北齐隋唐之际的“河东”及其文学文化特色

"河东"历史文化研究的客观现状与其在历史上的重要性是不相符的,在北齐隋唐之际尤其如此。文章试图还原这一阶段的"河东"文化之形态,基本上沿着一个由文学文化现象到文化内质认识的逻辑辩证过程来呈现主体内容。其中王通的"河汾之学"与"儒道更新"的问题又是围绕着儒学来展开的。隋唐之交的儒学面貌及其中所涉及的汉族与非汉族的文化关系问题,又是解决历史上的"河汾之学"多重疑问的一个重要切入点。

河东薛氏研究——两晋南北朝时期地方豪强的发展道路

河东薛氏是蜀汉灭亡后从蜀地内迁至河东的一支少数族豪强家族。南北朝时期 ,薛氏发展成为一支重要的世家大族。但由于不同社会因素的影响 ,薛氏不同房支的发展方向表现出明显的差异。“西祖”一支向文的方向发展 ,逐渐具备士族的文化特征。其社会作用从地方性、军事性逐渐转向全国性和政治性 ,其发展持续不绝。“南祖”一支则沿着割据性和军事性的方向发展 ,虽然因其军事力量跻身高门 ,但始终保持了地方豪强的分裂性和破坏性 ,其发展表现出明显的阶段性和断续性。河东薛氏西祖和南祖的发展历程 。

汉赋文本性质与政教功能成说检讨--以扬雄《甘泉》《河东》二赋为中心

对汉赋的文本性质或政教功能,学界向来认同《史记》《汉书》的记载,而结合当时的历史事实与文学状况,汉赋文本皆有其独立的文本性质,甚至隐含着不为史书记载的政治动机。扬雄的《甘泉赋》《河东赋》,《汉书》以为有“风劝”之功能,这就认为其具有特定的政治目的。然深入考察二赋文本,我们会发现二者主要写神仙与祭祀过程,与“风劝”、讽谏、歌功颂德等并无直接关系。由此看来,《史记》《汉书》记载司马相如、扬雄等西汉赋作中的“风谏”“风劝”之论,很有可能是“史臣追书”所致。汉赋的政教功能,其实是在一定历史阶段,被人为纳入《诗经》等经学政教功能、社会功能的轨道,从而遮蔽了汉赋文本的思想原貌。对汉赋文本性质与政教功能的认识,就需要重新予以检讨。

Ecological Environment Problems and Countermeasures of Small and Middle-sized Rivers in Shandong Province

Water uses in small and middle-sized rivers, and non-ecological treatment model has deteriorated local environment in Shandong. The research reviewed ecological environment status quo of small and middle rivers and concluded existing problems. Finally, ecological treatments were proposed based on treatments at home and abroad in order to improve eco-environment of rivers and build better Shandong.

A research on statistical retrieval algorithms and spectral characteristics of the total absorption coefficients in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea

This paper suggests a group of statistical algorithms for calculating the total absorption coefficients based on in situ data of apparent optical property and inherent optical property collected with strict quality assurance according to NASA ocean bio-optic protocols in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in spring 2003. The band-ratios ofRrs412/Rrs555, Rrs49o/Rrs555 are used in the algorithms to derive the total absorption coefficients （at） at 412, 440, 488, 510, 532 and 555nm bands, respectively. The average relative errors between inversed and measured values are less than 25.8%, with the correlative coefficients （R2） being 0.75-0.85. Error sensitivity analysis shows that the maximum retrieval error is less than 24.0% at ＋5% error in Rrs＇s. So the statistical algorithms of this paper are practicable. In this paper, the relations between the total absorption coefficients at 412, 488, 510, 532, 555 nm and that of 440nm are also studied. The results show that the relations between the total absorption coefficients of 400-600 nm and that of 440 nm are correlated well and all of their correlative coefficients R2 are greater than 0.99. Furthermore, a regression analysis is also done for the slope of the linear relations and wavelengths, and the R2 is also 0.99. Thus it is possible to retrieve other bands＇ total absorption coefficients with only one band absorption value, which significantly reduce the number of unknown parameters in studying other ocean color related problems.

