现代汉语方言词“洋性”考

方言词汉字记音形式的不同会影响到方言词的词义变化。现代汉语方言词“洋性”(yangxing[ia■^(55)■i■0])有多个不同的汉字记音形式,以“羊性”“洋性”为主,两者在词义、语法和语用等方面既有区别,又有关联。考察“羊性”源流,发现词化后“羊性”最早出现在《醒世姻缘传》中,随后逐渐引申出“盲目从众的”“追求新奇的,好奇心重的”“放肆的、不受约束的、不听从的”等意义。随着社会发展和人们认知心理的变化,方言词“yangxing[ia■^(55)■i■0]”的汉字记音形式中记音字“洋”逐渐替代了“羊”,濡染混同,“洋性”延展演化出了新的意义,并经过不断复制传播,逐渐由单纯的记音形式变为常用词。

A Study of Fructification Quantitative Characteristics of Spartina alterniflora Lossel in Mangroves

[Objective] The countermeasure on the number of fructification of Spartina alterniflora in the period of sexual reproduction and the component of seed yielding construction was explored.[Method] The Spartina altemiflora in Mangroves conservation zone located at Hepu of Guangxi being taken as experimental material, its morphological and quantitative characteristics, as well as the weight of 100 full seeds at maturity stage in three different growth conditions（ clay, loam and sand） were studied. [ Results] The results showed that Spartina alterniflora had the best growth pattern in the loam. The morphological factors of fructification of S. altemiflora grown in sand were larger then in others. In the three growth conditions the order of quantitative characteristics of fructification of S. alterniflora was clay 〉 sand 〉 loam and the seeds in spikelet at top position were more maturity than those at the button position. [ Conclusion] In good condition, the Spartina altemiflora growth was vigor but the ratio of seed-setting was low.

Forward modeling of marine DC resistivity method for a layered anisotropic earth

Since the ocean bottom is a sedimentary environment wherein stratification is well developed, the use of an anisotropic model is best for studying its geology. Beginning with Maxwell＇s equations for an anisotropic model, we introduce scalar potentials based on the divergence-free characteristic of the electric and magnetic （EM） fields. We then continue the EM fields down into the deep earth and upward into the seawater and couple them at the ocean bottom to the transmitting source. By studying both the DC apparent resistivity curves and their polar plots, we can resolve the anisotropy of the ocean bottom. Forward modeling of a high-resistivity thin layer in an anisotropic half-space demonstrates that the marine DC resistivity method in shallow water is very sensitive to the resistive reservoir but is not influenced by airwaves. As such, it is very suitable for oil and gas exploration in shallowwater areas but, to date, most modeling algorithms for studying marine DC resistivity are based on isotropic models. In this paper, we investigate one-dimensional anisotropic forward modeling for marine DC resistivity method, prove the algorithm to have high accuracy, and thus provide a theoretical basis for 2D and 3D forward modeling.

The Therapeutic Effect of Onion on the Pathogenic Bacteria of Gill Rot Disease in Grass Carp

[Objective] The curative effect of onion on bacterial rotted gill disease in grass carp was researched [Method] The combination method of taking medicine through oral and spraying was used to cure sick grass carp for 1 period of treatment in room under artificial conditions. [Result] Different concentrations of onion generated different cure rates. When the combination was adding 1.0% - 2.0% medicine into feed and spraying 2.0 g,/m3 - 5.0 g,/m3, the curative result was the best with cure rate was 70% -90% [ Conclusion] The onion was effective on curing bacterial rotted gill disease in grass carp and could be taken as curative medicine.

Research on the influence of ocean temperature on XCTD profiler single-mode fiber transmission channel

XCTD, as one of the most important instruments for the deep sea exploration, is an important device for deep-sea hydrological data acquisition. But some difficult technical problems of traditional metal enameled wire channel have become the major bottleneck for XCTD development. Aiming at this problem, this paper puts forward with using single-mode fiber as the transmission channel of XCTD. Firstly, this paper makes a brief analysis on the problems of using enameled wire as transmission channel faces. Secondly, it analyzes the advantages of the single mode fiber technology. Finally, it makes theoretical research and experimental verification of the influence of seawater temperature change on the optical fiber transmission channel. The experimentat results show that the error rate at the transmission rate of 10 MB/S is 0, and the loss can be negligible when the single-mode fiber channel is used in the sea water and the seawater temperature changes from 0 to 20℃. This method will greatly increase the rate of signal transmission and the transmission stability. And this paper shows that using the single-mode fiber as the transmission channel of XCTD has certain feasibility.

NONLINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE PLATFORM STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO ICE EXCITATION(PART Ⅰ): EQUATION OF MOTION

In this paper,we established the equation of motion of a platform structure with four legs by way of Hamilton' s Principle and obtained the nonlinear dynamical model of platform structures. By using Laplace transformation we obtain the mode shapes of the system. The nonlinear model of the platform structure in this paper provded an accurate way of analysis for the engineering prediction of the dynamical characteristics of the platform and the understanding of its vibrational mechanism.

Reproductive Biology of Yellowfin Tuna T. albacares in the West-Central Indian Ocean

Survey of yellowfin tuna in the west-central Indian Ocean was conducted on board of Chinese longliners during 2003,2004 and 2005,which is a part of Chinese Tuna Fishery Scientific Observer Program(CTFSOP) . The reproductive biology has been investigated. A total of 1 023 samples are collected including 417 ovaries and 606 testes. Spawning activities of yellowfin tuna have been studied for both male and female from January to June. The data showed that the average monthly sex ratio is 0.59,and the minimum length at sexual maturity is 101 cm for female and 110 cm for male respectively. Length at 50% sexual maturity is esti-mated at 113.77 cm for female and 120.20 cm for male,whereas maturation rate is 0.066 cm-1 for female and 0.091 cm-1 for male. Sex ratio by length class indicates that the proportion of male is higher than female's along with size increasing;for instance,in the group of the body length longer than 145 cm,some females have their body length from 145 to 160 cm and males have their body length at 160 cm and even longer. Statistically,yellowfin tuna has a significant seasonal reproduction.

Shift of the principal mode of Pan-Asian monsoon summer precipitation in terms of spatial pattern

This paper documents that the principal mode of Pan-Asian monsoon summer precipitation experienced a prominent interdecadal shift around 1992/1993 in terms of spatial pattern and major driving factors. During 1979-1992 （Period 1, P1）, Pan-Asian monsoon summer precipitation anomalies mainly display a meridional dipole pattern from north to south, whereas in the period 1993-2016 （Period 2, P2）, it shows a meridional tripole pattern instead. The summer precipitation in P1 is primarily associated with a combination of the developing phase （central-eastern Pacific type） and decaying phase （eastern Pacific type） of El Nino-Southem Oscillation （ENSO）; while in P2, it is mainly associated with the decaying phase of central-eastern-Pacific-type ENSO.

Age and Growth Characteristics of Crimson Sea Bream Paragyrops edita Tanaka in Beibu Gulf

Age and growth characteristics of crimson sea bream Paragyrops edita Tanaka in Beibu Gulf were studied through bottom trawling and gillnet fleets fishing from July 2006 to December 2007. A total number of 1155 individuals, ranging from 49 to 249mm in standard length was examined. The age of the fish was determined from sagittal otoliths. One year growth was made up of one translucent and one opaque zone. A maximum likelihood estimation procedure was used to fit the Von Bertalanffy, Logistic and Gompertz growth functions to the length-at-age data. ARSS indicated that there were no significant differences in growth between sexes in the three growth models （P〉0.05）, and the Von Bertalanffy growth function Lr=292.8{1 cxp[-0.167（t＋1.l16）]} was selected as the most appropriate growth model according to Akaike＇s information criterion （AIC）.

Study on the growth of wind wave frequency spectra generated by cold waves in the northern East China Sea

The growth of frequency spectra and spectral parameters of wind waves generated by cold waves, a kind of severe weather system, in the northern East China Sea is studied in this paper. Based on a third-generation wave action model(the Simulating WAves Nearshore model), simulations were developed to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of wind waves and to output spectral data. It is shown that the cold wave-induced spectra can be well described by the modified Joint North Sea Wave Project spectral form. The growth of wave spectra is comprehensively reflected by the evolution of the three characteristic parameters: peak frequency, spectral peak and wave energy. Besides, the approximations of dependences between spectral parameters and the three types of universal induced factors are obtained with the least squares method and compared systematically. Fetch and peak frequency turn out to be suitable parameters to describe the spectral parameters, while the dependences on the inverse wave age vary in different sea areas. In general, the derived relationships improve on results from previous studies for better practical application of the wind wave frequency spectrum in the northern East China Sea.

The changes of three components in coelomic fluid of Urechis unicinctus exposed to different concentrations of sulfide

The changes in heme (associated with hemoglobin), hemoglobin and hematin in the coelomic fluid of marine worm, Urechis unicinctus, exposed to different concentrations of sulfide, were investigated using bio- chemical techniques. When exposed to different sulfide concentrations for up to 96 h, the relative amounts of the three components changed in a regular pattern suggesting that the coelomocytes play an important role in the worm’s tolerance to sulfide. The possible roles of heme compounds in sulfide tolerance of this species are dis- cussed on the basis of our experimental data.

