试论“治疗”语义场动词的语义演变及其影响因素

古代汉语中存在一个“治疗”语义场,主要成员有“治”“疗”“医”“攻”“养”“救”等。“治、攻”通过隐喻引申出“治疗”义,“医、疗、养、救”通过转喻引申出“治疗”义。在社会因素与词汇系统内部调整的作用下,“治疗”语义场主导词在汉语史的发展过程中经历了多次更替。

维特根斯坦中期的元哲学是“治疗型”的吗?——对李国山立场的回应

李国山基于对有关维特根斯坦中期哲学遗作的理解,认为其元哲学是“治疗型”的,而其“治疗型”哲学包括诊断和治疗。但是,从连续性视角考察中期维特根斯坦有关哲学本质讨论的两个“面相”,其中期的元哲学观点跟早期的元哲学观点存在实质连续性,其早期认为哲学研究的主要内容在于考察命题的本质,中期仍然认为哲学研究的核心在于考察命题的本质,只不过他所使用的方法和视角有所转变,即把语法研究作为方法、把考察命题各式各样的用法作为主要内容,因此,其中期的元哲学不是“治疗型”的。李国山对维特根斯坦中期元哲学的解读只抓住了其中期哲学的其中一个“面相”,他的理解是部分受到了新维特根斯坦学派的影响。实际上,哲学研究作为语法研究才是维特根斯坦中期元哲学的根基。

颅脑损伤患者治疗及预后临床分析

目的探讨不同方法治疗颅脑损伤的适应证和注意事项,为临床提供科学的诊疗证据。方法选取诊治的急性颅脑损伤患者86例,所有患者根据治疗方法不同分为开颅组(28例)、微创组(30例)和保守组(28例),分别采用开颅血肿清除去骨瓣减压术、颅内血肿微创清除术及保守治疗,观察患者的预后情况。结果开颅组、微创组和保守组总有效率为89.29%、93.33%、92.86%,3组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);3组并发症发生例数以及复发例数比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);3组患者治疗后1、3、7 d的颅内压均明显下降,其中微创组的下降程度明显优于开颅组和保守组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);微创组治疗后1、3、7 d的Glasgow昏迷评分均低于开颅组和保守组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,开颅组和微创组的对侧血肿厚度及中线移位情况有明显变化,开颅组和微创组与保守组的血肿厚度及中线移位情况比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);且微创组变化情况要大于开颅组(P<0.05)。保守组患者住院时间长于开颅组和微创组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论抢救生命是实施手术治疗的基本原则,通过治疗,阻止患者脑疝发生与恶化,缓解颅高压症状,清除颅内血肿。症状较轻患者进行脑膜修补,临床上需要依据患者病情的具体情况针对性的选择治疗方法,从而为患者制定合理的治疗方案。

血液灌流联合血液透析治疗重度中毒患儿的护理

[目的]总结血液灌流联合血液透析治疗重度中毒患儿的护理方法。[方法]回顾性分析3例重度中毒患儿行11次血液灌流联合血液透析治疗的临床资料。[结果]3例患儿全部治愈出院,未留后遗症。[结论]重度中毒患儿行血液灌流联合血液透析过程中应加强病情观察与护理。

多模态影像融合在颅底肿瘤的诊断、治疗中的应用价值

目的探讨多模态影像融合在颅底肿瘤的诊断、治疗中的应用价值。方法 9例颅底肿瘤术前均行DynaCTA检查及MRI薄层(2 mm)增强扫描检查,将多组影像数据输入工作站,采用"双容积重建"技术进行脑血管及MRI的影像融合,通过静态及动态融合影像观察肿瘤与脑结构、血管及颅骨的毗邻关系,并对肿瘤的诊断、手术治疗及预防血管并发症进行分析。结果 9例均获得满意的影像融合、具有很好的空间一致性,在一张影像上可以清晰显示病变及其周围脑结构、血管及颅骨解剖关系,提高精准性诊断,并应用于指导治疗策略、设计手术划及预防并发症。9例均恢复满意出院。结论多模态影像融合对提高颅底肿瘤的诊断精准性、提高肿瘤全切除率、降低病死率和残疾率效果肯定,对血管损伤并发症治疗疗效肯定。

Temperature-feedback two-photon-responsive metal-organic frameworks for efficient photothermal therapy