Water quality, nutrient budget, and pollutant loads in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) farms around East Taihu Lake

To understand the factors causing frequent outbreaks of harmful algae blooms in the Taihu Lake, China, we studied water quality and nutrient budget in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) farm ponds in the eastern part of the lake from November 2007 to December 2009. We estimated the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) loads. Materials input and output ponds, water exchange, and applied management practices of 838.5-hm2 crab ponds were surveyed using questionnaires. Water quality of 12 ponds, which were located no more than 2 km from East Taihu Lake, were monitored. The results show that water quality in the crab ponds was better than reference data. Feeds, including corn seed, commercial feed, trash fish, and gastropod, were the major sources of N and P input in the crab ponds, contributing 88.7% and 94.9%, respectively. In total, 60.5% of N and 37.3% of P were sequestered by macrophytes, and only 15.7% and 8.5% of them were discharged as effluent. The net loads of N and P in effluent were 16.43 kg/hm2/cycle and 2.16 kg/hm2/cycle, respectively, while the COD load was -17.88 kg/hm2/cycle. This indicated that crab farming caused minor negative impact on the trophic status of the lake area, which was attenuated by macrophytes. However, wastewater purification is still necessary in crab faming.

An rescaled range analysis on the characteristics of coal seam development in the Eastern depression of the Liaohe Basin

The characteristics of coal seam development,and the prospects of a favorable coal-forming area,were evaluated for the Liaohe Basin located in China.The Number 3 and Number 9 coal seam thickness series from 60 nearly equally spaced bores in the Eastern depression of the Liaohe Basin were examined by a rescaled range analysis.The results indicate that the Hurst exponents of the Number 3 and Number 9 coal seam thickness series are 0.69 and 0.68,respectively.This suggests the presence of persistence.As the bore spacing increases the Hurst exponent of the Number 3 series gradually decreases（H changes from 0.69 to 0.52） and shifts from persistence to randomness.The Hurst exponent of the Number 9 thickness data gradually increases（H changes from 0.68 to 0.91） and always shows the characteristic of persistence.A combination of geological characteristics and the series data allow the conclusion that it is more suitable for the Number 9 coal seam to form in the Northeastern part of the Eastern depression than the Number 3 coal seam.

Formation and development of stream potholes in a gorge in Guangdong

The goal of this study is to provide information on the process of pothole growth on a gorge streambed.Pothole geometries were measured in a reach of the Dabu river bed at the head of a gorge more than 200 m deeply incising into a 650-750 m high planation surface formed in the middle Miocene in northern Guangdong,China.Geometric and derivative data of the potholes obtained from fieldwork were interpreted using standard statistical methodologies.Our study shows that the formation and development of a stream pothole were only related to local conditions of a stream reach where the pothole occurs;the weaknesses,which are usually intersect fractures,typically interconnected vertical joints,or triangular pits generated by hitting of rock fragments during floods,initiate the pothole development on a streambed;the geometrical dimensions of the potholes are controlled by tectonic joints developed in bedrock of the stream reach;the radius and the depth of potholes are strongly(log) positive correlated;the pothole shapes and the flow patterns are inconstant during pothole growth;a pothole can be formed within a short period,but cannot be fully developed and maintained for a long time in a strong incision streambed.The finding in our study can improve the understanding of Quaternary environment in Guangdong.

Sources of dissolved inorganic carbon in rivers from the Changbaishan area, an active volcanic zone in North Eastern China

Major elements and carbon isotopes of dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC)have been measured in the waters of Changbaishan mountain,a volcanic area in northeastern China,between June and September 2016 to decipher the origin of the CO_2 involved in chemical weathering reactions.Spatial variations of major elements ratios measured in water samples can be explained by a change of the chemical composition of the volcanic rocks between the volcanic cone(trachytes)and the basaltic shield as evidenced by the variations in the composition of these rocks.Hence,DIC results from the neutralization of CO_2 by silicate rocks.DIC concentrations vary from 0.3 to 2.5 mmol/L and carbon isotopic compositions of DIC measured in rivers vary from-14.2‰to 3.5‰.At a first order,the DIC transported by rivers is derived from the chemical weathering’s consumption of CO_2 with a magmatic origin,enriched in^(13)C(-5%)and biogenic soil CO_2 with lower isotopic compositions.The highest δ^(13)C values likely result from C isotopes fractionation during CO_2 degassing in rivers.A mass balance based on carbon isotopes suggest that the contribution of magmatic CO_2 varied from less than 20%to more than 70%.Uncertainties in this calculation associated with CO_2 degassing in rivers are difficult to quantify,and the consequence of CO_2 degassing would be an overestimation of the contribution of DIC derived from the neutralization of magmatic CO_2 by silicate rocks.

