“潟湖”非“泻湖”辨

从古汉语来看,"潟"表盐碱地之意。古代没有严格的字形规范,常常会出现书写者弃本字不用,而临时借用了音同或音近的字来替代的情况,古代常将"潟"写作"泻(瀉)""舄""舃"。从现状来看,潟湖实际上是海岸带被沙嘴、沙坝或珊瑚分割而与外海相分离的局部海水水域。"潟湖"与"潟"字之义密切相关,而与"泻"义无涉,"泻湖"应作"潟湖"。

Use of piezocone tests to predict consolidation yield stress and overconsolidation ratio of lagoonal deposit soil

Existing empirical methods for interpreting the consolidation yield stress and the overconsolidation ratio （OCR） in clays from piezocone tests are briefly reviewed. It can be seen that no universal correlation exists for all worldwide sites. However, for a given clay deposit, there does exist a most appropriate method to reflect the consolidation yield stress and the OCR based on piezocone test data. Three empirical methods are compared based on the piezocone test data collected on Lixia River lagoonal deposit soil sites in the north of Jiangsu province. The objective of this study is to evaluate the validity of the existing relationships linking the consolidation yield stress to piezocone test data and identify the appropriate method for Lixia River lagoonal deposit soil. It is shown that the correlation based on the net tip resistance has much higher accuracy for estimating the consolidation yield stress of lagoonal deposit soil than other methods.

Reconstructing Environmental Changes of a Coastal Lagoon with Coral Reefs in Southeastern Hainan Island

Coastal lagoons with small catchment basins are highly sensitive to natural processes and anthropogenic activities. To figure out the environmental changes of a coastal lagoon and its contribution to carbon burial, two sediment cores were collected in Xincun Lagoon, southeastern Hainan Island and (210) ~Pb activities, grain size parameters, total organic carbon(TOC), total nitrogen(TN), total inorganic carbon(TIC) and stable carbon isotopes(δ^(13)C) were measured. The results show that in 1770–1815, the decreasing water exchange capacity with outer open water, probably caused by the shifting and narrowing of the tidal inlet, not only diminished the currents and fined the sediments in the lagoon, but also reduced the organic matter of marine sources. From 1815 to 1950, the sedimentary environment of Xincun Lagoon was frequently influenced by storm events. These extreme events resulted in the high fluctuation of sediment grain size and sorting, as well as the great variation in contributions of terrestrial(higher plants, soils) and marine sources(phytoplankton, algae, seagrass). The extremely high content of TIC, compared to TOC before 1950 could be attributed to the large-scale coverage of coral reefs. However, with the boost of seawater aquaculture activities after 1970, the health growth of coral species was severely threatened, and corresponding production and inorganic carbon burial flux reduced. The apparent enhanced inorganic carbon burial rate after 1990 might result from the concomitant carbonate debris produced by seawater aquaculture. This result is important for local government long-term coastal management and environmental planning.

Model of Wetland Carbon Sequestration in the Venetian Lagoon, Italy

This research deals with an evaluation of the sink of greenhouse gas CO2 in a eutrophic area of the Venetian lagoon where fish is farmed （＂Valle da pesca＂）. Following CDM UNFCCC （Clean Development Mechanism United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change） criteria, this can be considered relevant to the international standard for the voluntary evaluation of carbon credits on the basis of Annex a of Kyoto Protocol. To identify the ＂Valle da pesca＂ brackish lagoon properties regulating the carbon dioxide （CO2）, a survey has been performed during three seasons in one year and in four different locations. These places are located in the Italian Venetian Lagoon and in the Grado Lagoon in North Italy, Europe. To identify the CO2 sink capacity, a special index is calculated. The CO2 concentrations and sink are regulated by the balance of autotrophic and heterotrophic activities, and the sediment anoxic denitrification and macro algae are crucial tank of CO2 in the valley shallow waters. The ponds potential-CO2 yield of 80-124 kg/m2 per year and the value are related and proportional to the correct human environmental control （water flux control）.

