Shape grammar has been used by many researchers to identify and/or define languages in architectural design. This paper presents a methodology developed using shape grammar to analyze the informal city, specifically F...Shape grammar has been used by many researchers to identify and/or define languages in architectural design. This paper presents a methodology developed using shape grammar to analyze the informal city, specifically Favela da Rocinha’s buildings, in Rio de Janeiro. The goal was finding the organizational foundations of self-built houses in an informal settlement. A methodology was developed to find composition patterns and to infer a set of rules which defines a shape grammar of Rocinha houses, allowing synthesis and analysis of low cost solutions for house designs. And above all, it highlights underlying design solutions produced empirically by inhabitants of favelas, emphasizing the diversity in favela’s architecture, and, that is also able to reflect the particular necessities of targeted population.展开更多
Informal urban development is seldomly covered in academic studies or professional architectural training. This article sets forth the first stage of a novel study that observes the informal city using the methodology...Informal urban development is seldomly covered in academic studies or professional architectural training. This article sets forth the first stage of a novel study that observes the informal city using the methodology of analysis of architecture called shape grammars. The idea is to recognize peculiarities in the occupation of the land and the volumetric features of the buildings. Rocinha favela, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is taken as a case study with the primary aim of extrapolating a set of rules for its morphological features so that these rules can be used to generate new shapes, whilst bearing in mind the issues of adaptation and transformation which are so characteristic of informal settlements. There is some expectation that this study may help improve the housing and public space in the favela and enable new housing programs to observe the way the buildings and different architectural elements combined, forming a new channel of interchange with the spatial organization of the favela.展开更多
English grammar teaching in college is a very challenging task, because teachers must not only consider the increase of students＇ communicative competence, but also take care of their grammar knowledge learning in th...English grammar teaching in college is a very challenging task, because teachers must not only consider the increase of students＇ communicative competence, but also take care of their grammar knowledge learning in the teaching process. This paper puts forward three teaching countermeasures based on the English grammar learning misunderstanding of college students, namely strengthen the grammar study of psychological counseling, strengthen guidance for English grammar learning method, and choose the teaching method of combination of explicit grammar and implicit grammar teaching.展开更多
文摘Shape grammar has been used by many researchers to identify and/or define languages in architectural design. This paper presents a methodology developed using shape grammar to analyze the informal city, specifically Favela da Rocinha’s buildings, in Rio de Janeiro. The goal was finding the organizational foundations of self-built houses in an informal settlement. A methodology was developed to find composition patterns and to infer a set of rules which defines a shape grammar of Rocinha houses, allowing synthesis and analysis of low cost solutions for house designs. And above all, it highlights underlying design solutions produced empirically by inhabitants of favelas, emphasizing the diversity in favela’s architecture, and, that is also able to reflect the particular necessities of targeted population.
文摘Informal urban development is seldomly covered in academic studies or professional architectural training. This article sets forth the first stage of a novel study that observes the informal city using the methodology of analysis of architecture called shape grammars. The idea is to recognize peculiarities in the occupation of the land and the volumetric features of the buildings. Rocinha favela, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is taken as a case study with the primary aim of extrapolating a set of rules for its morphological features so that these rules can be used to generate new shapes, whilst bearing in mind the issues of adaptation and transformation which are so characteristic of informal settlements. There is some expectation that this study may help improve the housing and public space in the favela and enable new housing programs to observe the way the buildings and different architectural elements combined, forming a new channel of interchange with the spatial organization of the favela.
文摘English grammar teaching in college is a very challenging task, because teachers must not only consider the increase of students＇ communicative competence, but also take care of their grammar knowledge learning in the teaching process. This paper puts forward three teaching countermeasures based on the English grammar learning misunderstanding of college students, namely strengthen the grammar study of psychological counseling, strengthen guidance for English grammar learning method, and choose the teaching method of combination of explicit grammar and implicit grammar teaching.
