张之洞从“清流”转向“洋务”的角色之变

张之洞从“清流”向“洋务”的转变是他一生事业的关键点。其兼容新旧的思想观念、灵活敏锐的时局判断、振刷维坚的政治实践,使得他成为清末一名经世务实的政治家。这启示我们,领导干部要修炼与时俱变的敏锐嗅觉、锤炼务实担当的工作作风,组织部门要完善干部轮岗交流机制,如此才能留下经得起历史和人民检验的业绩。

To establish CMOC China as an important component of marine data and service international cooperation in China

JCOMM has strategy to establish the network of WMO-IOC Centres for Marine-meteorological and Oceanographic Climate Data （CMOCs） under the new Marine Climate Data System （MCDS） in 2012 for improving the quality and timeliness of the marine-meteorological and oceanographic data, metadata and products available to end users. China as a candidate of CMOC China has been approved to run on a trial basis after the 4th Meeting of the Joint IOC/WMO Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology （JCOMM）. This article states the developing intention of CMOC China in the next few years through the brief introduction to critical marine data, products and service system and cooperation projects in the world.

Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis of Regional Marine Ecosystem Services Value

Marine ecosystem services are the benefits which people obtain from the marine ecosystem,including provisioning services,regulating services,cultural services and supporting services. The human species,while buffered against environmental changes by culture and technology,is fundamentally dependent on the flow of ecosystem services. Marine ecosystem services become increasingly valuable as the terrestrial resources become scarce. The value of marine ecosystem services is the monetary flow of ecosystem services on specific temporal and spatial scales,which often changes due to the variation of the goods prices,yields and the status of marine exploitation. Sensitivity analysis is to study the relationship between the value of marine ecosystem services and the main factors which affect it. Uncertainty analysis based on varying prices,yields and status of marine exploitation was carried out. Through uncertainty analysis,a more credible value range instead of a fixed value of marine ecosystem services was obtained in this study. Moreover,sensitivity analysis of the marine ecosystem services value revealed the relative importance of different factors.

Joint Occurrence Period of Wind Speed and Wave Height Based on Both Service Term and Risk Probability

Return periods calculated for different environmental conditions are key parameters for ocean platform design.Many codes for offshore structure design give no consideration about the correlativity among multi-loads and over-estimate design values.This frequently leads to not only higher investment but also distortion of structural reliability analysis.The definition of design return period in existing codes and industry criteria in China are summarized.Then joint return periods of different ocean environmental parameters are determined from the view of service term and danger risk.Based on a bivariate equivalent maximum entropy distribution,joint design parameters are estimated for the concomitant wave height and wind speed at a site in the Bohai Sea.The calculated results show that even if the return period of each environmental factor,such as wave height or wind speed,is small,their combinations can lead to larger joint return periods.Proper design criteria for joint return period associated with concomitant environmental conditions will reduce structural size and lead to lower investment of ocean platforms for the exploitation of marginal oil field.

Research on three-dimension ocean observation data integration and service technology

Currently,ocean data portals are being developed around the world based on Geographic Information Systems(GIS) as a source of ocean data and information.However,given the relatively high temporal frequency and the intrinsic spatial nature of ocean data and information,no current GIS software is adequate to deal effectively and efficiently with spatiotemporal data.Furthermore,while existing ocean data portals are generally designed to meet the basic needs of a broad range of users,they are sometimes very complicated for general audiences,especially for those without training in GIS.In this paper,a new technical architecture for an ocean data integration and service system is put forward that consists of four layers:the operation layer,the extract,transform,and load(ETL) layer,the data warehouse layer,and the presentation layer.The integration technology based on the XML,ontology,and spatiotemporal data organization scheme for the data warehouse layer is then discussed.In addition,the ocean observing data service technology realized in the presentation layer is also discussed in detail,including the development of the web portal and ocean data sharing platform.The application on the Taiwan Strait shows that the technology studied in this paper can facilitate sharing,access,and use of ocean observation data.The paper is based on an ongoing research project for the development of an ocean observing information system for the Taiwan Strait that will facilitate the prevention of ocean disasters.

Maritime Clusters＇ Evolution： A Digital Innovation Model

Maritime cluster is a well-established and productively researched theme by maritime policy and economics scholars. Maritime cluster＇s evolution is an under-investigated area, with ramifications in maritime policy and business decision-making. In this paper, we study the evolutionary formation of maritime clusters, in the contemporary European blue economy context. We examine pertinent factors for the sustainable development of maritime clusters, with a strong technical, service and market innovation orientation. We merely examine the significance of legislative, financial, business networking and knowledge management related components. Qualitative empirical testing of the theoretical premises is performed for the Spanish, Italian, Greek and Cypriot cluster entities.

DPOI: Distributed Software System Development Platform for Ocean Information Service

Ocean information management is of great importance as it has been employed in many areas of ocean science and technology. However, the developments of Ocean Information Systems(OISs) often suffer from low efficiency because of repetitive work and continuous modifications caused by dynamic requirements. In this paper, the basic requirements of OISs are analyzed first, and then a novel platform DPOI is proposed to improve development efficiency and enhance software quality of OISs by providing off-the-shelf resources. In the platform, the OIS is decomposed hierarchically into a set of modules, which can be reused in different system developments. These modules include the acquisition middleware and data loader that collect data from instruments and files respectively, the database that stores data consistently, the components that support fast application generation, the web services that make the data from distributed sources syntactical by use of predefined schemas and the configuration toolkit that enables software customization. With the assistance of the development platform, the software development needs no programming and the development procedure is thus accelerated greatly. We have applied the development platform in practical developments and evaluated its efficiency in several development practices and different development approaches. The results show that DPOI significantly improves development efficiency and software quality.

Web-based spatiotemporal visualization of marine environment data

With long-term marine surveys and research,and especially with the development of new marine environment monitoring technologies,prodigious amounts of complex marine environmental data are generated,and continuously increase rapidly.Features of these data include massive volume,widespread distribution,multiple-sources,heterogeneous,multi-dimensional and dynamic in structure and time.The present study recommends an integrative visualization solution for these data,to enhance the visual display of data and data archives,and to develop a joint use of these data distributed among different organizations or communities.This study also analyses the web services technologies and defines the concept of the marine information gird,then focuses on the spatiotemporal visualization method and proposes a process-oriented spatiotemporal visualization method.We discuss how marine environmental data can be organized based on the spatiotemporal visualization method,and how organized data are represented for use with web services and stored in a reusable fashion.In addition,we provide an original visualization architecture that is integrative and based on the explored technologies.In the end,we propose a prototype system of marine environmental data of the South China Sea for visualizations of Argo floats,sea surface temperature fields,sea current fields,salinity,in-situ investigation data,and ocean stations.An integration visualization architecture is illustrated on the prototype system,which highlights the process-oriented temporal visualization method and demonstrates the benefit of the architecture and the methods described in this study.

New Developments in Maritime Communications： a Comprehensive Survey

This paper summarizes the requirements for modem maritime wireless communication networks in the marine environments including the sea- to-sea and sea-to-shore communication scenarios. The existing maritime wireless communication sys- tems are presented and the development of the state-of-the-art maritime communication systems is surveyed. Furthermore, a hierarchical and integrated maritime network architecture is proposed to satisfy the increasing various classes of services which demand different Quality of Service （QoS）. Finally, the open issues for further development of maritime communications are identified.