the input that is to say the energy of solar radiation, temperature and speed wind and output which is the operating temperature of the system. This production also depends on the mode of heat removal. The authors present in this article; a study by a numerical simulation of the thermal behavior of a prototype hybrid sensor through the development of an energy balance that involves heat exchange between the different components of the hybrid sensor, and it will allow us to study the influence of internal and external parameters on the temperature variation in the different layers of the prototype PV/T studied.
文摘Transport risk assessment for the environment has two important aspects--problem solving model and solution veracity. Problem solving model is larger understanding of tasks interconnection, which represents in itself partial solution of general risk assessment. Veracity of solution means how the results are consistent with the reality. By researching of both aspects, it rises many unanswered questions. It is concerned about verification and validation of risk assessment results. By risk assessment for the environment it is possible to meet wide variety of more or less good soluble problems. It exists simple problems based on risk assessment of common traffic accidents connected with service charge outflow. On the other site, it exists complex problems of risk assessment connected with dangerous goods transport by traffic or pipelines. By simple problems solving there are not many questions about risk assessment veracity. It is possible to determine traffic accidents frequencies and service charge outflows consequences on the basis of examined events in transportation with great veracity. By complex problems the situation is quite different. The frequencies of large accidents are very low but the consequences for the environment may be large. Both are encumbered by large level of uncertainty. That is why the question is rising. To what degree, it is in these cases correct to make decision based on risk assessment.
基金Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX2-YW-309)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 40830535 and 40871089)
文摘Nitrogen （N） cycling in boreal peatland ecosystems may be influenced in important ways by freeze-thaw cycles （FTCs）. Adsorption and desorption of ammonium ions （NH4＋） were examined in a controlled laboratory experiment for soils sampled from palustrine wetland, riverine wetland, and farmland reclaimed from natural wetland in response to the number of FTCs. The results indicate that freeze-thaw significantly increased the adsorption capacity of NH： and reduced the desorption potential of NH4＋ in the wetland soils. There were significant differences in the NH4＋ adsorption amount between the soils with and without freeze-thaw treatment. The adsorption amount of NH4＋ increased with increasing FTCs. The palustrine wetland soil had a greater adsorption capacity and a weaker desorption potential of NH4＋ than the riverine wetland soil because of the significantly higher clay content and cation exchange capacity （CEC） of the riverine wetland soil. Because of the altered soil physical and chemical properties and hydroperiods, the adsorption capacity of NH4＋ was smaller in the farmland soil than in the wetland soils, while the desorption potential of the farmland soil was higher than that of the wetland soils. Thus, wetland reclamation would decrease adsorption capacity and increase desorption potential of NH4＋, which could result in N loss from the farmland soil. FTCs might mitigate N loss from soils and reduce the risk of water pollution in downstream ecosystems.
