试论北宋经略河湟的“汉法”政策

北宋利用河湟居民对先进思想文化的向往,通过强化儒学教育,"赐姓氏"等;使"汉法"逐渐取代蕃法。实现了蕃官向"汉官"的转变,蕃兵向"汉兵"的转变。北宋的这些政策对消除民族间的隔阂,加速民族间的融合,促进河湟民族区域的繁荣以及多民族统一国家的建立,发挥了积极的作用。

试论北宋经略河湟区域的蕃族“汉法”经济法规

北宋前期处理河湟民族区域蕃族民户犯罪的基本原则是"和断罚纳",即因俗不强制采取统一刑律判决或服刑,而是以钱物代赎。北宋后期随着对河湟区域的开拓经营,河湟与内地的联系进一步加强,蕃汉之间的交往日渐深入,以往"和断"法律政策逐渐不能适应形势的需要,为巩固对河湟民族区域的统治,北宋对其经济法律的政策随之发生了变化,北宋统治者出于维护河湟区域统治目的的需要,其法规从蕃法向"汉法"转变,体现出河湟开边之后的经济发展的趋势。其"汉法"经济法规直接作用到保护蕃族人户的基本经济利益,土地买卖的开放就是河湟"汉法"经济法规走向进步的突出表现。

论宋代“汉法治蕃”的民族统治思想

神宗即位之后,欲有所作为",志复河、陇"、"联蕃制夏",实施向西北扩大辖区的积极边疆政策。面临诸多新的社会和民族问题,北宋政府加强了对西北地区的防务和经营,并注重运用法律手段调整各族关系,强调运用"汉法"治理边族地区的矛盾和纠纷,对于边地社会稳定和经济发展起了重要作用。

张珪在元朝中期的政治斗争

张珪作为元朝中期的汉法派官员,在成宗朝时作为地方特使整顿吏治,在仁宗朝、英宗朝、泰定帝时期都被委以重任,担任朝中要职。他曲折的仕宦经历,反映了元朝中期的官僚系统存在诸多问题。张珪在实施汉法的过程中反复受挫,是元朝中期推行“汉法”和“反汉法”斗争的一个缩影。该文拟通过《元史》《新元史》《张珪墓志铭》等基本史料,对张珪与元政府之间的关系演变进行深入探究,分析“汉法”在实施过程遇到的阻力,有助于归纳元朝中期御史台等监察机构无法完全发挥其职能作用的原因,有利于更好地理解元朝中期政治发展路线及制度改革的曲折性和复杂性。

ACUPUNCTURE COMBINED WITH LANGUAGE TRAINING FOR TREATMENT OF MOTOR APHASIA CAUSED BY ISCHEMIC APOPLEXY

Objective To observe therapeutic effects of acupuncture combined with language training on aphasia induced by ischemic apoplexy and investigate the mechanisms. Methods 60 patients were randomly divided into a treatment group treated by acupuncture associated with language training and a control group treated by simple language training. Tongue-acupuncture was applied as the main therapy, and language training included speech organ training, mouth-shape and voice training, spoken language expression training and practical communication ability training. According to Aphosio Bottery of Chinese （ABC）, language ex- amination evaluation was made, and event related potential （P300） was detected before and after treatment. Results The therapeutic effect in the treatment group was significantly better than that in the control group （P〈O. 05）, and the scores of ABC items including information content, speech fluency, repetition, vocabula- ry denomination, color naming, response denomination, confirmation or negation, acoustic recognition and carrying out instruction in the treatment group were obviously higher than those in the control group （P〈0.05）. After one course of treatment, the latencies of N2 and P3 waves in P300 were significantly short- ened and the amplitude of P3 was significantly elevated in the treatment group, compared with those in the control group （P〈0.05）. Conclusion Acupuncture combined with language training provided remarkable therapeutic effects in treating cerebral infarction-induced motor aphasia, and it was better than simple lan- guage training. The results of enhancing of the ABC scores including information content, speech fluency, repetition, vocabulary denomination, color naming, response denomination, confirmation or negation, acous- tic recognition and carrying out instruction, and shortening of the latencies of N2 and P3 waves in P300 and ele- vation of P3 amplitude may be taken as the indices for evaluating and anticipating clinical therapeutic effects of the therapy for treating the disease, which may also be some of the mechanisms.

An Exploration of Interpersonal Meanings in Advertising Discourse from Functional Grammar Perspective

Interpersonal function is one of the three metafunctions of language. This paper investigates the interpersonal meanings in Chinese cosmetic advertising discourse from mood, modality and appraise the three aspects. Based on an exploratory study of data of six typical Chinese cosmetic advertising discourses, the paper claims that the distribution of mood and modality has close link with the interpersonal meaning in advertising. The Functional Grammar and Appraisal System help to reveal the interpersonal meanings of the discourse concerned.