The realization of real-time thermal feedback for monitoring photothermal therapy(PTT)under near-infrared(NIR)light irradiation is of great interest and challenge for antitumor therapy.Herein,by assembling highly efficient photothermal conversion gold nanorods and a temperature-responsive probe((E)-4-(4-(diethylamino)styryl)-1-methylpyridin-1-ium,PyS)within MOF-199,an intelligent nanoplatform(AMPP)was fabricated for simultaneous chemodynamic therapy and NIR light-induced temperature-feedback PTT.The fluorescence intensity and temperature of the PyS probe are linearly related due to the restriction of the rotation of the characteristic monomethine bridge.Moreover,the copper ions resulting from the degradation of MOF-199 in an acidic microenvironment can convert H_(2)O_(2)into•OH,resulting in tumor ablation through a Fenton-like reaction,and this process can be accelerated by increasing the temperature.This study establishes a feasible platform for fabricating highly sensitive temperature sensors for efficient temperature-feedback PTT.

The Role of E3 Ligases in Macrophage-mediated Inflammation

Macrophages,existed in almost all organs of the body,are responsible for detecting tissue injury,pathogens,playing a key role in host defense against a variety of invading pathogens triggering inflammatory responses.Emerging evidence suggests that macrophage-mediated immune responses are efficiently regulated by the ubiquitination modification,which is responsible for normal immune responses.However,numerous studies indicates that the aberrant activation or inhibition of macrophage-mediated immune responses occurs in inflammation,mainly caused by dysregulated ubiquitination modification due to E3 ubiquitin ligases mutations or abnormal expression.Notably,E3 ubiquitin ligases,responsible for recognizing the substrates,are key enzymes in the ubiquitin proteasome system(UPS)composed of ubiquitin(Ub),ubiquitin-activating E1 enzymes,ubiquitin-conjugating E2 enzymes,E3 ubiquitin ligases,26S proteasome,and deubiquitinating enzymes.Intriguingly,several E3 ubiquitin ligases are involved in the regulation of some common signal pathways in macrophage-mediated inflammation,including Toll-like receptors(TLRs),nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain(NOD)-like receptors(NLRs),RIG-I-like receptors(RLRs),C-type lectin receptors(CLRs)and the receptor for advanced glycation end products(RAGE).Herein,we summarized the physiological and pathological roles of E3 ligases in macrophage-mediated inflammation,as well as the inhibitors and agonists targeting E3 ligases in macrophage mediated inflammation,providing the new ideas for targeted therapies in macrophage-mediated inflammation caused aberrant function of E3 ligases.

Signal intensity changes of dentate nucleus on plain MR T1WI innasopharyngeal carcinoma patients after radiotherapy andmultiple injections of gadolinium-base contrast agent

Objective To observe changes of plain MR T1WI signal intensity of dentate nucleus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients after radiotherapy and multiple times of intravenous injection of gadolinium-based contrast agent(GBCA).Methods Fifty patients with pathologically confirmed nasopharyngeal carcinoma and received intensity-modulated radiotherapy were retrospectively enrolled as the nasopharyngeal carcinoma group,and 50 patients with other malignant tumors and without history of brain radiotherapy were retrospectively enrolled as the control group.All patients received yearly GBCA enhanced MR examinations for the nasopharynx or the head.T1WI signal intensities of the dentate nucleus and the pons on same plane were measured based on images in the year of confirmed diagnosis(recorded as the first year)and in the second to the fifth years.T1WI signal intensity ratio of year i(ranging from 1 to 5)was calculated with values of dentate nucleus divided by values of the pons(ΔSI i),while the percentage of relative changes of year j(ranging from 2 to 5)was calculated withΔSI j compared toΔSI 1(Rchange j).The values of these two parameters were compared,and the correlation ofΔSI and GBCA injection year-time was evaluated within each group.Results No significant difference of gender,age norΔSI 1 was found between groups(all P>0.05).The second to the fifth yearΔSI and Rchange in nasopharyngeal carcinoma group were all higher than those in control group(all P<0.05).Within both groups,ΔSI was positively correlated with GBCA injection year-time(both P<0.05).Conclusion Patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma who underwent radiotherapy and multiple times of intravenous injection of GBCA tended to be found with gradually worsening GBCA deposition in dentate nucleus,for which radiotherapy might be a risk factor.

Vascular Calcification:Where is the Cure?

