莫言小说创作与阅读关系新论——兼及作为方法的作家阅读史研究

莫言是一位综合型小说家,既有丰厚的生活经验,又有对中外文学经典的深入阅读,并不断将阅读经验转化为原创能力。全面梳理莫言的阅读史,可以整体把握莫言的小说创作,有力推进对其代表性作品的理解和认识,系统揭示其创作的技术谱系。作为方法,阅读史研究从阅读与创作的关系出发,注重考察作家创造性转化的方式、路径和内在机制。与此同时,研究者还应提高对作家阅读行为的理论认识,探求更扎实、更具学理性的方法论基础。

《古音汇纂》对考察《集韵》音读的意义

《古音汇纂》辑录了先秦两汉以来重要典籍及其传注中的音注、重要字韵书及音义书中的音切。《集韵》在《广韵》的基础上大量增收典籍音读,将其与《古音汇纂》所收资料进行比较,可以考察《集韵》音读之来源、收音之疏漏、编纂时代之时音等韵书编纂及语音史问题。

十七世纪北京话声母系统

《音韵集成》是一部鲜为人知的韵书,它对《韵略汇通》的创作产生过很大影响。本文通过对《音韵集成》声类的讨论,确定十七世纪北京话声母系统实有十九个声类。为北京话语音史的研究提供了一份新材料。

Ectoparasites and other invertebrates in the nests of the Hair-crested Drongo (Dicrurus hottentottus)

Ectoparasites and other invertebrates are known to play a role in bird behavior and in evolutionary adaptations such as preening and foraging strategies. We conducted an exploratory study by macro- and microscopically evaluating the nests of Hair-crested Drongos(Dicrurus hottentottus) at Dongzhai National Nature Reserve, Henan Province, China in 2011 to determine if there was a presence of invertebrates. We developed a modified funneling technique to collect invertebrate samples and reduce contamination from outside sources in a field setting. We found several species of ectoparasites(lice and ticks) and other invertebrates(springtails and rove beetles) within the nests. Our findings warrant further investigation as to whether or not the presence of invertebrates in the nests of Hair-crested Drongos plays a role in the adaptation of the unique nest dismantling behavior exhibited by this species.

Does landscape structure contribute to the long-term maintenance of generalized parasitism in cowbirds?

Unlike most brood parasites, several species of cowbird (Molothrus) are generalists that parasitize multiple host species across their range and within the same communities; likewise, there is little evidence that individuals within a population specialize on host species. This situation has variously been attributed to the recency of cowbird evolution (the 'evolutionary lag' hypothesis) or to hidden costs of rejection by hosts (the 'equilibrium' hypothesis). Both hypotheses have some support as cowbirds are indeed a relatively young clade compared with more specialized cuckoos and cowbirds are capable of sophisticated behaviors such as retaliation against rejection ('mafia' behaviors) that would select for acceptance of cowbird eggs. Nevertheless, many species in the Americas have evolved specialized defenses against cowbird parasitism, almost all of which live in more open habitats (e. g., grasslands, shrublands, riparian strips), which indicates that coevolutionary processes can operate in ways that select for host defenses in spite of cowbird counterdefenses. We propose that the structure of landscapes in North America may explain why forest-nesting birds lack defenses against parasitism and reinforce the long-term maintenance of generalized brood parasitism in cowbirds. Because cowbirds require open habitats in which to feed, they are rare or absent in large forest tracts, which dominate much of the forest cover of the Americas. These tracts act as 'source habitats' that produce surplus young that recolonize populations in smaller, fragmented forest patches in which rates of both cowbird parasitism and nest predation are very high ('sink' habitats). Evolution of antiparasite adaptations would be very slow in this situation because most hosts are produced in areas where there is little or no cowbird parasitism. In addition, the interplay of host breeding dispersal, source-sink metapopulation dynamics, and fragmented forest habitat could further deter the evolution of host defenses against parasitism. Therefore, as long as large forest tracts remain widespread in North America, most forest birds will likely continue to lack defenses against cowbird parasitism, guaranteeing a steady supply of na ve hosts in forest habitats, even in fragmented landscapes. This situation will, in turn, favor host generalist cowbirds that actively avoid more open habitats in favor of parasitizing forest bird communities. These forest communities may also act as source populations for cowbirds, which might pump surplus generalist cowbirds into more open habitats further slowing the coevolutionary process. As long as large forest tracts are a common part of the landscape, generalist parasitism may persist indefinitely.

Water Yield and Sediment Yield Simulations for Teba Catchment in Spain Using SWRRB Model: Ⅱ. Simulation Results

Simulated results of water yield, sediment yield, surface runoff,subsurface runoff, peak flow, evapo- transipiration, etc., in theTeba catchment, Spain, using SWRRB (Simulator for Water Resources inRural Basins) model are presented and the related problems arediscussed. The results showed that water yield And sediment yieldcould be satisfactorily simulated using SWRRB model. The accuracy ofthe annual water Yield simulation in the Teba catchment was up to83.68/100, which implied that this method could be effectively Usedto predict the annual or inter-annual water yield and to realize thequantification of geographic elements And processes of a river basin.

Choosing an Optimal Exchange Rate Regime for Emerging Market Economies

China and other emerging market economies hoM large amounts of US dollar （USD）-denominated assets while their enterprises mainly raise funds from domestic banks. These economies＇currencies are under a constant pressure to appreciate. The authors of this paper apply the model used in Bernanke et al. （1999） to small open economies in order to find out the optimal exchange rate regime for the emerging market economies. Findings indicate that a country＇s choice of exchange rate regime is directly associated with its percentage of USD-denominated assets and the strength of the financial accelerator effect. A managedfloating rate regime is more desirable than afreefloating regime because of its ability to better avoid liquidity traps given appreciation pressure. A managed floating rate regime also outperforms a fixed exchange rate regime because the former tends to cause less welfare loss. These factors make a managed floating rate regime the optimal choice for emerging market economies. Lastly, the authors propose policy steps and suggestions based specifically on China＇s current situation.

Flood routing model incorporating intensive streambed infiltration

Flood routing models are critical to flood forecasting and confluence calculations. In the streams that dry up and disconnect from groundwater, the streambed infiltration is intensive and has a significant effect on flood wave movement. Streambed infiltration should be considered in flood routing. A flood routing model incorporating intensive streambed infiltration is proposed. In the model a streambed infiltration simulation method based on soil infiltration theory is developed. In this method the Horton equation is used to calculate infiltration capacity. A trial-and-error method is developed to calculate infiltration rate and determine whether the flood wave can travel downstream. A formula is derived to calculate infiltration flow per unit length. The Muskingum-Cunge method with streambed infiltration flow as lateral outflow is used for flood routing. The proposed model is applied to the stream from the downstream of the Yuecheng Reservoir to the Caixiaozhuang Hydrometric Station in the Zhangwei River of the Haihe River Basin. Simulation results show that the accuracy of the model is high, and the infiltration simulation method can represent infiltration processes well. The proposed model is simple and practical for flood simulation and forecasting, and can be used in river confluence calculations in a rainfall-runoff model for arid and semiarid regions.