Stable isotopes in aquatic food web of an artificial lagoon in the Hangzhou Bay,China

Stable isotope values, δ13C and δ15N, were determined for four primary producers and 19 dominant consumers in a small artificial lagoon located in Hangzhou Bay. Based on these results the major pathways for energy flow and trophic structure of the artificial lagoon ecosystem were characterized. The mean δ13C values for the 19 consumers ranged from -22.99‰ to -14.24‰. Apart from so-iny mullet Liza haematocheila, the other 18 consumers had intermediate δ13C values between those of epibenthic microalgae and particulate organic matter (POM). The results of a multiple source linear mixing model (IsoSource model) indicated that 50% or more of the organic carbon in the tissues of most consumers was derived from epibenthic microalgae. This indicated that these primary producers were the main food source fueling the lagoon food web. The mean δ15N values for the 19 consumers varied between 4.93‰ and 12.97‰ and indicated four trophic levels in the lagoon. Four macroinvertebrates and zooplankton represented the primary consumers, whilst the other 14 consumers occupied the secondary and tertiary consumer levels. The 19 consumers were divided into three trophic guilds (detritivores/suspension feeders, omnivores and carnivores).

Process of Salinisation of a Lagoon and a Coastal Aquifer in Annaba Area （East Algerian）

The study area is located in a Mediterranean region, so the effects of the climate variations are very important. The authors contribution to this subject is based on the compilation of many results obtained from dissertations and theses that are carried out under their supervision. The main tool used, in addition to other methods, is the water hydrochemistry as it is proved very useful in obtaining good results and helpful in getting objective interpretations regarding the presence and absence of salinity. Several factors are undertaken to show the presence of salts in waters in the plain, the lithology of the geological formations shows that they are composed of alluvium sediments where the permeability is quite high, and this enables hydraulic communication between the fresh water of the aquifer and saline water of the sea. The study of climate shows a decrease of precipitation which favors an important decrease of recharge rate to the aquifer, and hence a decrease of water resource. The strontium which is a good indicator for the origin of salinity shows a variation that indicates a variation in the distribution of the salinity, and therefore diverse origins of salinity all over the studied area. This can infer the presence of marine invasion in the down-stream part of the aquifer, whereas elsewhere salinity is caused by the presence of evaporitic formation, mainly by the argillaceous matrix in the bottom of the lake. in the up-stream part of the aquifer. In the lake, salinity is explained

Feeding Habits of the Copper Shark, Carcharhinus brachyurus （Gunther, 1870） from Ain EI-Ghazala Lagoon, Eastern Libya during the Period from February till June 2013

The feeding habits of 140 specimens of Carcharhinus brachyurus （Fam. Carcharhinidae） inhabiting Ain-EI-Ghazala lagoon on the Mediterranean Sea, eastern Libya were studied monthly from February to June 2013. The annual diet composition, monthly variations in the diet composition, the variations of diet with length and the intensity of feeding were studied. Carcharhinus brachyurus feed on a wide variety of prey types： Pelagic bony fishes （54.5%）, benthic bony fishes （36.4%）, Cephalopods （6.8%）, Cartilaginous fishes （1.7%） and Fish parts （0.6%）. The Pelagic bony fishes and benthic bony fishes were the major food items during the study period in question, and they were found in all length groups. According to the results that were gleamed from this study, when the size of the sharks increased, the proportion of pelagic bony fishes within the sharks＇ stomachs grew in size, while the benthic bony fishes and Cephalopods decreased in size. The feeding intensity was quite high during the winter, spring and summer, this study is the first to study the Elasmobranchs in Libya, and it will be good base to study another species, specifically.