With the progress of aging,the incidence of vascular calcification(VC)gradually increases,which is correlated with cardiovascular events and all-cause death,aggravating global clinical burden.Over the past several decades,accumulating approaches targeting the underlying pathogenesis of VC have provided some possibilities for the treatment of VC.Unfortunately,none of the current interventions have achieved clinical effectiveness on reversing or curing VC.The purpose of this review is to make a summary of novel perspectives on the interventions of VC and provide reference for clinical decision-making.

Development and Therapeutic Applications of Precise Gene Editing Technology

The advent of gene editing represents one of the most transformative breakthroughs in life science,making genome manipulation more accessible than ever before.While traditional CRISPR/Cas-based gene editing,which involves double-strand DNA breaks(DSBs),excels at gene disruption,it is less effective for accurate gene modification.The limitation arises because DSBs are primarily repaired via non-homologous end joining(NHEJ),which tends to introduce indels at the break site.While homology directed repair(HDR)can achieve precise editing when a donor DNA template is provided,the reliance on DSBs often results in unintended genome damage.HDR is restricted to specific cell cycle phases,limiting its application.Currently,gene editing has evolved to unprecedented levels of precision without relying on DSB and HDR.The development of innovative systems,such as base editing,prime editing,and CRISPR-associated transposases(CASTs),now allow for precise editing ranging from single nucleotides to large DNA fragments.Base editors(BEs)enable the direct conversion of one nucleotide to another,and prime editors(PEs)further expand gene editing capabilities by allowing for the insertion,deletion,or alteration of small DNA fragments.The CAST system,a recent innovation,allows for the precise insertion of large DNA fragments at specific genomic locations.In recent years,the optimization of these precise gene editing tools has led to significant improvements in editing efficiency,specificity,and versatility,with advancements such as the creation of base editors for nucleotide transversions,enhanced prime editing systems for more efficient and precise modifications,and refined CAST systems for targeted large DNA insertions,expanding the range of applications for these tools.Concurrently,these advances are complemented by significant improvements in in vivo delivery methods,which have paved the way for therapeutic application of precise gene editing tools.Effective delivery systems are critical for the success of gene therapies,and recent developments in both viral and non-viral vectors have improved the efficiency and safety of gene editing.For instance,adeno-associated viruses(AAVs)are widely used due to their high transfection efficiency and low immunogenicity,though challenges such as limited cargo capacity and potential for immune responses remain.Non-viral delivery systems,including lipid nanoparticles(LNPs),offer an alternative with lower immunogenicity and higher payload capacity,although their transfection efficiency can be lower.The therapeutic potential of these precise gene editing technologies is vast,particularly in treating genetic disorders.Preclinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of base editing in correcting genetic mutations responsible for diseases such as cardiomyopathy,liver disease,and hereditary hearing loss.These technologies promise to treat symptoms and potentially cure the underlying genetic causes of these conditions.Meanwhile,challenges remain,such as optimizing the safety and specificity of gene editing tools,improving delivery systems,and overcoming off-target effects,all of which are critical for their successful application in clinical settings.In summary,the continuous evolution of precise gene editing technologies,combined with advancements in delivery systems,is driving the field toward new therapeutic applications that can potentially transform the treatment of genetic disorders by targeting their root causes.

Visualizing Aphasia in Linguistics From 2000 to 2019

This paper aims to visualize the research of aphasia from a linguistic perspective for the two decades from 2000 to 2019,identifying the changes in research focus and the future emerging trends of aphasia studies in linguistics.Applying the bibliometric approach,the present study reviewed 3,004 publications with the topic word“aphasia”in the framework of linguistics.The dataset was created from the Web of Science database ranging from 2000 to 2019.Using the CiteSpace tool,document co-citation analysis,betweenness centrality(BC)measurement and citation burst detection were conducted to explore and determine the thematic patterns,critical studies,and emerging trends of this knowledge domain.Twelve thematic patterns in these two decades were identified,indicating that researchers have focused on language impairment in aphasia,aphasia therapy and other topics associated with aphasia.Meanwhile,papers with high BC reveal the connections among different research clusters.In addition,bursts of detected citations demonstrate that treatment aiming at the enhanced quality of daily life,the utilization of discourse tasks and treatments at the discourse level,deeper exploration of primary progressive aphasia in terms of clinical data and the application of working memory assessment,and the role of working memory(WM)training in rehabilitation will possibly attract more attention in the future.On the basis of the cluster landscape,BC and citation bursts,the review found that scholars paid extensive attention to the alleviation of communication deficits in the linguistic exploration of aphasia.