Eco-compensation of Wetlands in Yellow River Delta of Shandong Province,China

Wetlands play an important ecological role and provide many functions for people, yet wetlands are cur- rently decreasing and deteriorating. The ability to calculate an economic value for the loss of wetlands is becoming in- creasingly important for policy makers. In this study, remote sensing, field investigations, department visits, and other methods were used to survey wetland types, assess wetland area changes, and calculate wetland economic value. Mar- ket value loss and ecological ftmction value loss, caused by reduction of wetland area and environmental pollution were calculated using commonly accepted methods of market valuation, ecological valuation, environmental protection investment cost analysis, and outcome parameters. According to market value loss and ecological function value loss, preliminarily fund allocation for wetland and ecological compensation was calculated. This will provide an important reference for future Yellow River Delta eco-compensation studies.

Hydrological Impacts of Climate Change on Streamflow of Dongliao River Watershed in Jilin Province,China

The impacts of future climate change on streamflow of the Dongliao River Watershed located in Jilin Prov-ince, China have been evaluated quantitatively by using a general circulation model （HadCM3） coupled with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool （SWAT） hydrological model. The model was calibrated and validated against the historical monitored data from 2005 to 2009. The streamflow was estimated by downscaling HadCM3 outputs to the daily mean temperature and precipitation series, derived for three 30-year time slices, 2020s, 2050s and 2080s. Results suggest that daily mean temperature increases with a changing rate of 0.435~C per decade, and precipitation decreases with a changing rate of 0.761 mm per decade. Compared with other seasons, the precipitation in summer shows significant downward trend, while a significant upward trend in autumn. The annual streamflow demonstrates a general down-ward trend with a decreasing rate of 0.405 m^3/s per decade. The streamflow shows significant downward and upward trends in summer and in autumn, respectively. The decreasing rate of streamflow in summer reaches 1.97 m^3/s per decade, which contributes primarily to the decrease of streamflow. The results of this work would be of great benifit to the design of economic and social development planning in the study area.

Detailed sedimentary facies of a sandstone reservoir in the eastern zone of the Sulige gas field, Ordos Basin

Given sustaining exploration, the eastern zone of the Sulige gas field may soon become a key area of exploitation. In order to explore its genesis, types and distribution of the reservoir sandstones in the eastern zone of this gas field, we focused in our study on the provenance and detailed sedimentary facies of sandstone of the He8 （the eighth part of the Shihezi formation, Permian system） and Shanxil （the first part of the Shanxi formation, Permian system） members, based on core observations, analyses in petrography, granularity and logging. The results show that： 1） the sandstone provenance of Shanxil and He8 in the eastern zone of the Sulige gas field is from the north of the Ordos Basin, characterized by dual directions from the north and northeast. 2） The He8 and Shanxil members were deposited in a fluvial-delta sedimentary system. The He8 was mainly deposited in braided rivers, in- cluding braided channels, channel bars, levee and floodplain sub-environments, whereas the Shanxil Member was deposited in braided rivers and deltas, including braided channels, channel bars, floodplains, tributaries and inter-tributary sub-environments. 3） Sedimentary facies bands migrated in drastic fashion towards the basin from the Shanxil to the He8 Member. Base levels of sedi- mentation generally present a trend of small increases in-amplitude, large decreasing amplitudes and slow and gradual Increases. 4） The continuity of the reservoir sandbodies along the source direction is better than that perpendicular to the direction. Compared with Shanxil, both dimensions and continuity of the sandbodies in He8 are better from which we conclude that it is the most fa- vorable part of the reservoir.

Laboratory Simulation on Phosphorus Releasing near the Water/Sediment Interface in the East China Sea off the Changjiang Estuary

Surface sediment samples taken from the East China Sea off the Changjiang estuary are used as raw materials for phosphorus releasing experiment. It is found that after being thoroughly mixed with seawater for about 10 minutes, phosphorus released from the sediments reaches its maximum value. Adsorption kinetics can be fitted with both Elovich equation and two-constant rate equation. The releasing amount is closely related to the composition of the sediments. Phosphorus release from silty and muddy sediment is higher than from that dominated by sandy composition. For the desorption reaction, iron-phosphorus (Fe-P) is the most active one, with a releasing ratio higher than other phosphorus forms, followed by absorbed-phosphorus (Ad-P) and organic bound phosphorus (OP). All of them can be referred to as bio-available phosphorus. The results demonstrate that phosphorus in sediments can be released into seawater under suitable hydrodynamic conditions, and have a great impact on the nutrition state and primary productivity of marine biosphere.