Simultaneous determination of four active compounds in Dangguilonghui tablet by high-performance liquid chromatography

A high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） method has been developed for the first time to simultaneously quantify the four active ingredients, namely aloha, baicalein, aloe-emodin and wogonin, in Dangguilonghui tablet. The marker compotmds were separated on the Diamonsil C18 column at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with a mobile phase of methanol-acetonitrile-0.3% aqueous phosphoric acid （220： 4： 200, v/v/v） and while the detection wavelength was set at 225 nm. The assay was linear over the range of 1.450 - 29.00 ug/mL （r = 0.9992） for aloin, 0.4050 - 8.100ug/mL （r = 0.9994） for baicalein, 0.1100 - 2.200 ug/mL （r = 0.9997） for aloe-emodin, 0.2160 - 4.320 ug/mL （r = 0.9991） for wogonin, respectively. The average sample recoveries at three concentration levels were 100.7% （RSD = 0.88%）, 101.0% （RSD = 0.89%）, 100.0% （RSD = 1.3%） and 100.1% （RSD = 1.1%） for these constituents, respectively. This method is suitable for the quality control of Dangguilonghui tablet.

Apriori and N-gram Based Chinese Text Feature Extraction Method

A feature extraction, which means extracting the representative words from a text, is an important issue in text mining field. This paper presented a new Apriori and N-gram based Chinese text feature extraction method, and analyzed its correctness and performance. Our method solves the question that the exist extraction methods cannot find the frequent words with arbitrary length in Chinese texts. The experimental results show this method is feasible.

Algorithm study of transient response of vertical magnetic bipolar source in whole space plane layered medium

For some time, whole space feature as a theoretical problem has been a puzzle in mining transient electromagnetic method （TEM）. We have introduced a detailed method of calculating the transient response of a vertical magnetic bipolar source in a whole space plane layered medium in order to obtain whole space features. After designing a whole space plane layered medium model, equations were established based on boundary conditions in terms of electromagnetic vector potential. Expressions of electromagnetic fields were obtained by solving these equations. The expressions were computed by the Hankel transform after dispersion. The results in a frequency domain were changed into a time domain by using a multinomial cosine transform method. The expressions were correctly validated by comparing them with the analytical solution in half space. The half space and whole space results show that the whole space features are dear, suggesting that the theory of half space is not suitable for the whole space. Our algorithm supplied the technical instrument for studying the distributed features of whole space transient electromagnetic fields.

Coupled KdV Equations and Their Explicit Solutions Through Two-Dimensional Hamiltonian System with a Quartic Potential

Based on the second integrable ease of known two-dimensional Hamiltonian system with a quartie potentiM, we propose a 4 × 4 matrix speetrM problem and derive a hierarchy of coupled KdV equations and their Hamiltonian structures. It is shown that solutions of the coupled KdV equations in the hierarchy are reduced to solving two compatible systems of ordinary differentiM equations. As an application, quite a few explicit solutions of the coupled KdV equations are obtained via using separability for the second integrable ease of the two-dimensional Hamiltonian system.

Two-stage approach to full Chinese parsing

Natural language parsing is a task of great importance and extreme difficulty. In this paper, we present a full Chinese parsing system based on a two-stage approach. Rather than identifying all phrases by a uniform model, we utilize a divide and conquer strategy. We propose an effective and fast method based on Markov model to identify the base phrases. Then we make the first attempt to extend one of the best English parsing models i.e. the head-driven model to recognize Chinese complex phrases. Our two-stage approach is superior to the uniform approach in two aspects. First, it creates synergy between the Markov model and the head-driven model. Second, it reduces the complexity of full Chinese parsing and makes the parsing system space and time efficient. We evaluate our approach in PARSEVAL measures on the open test set, the parsing system performances at 87.53% precision, 87.95% recall.

How Selection of a Target Feature Impacts Corrective Feedback:Finding Answers Through Meta-Analysis of Chinese EFL Learners

Rather than looking at variables like grammatical feature type,proficiency,and L1 as separate,we must start to view them as interrelated and codependent.In this way,educators may finally learn how to maximize the effect of corrective feedback(CF).A meta-analysis of 13 studies was conducted to examine four styles of CF(implicit prompt,implicit reformulation,explicit prompt,and explicit reformulation)along with the following variables:grammatical feature type,L1 similarity(with Mandarin Chinese),and proficiency level.Results suggest that effect size is highly dependent upon the grammatical feature targeted.Explicit feedback appears to have a scaffolding effect for more semantically or syntactically complex grammatical features.Implicit reformulations(recasts)also provide scaffolding,yielding larger effect sizes than implicit prompts when used with L1 dissimilar features that are more semantically or syntactically complex.

APPLICATION OF ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS TO ASSESSING THE ECOLOGICAL VULNERABILITY OF WETLANDS IN THE JIANGHAN PLAIN

Wetlands in the Jianghan Plain are important components of wetland types in lake area in the middle and lower reaches the Changjiang (Yangtze) River and they fulfill many uses and functions related to hydrology, waste assimilation, ecosystem productivity and biodiversity. Owing to natural factors and human activities, especially excessive reclamation from lakes, the shrinking process of the lakes has been accelerated. Wetland ecosystem has shown the characteristics of vulnerability. According to the analysis of wetland ecological function in the Jianghan Plain, this paper presented an index system related to productivity, stability and environmental capacity. By using the method of Analytic Hierarchy Process, we computed the values of the relative weights of the indexes, and evaluated the vulnerability level of the wetland ecosystem by the method of multi-indexes. The case study showed that the fragile extent of wetland ecosystem in the Jianghan Plain is 5.6. This means that the wetland ecosystem in the Jianghan Plain is laid to the state of middle vulnerability. Therefore, the wetland conservation and eco-rehabilitation in the Jianghan Plain should be paid attention to.