Isotopic and Chemical Characteristics of Lagoon Waters in Niigata Prefecture, Japan

In order to investigate the isotopic and chemical characteristics of lagoon waters in Niigata Prefecture in recent years, oxygen and hydrogen stable isotope ratios （i.e., 8180 and 6D）, the concentrations of DOC （dissolved organic carbon）, DO （dissolved oxygen） and pH, etc. in water samples of Sakata and Toyanogata were measured. Samples were generally taken monthly at the fixed sampling points from these lagoons. Consequently, the following matters have been mainly clarified： （1） ~D value of water samples in Sakata was generally larger than that in Toyanogata similarly to the case of ~180, though remarkable large difference among samples was not found; （2） the pH value of lagoon water samples is almost 6.5-8.5 （which is generally larger than that of river water）, and pH at the spot of SI （downstream point of Lower Lagoon （Shitakata）） is remarkably high （9.0-9.5）; （3） Lagoon water has the chemical characteristics contrasting to groundwater with a focus on river water from the viewpoint of pH （acidity or alkalinity） and DO. These matters can be closely related to the biological activity such as photosynthesis due to aquatic plant and phytoplankton and the activity of Crustacea plankton etc. in lagoon.

Lower Kungurian shallow-water lagoon biota of Middle Cis-Urals,Russia:towards paleoecological reconstruction

The paper deals with the Lower Kungurian （Philippovian Horizon; Lower Permian） biota of the Mid-dle Cis-Urals, Russia. The biota is characterized on the basis of four representative localities （ Philippovskoe Bus-stop, Philippovskian Quarry, Kamai and Kiselevo-Suksun Highway） , which are situated in the stratotype area of the Kungurian stage. All the localities can be regarded as Lagerstatten, but of authentically low biodi-versity ,since they represent oligotrophic lagoons of abnormal fluctuating salinity. General reconstruction of the Philippovian near-shore shallow-water ecosystem is given. Two new species of algae Algites philippoviensis sp. nov., A. shurtanensis sp. nov., and a new species of the limulids Paleolimulus kunguricus sp. nov. are de-scribed for the first time.

Wastewater Treatment in the Oasis of Figuig （Morocco） by Facultative Lagoon System： Physico-Chemical and Biological Aspect

The community of Figuig is located in a desert area, east of Morocco. It is characterized by an arid climate. Part of the aquifers of the area has a high salinity which creates even worst conditions for the use of the scarce water available in the area. Therefore, it is essential to develop new water resources, especially for agriculture. For this reason, reclaiming wastewater for agricultural use is an essential strategy to increase water resources. The studied system is a wastewater treatment plant （WWTP） with stabilisation ponds; it treats a part of the wastewater of Figuig. The monitoring of the WWTP will allow to the physico-chemical and biological characterization of the treated water, and then, to verify two principal points： （1） the physico-chemical and pathogen parasites elimination; （2） the possibility of the treated water reuse in agricultural irrigation. The reductions recorded at the WWTP show a relatively preferment operation with an average decrease of 3.17 Ulog for faecal coliforms and 50-60% for organic matter. It was observed that the taxonomic density is slow in the WWTP; observed species are generally Cyanobacteria, Euglénophycea and Chlorophycea characteristic of eutrophic water sources.

Performance of an Ultrafiltration Membrane Pilot System for Treatment of Waste Stabilization Lagoon Effluent

Bali Tourism Development Corporation＇s lagoon （BTDC lagoon） has been used for treating wastewaters that come from all facilities available in the Nusa Dua Resort tourist area. Reuse of the lagoon effluent is limited for some applications due to salt and suspended solid contents. Application of an integrated membrane system for improving the water quality of the lagoon effluent which is suitable for various uses is under consideration. In this work an ultraflltration （UF） pilot performance for possible pretreatment of Reverse Osmosis （RO） was investigated. The results showed that permeate quality was stable （less than 0.5 NTU）, regardless of concentrating and diluting retentate in each cycle and fouling for a long duration of operation. However, the water quality obtained with this membrane was not enough to be directly used. The permeate quality obtained from the UF system fulfils the requirement for the optimal operation of reverse osmosis. Moreover, appropriate intermittent-backwash operation was fairly effective to maintain the fluxes at a reasonable level.