Paleo-fluvial sedimentation on the outer shelf of the East China Sea during the last glacial maximum

Evidence from lithology, foraminiferal assemblages, and high-resolution X-ray fluorescence scanning data of core SFK-1 indicates tidally influenced paleo-fluvial sedimentation during the last glacial maximum (LGM) on the outer shelf of the East China Sea. The paleo-fluvial deposits consist of river channel facies and estuarine incised-valley-filling facies. Different reflections on the seismic profile across core SFK-1 suggest that the river channels shifted and overlapped. River channel deposition formed early in the LGM when sea level fell and the estuary extended to the outer shelf. Channel sediments are yellowish- brown in color and rich in foraminifera and shell fragments owing to the strong tidal influence. Following the LGM, the paleo-river mouth retreated and regressive deposition of estuarine and incised-valley-filling facies with an erosion base occurred. The river channel facies and estuarine incised-valley-filling facies have clearly different sedimentary characteristics and provenances. The depositional environment of the paleo-river system on the wide shelf was reconstructed from the foraminiferal assemblages, CaCO3 content and Ca/Ti ratio. The main results of this study provide further substantial constraints on the recognition of late Quaternary stratigraphy and land-sea interactions on the ECS shelf.

Preliminary Study on Planting Direction of Flood Land at Different Altitudes——a Case Study in Xiaojiang Valley, Yunnan

Flood land, with abundant light, heat, and water resource, is an important potential land resource to resolve the situation of the limited arable land in mountain areas in Xiaojiang Valley, Dongchuan, Yunnan. It will have a great significance on the development of local characteristic agriculture and the settlement of poor moun- tain immigrants that how to develop and protect the flood land in a scientific, effec- tive and sustainable way. In this paper, flood land of Xiaojiang Valley is divided into three zones （higher zone is 1 600-1 300 m, medium zone is 1 300-1 000 m, low- er zone is 1 000-700 m） according to different elevations. Through field survey, in situ measurement, sampling analysis and ＂3S＂ technology, the area and soil nutri- ent characteristics of flood land at different altitudes are tested and analyzed sys- tematically. And also according to the climatic characteristics in different elevations of flood land, the research analyzed and investigated the growing conditions of flood land in different elevations in Xiaojiang Valley, and then discussed how to develop and cultivate reasonably and effectively in flood land. All the work is intended to provide beneficial reference for the development and cultivation of flood land in mountain areas.

Changes of Terrestrial Water Storage in River Basins of China Projected by RegCM4

In this study, a historic simulation covering the period from 1951 to 2000 and three projected scenario simulations covering 2001-2050 were conducted em- ploying the regional climate model RegCM4 to detect the changes of terrestrial water storage （TWS） in major river basins of China, using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change （IPCC） Special Report on Emissions Scenarios （SRES）： A1B, A2, and B1. The historic simula- tion revealed that the variations of TWS, which are dominated by precipitation in the basins, rely highly on their climatic features. Compared with the historic simu- lation, the changes of TWS in the scenario simulations showed strong regional differences. However, for all sce- narios, TWS was found to increase most in Northeast China and surrounding mountains around the Tibetan Plateau, and decrease most in eastern regions of China. Unlike the low seasonal variations of TWS in arid areas, the TWS showed strong seasonal variations in eastern monsoon areas, with the maximum changes usually oc- curring in summer, when TWS increases most in a year. Among the three scenario simulations, TWS increased most in Songhua River Basin of B1 scenario, and de- creased most in Pearl River Basin of A2 scenario and Hal River Basin of A1B scenario, accompanied by different annual trends and seasonal variations.

Population Structure and Sexual Maturity of the Pufferfish Lagocephalus sceleratus （Osteichthyes, Tetraodontidae） in the Lebanese and Syrian Marine Waters （Eastern Mediterranean）

The pufferfish Lagocephalus sceleratus is an invasive Lessepsian species of Indo-Pacific origin that has established an increasing population over the past decade in the Levantine basin of the Mediterranean. Besides its toxicity due to the accumulation of tetrodotoxin in its body, it is causing damage to fishing gears and fishermen＇s catches. This study aims to provide data on the population structure and sexual maturity of this species in the eastern basin of the Mediterranean. A total of 214 individuals were collected in the coastal marine waters of Lebanon and Syria, between January 2012 and June 2013 by means of different types of nets and lines, on soft bottoms, at depths ranging from 10 m to 170 m. The TL （total length） of the samples varies between 10.8 cm and 71 cm. The most common size classes, represented by 125 individuals, are the ones between 30 cm and 50 cm TL, with a bulge at 40 cm, represented by 44 individuals. The average TL is 43.99 cm （standard deviation： SD = 17.65） for both males and females. The TW （total weight） of the specimens ranges between 14 g and 4,603 g with an average value of 1,458.52 g （SD = 1,329.49）. The sex ratio （M/F） is 1：1.35 with a total number of 87 males, 118 females and nine unidentified individuals. The weight-length relationship （TW = aTLb） shows a negative allometric growth with b = 2.9481 and R2 = 0.9806. The condition factor （K） is close to one for all samples. The average value of the GSI （gonadosomatic index） shows a substantial increase from winter to spring. The spawning takes place between April and June.