A Research on Bilingual Dictionary Based Sentence Alignment for Chinese English Parallel Corpus

Parallel corpus is of great importance to machine translation, and automatic sentence alignment is the first step towards its processing. This paper puts forward a bilingual dictionary based sentence alignment method for Chinese English parallel corpus, which differs from previous length based algorithm in its knowledge-rich approach. Experimental result shows that this method produces over 93% accuracy with usual English-Chinese dictionaries whose translations cover 31 88%～47 90% of the corpus.

Theory on Chinese Character Derivation

Character derivation means that if a graph represents several meanings, a new graph based on the original one will be created to bear one or two of the meanings, which is a natural law in Chinese writing system. The old graph is called original character, and the new generated one is called derived character. Two kinds of phenomena-derivation of cognate words （同詞孳乳） and differentiation of unidentical words （異詞別異）-promote the derivation of Chinese characters. In return, derived characters not only bear meaning of the original one, but also serve as a symbol of an independent word and consolidate the graph-meaning relationship. It deserves much attention to the law of the process of character derivation.

Sentence-making and thought patterns： Probe into the differences between English and Chinese

Different histories and cultures breed people in the West and the East, and shape their different thought patterns. The differences are manifested in languages they speak and constitute an obstacle in bi-directional understanding and interpretation. In the paper, efforts are made to exemplify the differences in English and Chinese sentence-making, and explain them in terms of the different thought patterns. The author hopes to facilitate readers to have a better understanding of the 2 different peoples and languages.

Optimization of Wickerhamomyces anomalus Fermentation Conditions for Pectinase Production Based on Wet Processing of Arabica Coffee in Yunnan Province

In order to improve the pectin-degrading efficiency in wet processing of Arabica coffee in Yunnan, Box-Behnken design and single factor experiment were used to optimize the fermentation conditions of five pectinolytic Wickerhamomyces anomalus strains from the fermentation broth of Arabica coffee in Baoshan, Yunnan during wet processing with pectase activity as an indicator. The results showed that the five strains all synthesized pectin lyase(PL), polygalacturonase(PG), and pectin methylesterase(PM).Among them, strain CAP5 had strong ability to produce PG and PL,while strain CAP4 secreted a large amount of PM. Under optimized conditions, the activity of PG, PL, and PM of the five strains came in at 250.17~411.20 U/mL, 12.98~16.55 U/mL, and 208.52~322.83 U/mL,respectively. The four factors of nitrogen source concentration,fermentation time, Mn2+ concentration, and pH value were optimized and the optimal pectinase-producing fermentation conditions for five strains were as follows: peptone 2.2 g/L, fermentation time 30 h, Mn2+ 1.5 mmol/L, and pH 4.3. After fermentation under the optimized conditions, the maximum PG activity of CAP5 amounted to 411.20 U/mL, 114.03% higher than that before optimization.Meanwhile, the PG activity of strains CAP3, CAP4, CAP8, and CAP10 increased by 86.74%, 114.55%, 65.79%, and 66.07%,respectively, and the activity of PL and PM of the five strains rose 150.35%~218.56% and 341.07%~418.52%, respectively. These findings suggested that W. anomalus strains could be used as coffee starter and had great potential for the lysis of pectin.

Chinese Transfer in English Grammar Teaching

Chinese transfer plays an important role in the teaching and learning of English grammar. Though there are many differences between English and Chinese, many rules are shared by English and Chinese, especially in terms of grammar. Therefore, in teaching of English grammar, proper use of transfer of Chinese grammar may help the learners learn English. This paper introduces Chinese positive transfer and negative transfer in learning English grammar, and discusses how to make use of Chinese transfer to improve English teaching.

Cultural gaps between English and Chinese and untranslatability

The goal theory of translation believes that translation is inevitably affected by translating-in and translating-out culture because it considers that translation belongs to the category of the study of human behavior. Moreover, communication of human beings is limited by linguistic environment, which is rooted in cultural habit. From this we can see that different linguistic environment determines the withdrawing of the meaning in word translation and also the judgment and understanding of translators toward different cultures. This thesis will explore the effects of numerous factors on word translation in cultural environment and the corresponding translation methods. Moreover, the translators also should understand correctly the cultural meanings of the words included and adopt corresponding methods.

WEB BASED TRANSLATION OF CHINESE ORGANIZATION NAME

A web-based translation method for Chinese organization name is proposed.After ana-lyzing the structure of Chinese organization name,the methods of bilingual query formulation and maximum entropy based translation re-ranking are suggested to retrieve the English translation from the web via public search engine.The experiments on Chinese university names demonstrate the validness of this approach.