Geomatic and Geotechnical Monitoring of Settlements in the Venice Lagoon, Italy

The safeguarding of Venice and the Venetian lagoon （Italy） from rising water is of great national interest. Besides the normal tidal regime, the effects of an increase in the frequency and intensity of floods in the lagoon have been accentuated by a reduction in the elevation of the land in respect to the actual average sea level. With the aim of reducing the vulnerability of the lagoon, the Italian Ministry of University and Scientific and Technological Research financed the research project ＂The geotechnical model of the subsurface for the safeguarding of Venice and its lagoon＂, to study the compressibility of the lagoon deposits, both by natural causes and as a consequence of overloading with heavy structures. The project involved the construction of a large experimental embankment in the Treporti area of the lagoon, in order to perform a full-scale long-term compression test on the lagoon soils. By using various geomatic and geotechnical monitoring techniques, it was possible to appraise very small vertical movements of the ground induced by the compressibility of the highly heterogeneous silty formations. High-precision data was acquired by means of classical topographic methodologies integrated with continuous GPS （Global Positioning System） measurements. In addition, vertical displacements of the ground were obtained using geotechnical instrumentation. This cross-monitoring approach provided a valuable tool for analyzing both the natural and anthropic causes of settlement.

Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of the Sakumo Lagoon, Ghana

The aim of this study was to determine the possible build up of heavy metals （Pb, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn） in the Sakumo lagoon, a Ramsar site situated 3 km west of Tema, an industrial town in Ghana. To achieve this, surface sediments were collected from three sections designated as south, centre and north of the lagoon. Sampling was done for a period of six months （September 2007 to February 2008） and concentrations of the heavy metals （Pb, Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn） in the sediments were determined using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results were compared with the mean concentrations of these metals from a study carried out on the same lagoon in 2003. It was observed that concentrations of these heavy metals in the sediments showed a significant increase over the 2003 levels except for lead where a decrease was observed. The metals also showed spatially large variation from south to north. The spatial variations in concentrations indicate the different absorption capacities of the sediments in the lagoon, a phenomenon which shows that recent anthropogenic heavy metal pollution had occurred. Statistical analysis also showed significant correlation between Pb and Cu （0.968） at 0.01 confidence level and between Cu and Zn （0.869） at 0.05 confidence level.

Listeria monocytogenes in Live Mytillis galloprovincialis Collected from Butrinti Lagoon Located in South Part of Albania

In 2009, 201 samples of live bivalve mussels （Mytillus galloprovincialis） were analyzed for presence of Listeria monocytogenes. The samples were collected from three sampling points （BM l-south, BM l-north and BMl-west） in Butrinti lagoon located in the south of Albania. The examination confirmed incidence of this pathogen with average value 4.5%. Based on the results, high incidence was reported in winter with 6.7% of analyzed samples. The incidence of L. monocytogenes was also reported respectively in spring of 2009 with 4.35% and in autumn with 2.3% of controlled samples. There is no big difference in values of incidence of L. monocytogenes between summer and autumn. The northern part of the lagoon was more indicated by contamination of L. monocytogenes. Examination of 67 samples of M. galloprovincialis, collected in the northern part of this lagoon, showed five cases or about 7.5% of them to be confirmed as positive. Referring to the study results, periodic controls of the sea products, particularly of live bivalve mollusks, for presence ofL. monocytogenes remains a necessary objective of food inspection in Albania.

俄罗斯空中舞台的新时尚——轻型与超轻型飞机

20世纪末,活跃在俄罗斯空中舞台的轻型和超轻型飞机,已从昂贵的消遣型工具变成为民用航空领域的新宠,给投资者带来了过半的利益。到自前为止,为此类飞机投资的增长势头仍十分明显。在投资的热潮中,近几年已开发制造了一系列的轻型和超轻型飞机。