Does Procambarus Clarkii （Girard, 1852） Represent a Threat for Estuarine Brackish Ecosystems of Northeastern Adriatic Coast （Italy）？

The ongoing expansion of P. clarkii in the aquatic environments of northern Italy, where it is very common and abundant in most of the streams, lakes and reservoirs, led us to worry about the possibility of invasion into the estuarine and lagoonal brackish environments of the Adriatic coast, which is important not only for their peculiar fauna and flora and high biodiversity, but also for fishing and aquaculture. We carried out laboratory tests to investigate whether this species could live, moult and breed in water with different salinity levels. Several stocks of adult individuals, acclimated before the laboratory experiments, were maintained and monitored daily for a long period （100 days） in glass aquaria with water salinity varying from 5 to 33 ppt. They not only survived during the whole experiment period in levels up to 25 ppt, but also they regularly moulted and mated. These results confirmed that the species could invade the estuarine and brackish environments of the Adriatic coast, with all the implied consequences for the native species of both vertebrates and invertebrates and for human livelihoods.

Distribution and Provenance of Detrital Minerals in Southern Coast of Shandong Peninsula

Detrital minerals of 137 offshore and 22 river sediment samples collected from Qingdao coastal areas have been analyzed. Four mineral assemblage provinces can be classified by Q-mode cluster analysis. Factor analysis identifies two major factors that account for the total variability in most common minerals: 1) based on the relationship of quartz, hornblende, actinolite, micas, and authigenic pyrite, 41.55% of the variability is related to sediment sources; 2) based on the relationship of epidote, garnet, sphere, and ilmenite, 23.21% can be related to strong hydrodynamic conditions that control transport and sedimentation. By comparing mineral compositions of river waters in the study area, the following four mineral provenances can be identified. The Qingdao-Laoshan nearshore area has a quartz-feldspar-epidote-hornblende-limenite-limonite-sphene assemblage, which is largely attributed to relict sediment and coastal erosion. The Jimo-Haiyang nearshore area has a quartz-feldspar-hornblende-epidote-limonite-mica-actinolite assemblage, derived largely from the Wulong River and Rushan River, and is also affected by the Huanghe River, while the Qianliyan Island area in the deeper offshore area separated by a mud belt has a similar assemblage. The Haiyang-Rushan nearshore area has a quartz-feldspar-hornblende-epidote-micas-limonite assemblage, indicating multiple sources from the Rushan River, the Wulong River, the Huanghe River, and coastal erosion. The central area, located in an eddy center, has a mica-authigenic pyrite-hornblende-quartz-feldspar assemblage, indicating multiple sources dominated by Huanghe River distal sediments.

Field and Laboratory Observations on Predation and Prey Selectivity of the Scyphomedusa Chrysaora cf.caliparea in Southeast Indian Waters

Chrysaora cf.caliparea,one of the most abundant medusae species in India,seems to be an important predator in the coastal waters of Bay of Bengal.The ability of Chrysaora cf.caliparea to feed at maximum rate in high prey concentrations implies that this jellyfish can efficiently exploit dense prey patches,at least for a short period.This study presents preliminary information regarding digestion and feeding rate upon copepods in a warm water environment.The ingestion rate of the average-sized medusae Chrysaora cf.caliparea is well balanced in nature,which in turn implies that this jellyfish is tuned for optimal utilization of available prey resources.Comparison with earlier research indicates that prey escape speed is one important factor governing which prey will be captured.A full understanding of predation mechanics awaits further investigation of both predator and prey behavior.However,because of the scarcity of long-term quantitative population data most insights have to be made indirectly.Nevertheless,low abun-dance of Chrysaora cf.caliparea in the water column during summer (May 2007) and the overall annual abundance seem not to con-siderably affect the zooplankton population,especially copepods.The present work contributes to the knowledge of prey-predator relationship of the forgotten fauna in Indian waters,which is especially crucial for understanding the process of ecological recovery of coastal water environment.