Correlation Between Granulomatous Mastitis and Autoimmune Function and the Immuneregulating Role of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Granulomatous mastitis(GM)is a benign granulomatous condition,and its pathogenesis may be related to autoimmune disorders.Cellular immunity,humoral immunity,immunoglobulins,and complement could all play a role in the disease process,showing certain clinical patterns.Corticosteroids can quickly control disease progression,and immunosuppressants can be used for complex and refractory GM cases.In traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),“healthy qi”is similar to immune system function.For GM with deficient healthy qi,TCM treatments such as internal and external herbal applications can help regulate immune function and shorten disease duration by staged and TCM treatment,regulating viscera,reinforcing healthy qi,and eliminating pathogenic factors.

AAV-mediated expression of p65shRNA and bone morphogenetic protein 4 synergistically enhances chondrocyte regeneration

BACKGROUND:Adeno-associated virus(AAV)gene therapy has been proven to be reliable and safe for the treatment of osteoarthritis in recent years.However,given the complexity of osteoarthritis pathogenesis,single gene manipulation for the treatment of osteoarthritis may not produce satisfactory results.Previous studies have shown that nuclear factorκB could promote the inflammatory pathway in osteoarthritic chondrocytes,and bone morphogenetic protein 4(BMP4)could promote cartilage regeneration.OBJECTIVE:To test whether combined application of AAV-p65shRNA and AAV-BMP4 will yield the synergistic effect on chondrocytes regeneration and osteoarthritis treatment.METHODS:Viral particles containing AAV-p65-shRNA and AAV-BMP4 were prepared.Their efficacy in inhibiting inflammation in chondrocytes and promoting chondrogenesis was assessed in vitro and in vivo by transfecting AAV-p65-shRNA or AAV-BMP4 into cells.The experiments were divided into five groups:PBS group;osteoarthritis group;AAV-BMP4 group;AAV-p65shRNA group;and BMP4-p65shRNA 1:1 group.Samples were collected at 4,12,and 24 weeks postoperatively.Tissue staining,including safranin O and Alcian blue,was applied after collecting articular tissue.Then,the optimal ratio between the two types of transfected viral particles was further investigated to improve the chondrogenic potential of mixed cells in vivo.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The combined application of AAV-p65shRNA and AAV-BMP4 together showed a synergistic effect on cartilage regeneration and osteoarthritis treatment.Mixed cells transfected with AAV-p65shRNA and AAV-BMP4 at a 1:1 ratio produced the most extracellular matrix synthesis(P<0.05).In vivo results also revealed that the combination of the two viruses had the highest regenerative potential for osteoarthritic cartilage(P<0.05).In the present study,we also discovered that the combined therapy had the maximum effect when the two viruses were administered in equal proportions.Decreasing either p65shRNA or BMP4 transfected cells resulted in less collagen II synthesis.This implies that inhibiting inflammation by p65shRNA and promoting regeneration by BMP4 are equally important for osteoarthritis treatment.These findings provide a new strategy for the treatment of early osteoarthritis by simultaneously inhibiting cartilage inflammation and promoting cartilage repair.

Megestrol acetate plus metformin for fertility-sparing treatment of atypical endometrial hyperplasia and early-stage endometrial adenocarcinoma: a prospective study

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of medroxyprogesterone acetate(MA)plus metformin as the primary fertility-sparing treatment for atypical endometrial hyperplasia(AEH)and early-stage grade 1 endometrial adenocarcinoma(G1 EAC)and the recurrence rate after treatment.Methods Sixty patients(aged 20-42 years)with AEH and/or grade 1 EAC limited to the endometrium were enrolled prospectively and randomized into two groups(n=30)to receive oral MA treatment at the daily dose of 160 mg(control)or MA plus oral metformin(850 mg,twice a day)for at least 6 months.The treatment could extend to 12 months until a complete response(CR)was achieved,and follow-up hysteroscopy and curettage were performed every 3 months.For all the patients who achieved CR,endometrial expressions of IGFBP-rP1,p-Akt and p-AMPK were detected immunohistochemically.Results A total of 58 patients completed the treatment.After 9 months of treatment,23(76.7%)patients in the combined treatment group and 20(71.4%)in the control group achieved CR;two patients in the control group achieved CR after converting to the combined treatment.The recurrence rate did not differ significantly between the control group and combined treatment group(30.0%vs 22.7%,P>0.05).Ten(35.7%)patients in the control group experienced significant weight gain of 5.7±6.1 kg,while none of the patients receiving the combined treatment exhibited significant body weight changes.Compared with the control group,the patients receiving the combined treatment showed enhanced endometrial expressions of IGFBP-rP1 and p-AMPK with lowered p-Akt expression.Conclusion Metformin combined with MA may provide an effective option for fertility-sparing treatment of AEH and grade 1 stage IA EAC,and the clinical benefits of metformin for controlling MA-induced weight gain and promoting endometrial expressions of IGFBP-rP1 and p-AMPK while inhibiting p-Akt expression warrants further study.

“治疗”在标题中的表达

“治疗”在标题中有两种主要表达方式：一、Treatment of（for）＋治疗对象＋using（with，by）治疗方法，或者：治疗对象＋treated by（with）＋治疗方法；二、治疗方法＋intreatment of（for）＋治疗对象。这两种表达方式的差别在于表达的重点不同．前者强调方法，后者强调治疗对象。如：

治疗性沟通对老年脑卒中病人自我感受负担的影响

[目的]探讨治疗性沟通对老年脑卒中病人自我感受负担(SPB)的影响。[方法]采用随机数字表法将60例存在SPB的老年脑卒中病人分夫妇为为两组各30例,对照组给予常规护理及一般性沟通,干预组在此基础上给予治疗性沟通,采用自我感受负担量表(SPBS)评价干预效果。[结果]干预后两组病人SPB总分、照护负担维度、情感负担维度得分以及SPB程度比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05)。[结论]治疗性沟通能有效减轻老年脑卒中病人的自我感受负担。

维特根斯坦的“治疗型”哲学对后现代主义的影响

“治疗型”哲学是维特根斯坦后期哲学的基本观点。他认为,哲学是治疗语言疾病的“语言游戏”,并提出了使哲学话语重回日常语言的治疗方案。维特根斯坦的“治疗型”哲学对后现代主义产生了极其重大的影响,几乎基本蕴合了后现代主义的主要特征。

“自發性”與“治療性”早產的相關因素及新生兒狀況比較分析

目的比較“自發性”早產和“治療性”早產的病因、分娩方式和分娩結局,以便提出針對性的預防早產措施,改善新生兒預後。方法選擇2018年1月~2018年12月期間於本院“自發性”早產和“治療性”早產共計124例作為研究對象,回顧性分析兩組早產的相關因素,分析流產史丶早產史丶分娩方式以及在不同孕週分娩的新生兒狀況。結果“自發性”早產和“治療性”早產均存在多種影響因素,其中“胎膜早破”是“自發性”早產的主要影響因素,“不明原因”為次要影響因素。“前置胎盤”為“治療性”早產主要影響因素,其次依次為“多胎妊娠”、“子癇前期”、“胎兒宮内窘迫”、“瘢痕子宮”等。“自發組”妊娠婦女多為陰道分娩(佔比59.3%),“治療組”妊娠婦女均為剖宮產分娩。比較不同孕週極早早產(EP)、早早產(VP)、中度早產(MP)、晚期早產(LP)分娩的新生兒併發症指數,分別為2.50,2.22,0.89和0.63。EP、VP和MP時期併發症,主要是肺透明膜病(RDS)和顱内出血等嚴重併發症。LP時期併發症多為黃疸、濕肺等自限性併發症。“自發性”早產新生兒併發症指數為0.83,“治療性”早產新生兒併發症指數為0.67。結論“自發性”早產和“治療性”早產有不同的病因。“治療性”早產能夠減少新生兒發病比率,對於高危孕婦適當時機終止妊娠,有助於產兒結局。

固定膜在放射治疗中的应用体会

在临床放射治疗工作中,我们使用高分子记忆膜固定于治疗部位局部,起到了稳定、保护、准确,避免多次定位划线的作用,同时打消了患者的思想顾虑,体现了人性化治疗,使患者能很好地配合放射治疗工作。

浅析构造职高数学有效课堂的方法

本文旨在通过"治疗"、肯定、存在等方法来谈如何构造数学课的有效课堂。