Response of North Pacific and North Atlantic decadal variability to weak global warming

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO） and the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability （AMV） are the two dominant low-frequency modes in the climate system. This research focused on the response of these two modes under weak global warming. Observational data were derived from the Hadley Center Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature dataset （HadISST） and coupled model outputs from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5）. Changes in PDO and AMV were examined using four models （bcc-csml-1, CCSM4, IPSL-CM5A-LR, and MPI- ESM-LR） with long weak global warming scenarios （RCP2.6）. These models captured the two low-frequency modes in both pre-industrial run and RCP2.6 run. Under weak global warming, the time scales of PDO and AMV significantly decreased while the amplitude only slightly decreased. Interestingly, the standard deviation of the North Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly （SSTA） decreased only in decadal time scale, and that of the North Atlantic SSTA decreased both in interannual and decadal time scales. The coupled system consists of a slow ocean component, which has a decadal time scale, and a fast atmospheric component, which is calculated by subtracting the decadal from the total. Results suggest that under global warming, PDO change is dominated by ocean dynamics, and AMV change is dominated by ocean dynamics and stochastic atmosphere forcing.

Response of Internal Waves to 2005 Typhoon Damrey over the Northwestern Shelf of the South China Sea

Continuous observation of sea water temperature and current was made at Wenchang Station(19°35′N,112°E) in 2005. The data collected indicate vigorous internal waves of both short periods and tidal and near-inertial periods. The temperature and current time series during 18-30 September were examined to describe the upper ocean internal wave field response to Typhoon Damrey(0518) . The strong wind associated with the typhoon,which passed over the sea area about 45 km south of Wenchang Station on 25 September,deepened the mixed layer depth remarkably. It decreased the mixed layer temperature while increasing the deep layer temperature,and intensified the near-inertial and high-frequency fluctuations of temperature and current. Power spectra of temperature and current time series indicate significant deviations from those obtained by using the deep ocean internal wave models characterized by a power law. The frequency spectra were dominated by three energetic bands:around the inertial frequency(7.75× 10-6 Hz) ,tidal frequencies(1.0×10-5 to 2.4×10-5 Hz) ,and between 1.4×10-4 and 8.3×10-4 Hz. Dividing the field data into three phases(before,during and after the typhoon) ,we found that the typhoon enhanced the kinetic energy in nearly all the frequency bands,especially in the surface water. The passage of Damrey made a major contribution to the horizontal kinetic energy of the total surface current variances. The vertical energy density distribution,with its peak value at the surface,was an indication that the energy injected by the strong wind into the surface current could penetrate downward to the thermocline.

Kinetics of Atmospheric Corrosion of Mild Steel in Marine and Rural Environments

In continuation of the extensive studies carried out to update the corrosion map of India, in this study, the degradation of mild steel by air pollutants was studied at 16 different locations from Nagore to Ammanichatram along the east coast of Tamilnadu, India over a period of two years. The weight loss study showed that the mild steel corrosion was more at Nagapattinam site, when compared to Ammanichatram and Maravakadu sites. A linear regression analysis of the experimental data was attempted to predict the mechanism of the corrosion. The composition of the corrosion products formed on the mild steel surfaces was identified by XRD technique. The corrosion rate values obtained are discussed in the light of the weathering parameters, atmospheric pollutants such as salt content ＆ SO2 levels in the atmosphere, corrosion products formed on the mild steel surfaces.

Viscosity of Sea Surface Microlayer in Jiaozhou Bay and Adjacent Sea Area

This study on the temporal and spatial variability of the viscosity and some chemical parameters in the sea surface microlayer (SML), the relationship between the viscosity and chemical parameters, and the influence of the viscosity on the mass transfer coefficient ( K ) in the flux of materials through the air sea interface revealed that: The values of viscosity and some chemical parameters in the SML are higher than those in the sub surface layer (SSL), and at daytime are higher than those at night. The viscosity has positive corelation with chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and salinity. The "SML effect" on K need not be considered because the SML effect on materials concentration is so small.

Assessment of South Pacific Albacore Stock (Thunnus alalunga) by Improved Schaefer Model

Based on catch and effort data of tuna longline fishery operating in the South Pacific Ocean, the South Pacific albacore stock was assessed by an improved Schaefer model. The results revealed that the intrinsic growth rate was about 1.283 74 and carrying capacities vareied in the range from 73 734 to 266 732 metric tons. The growth ability of this species is remarkable. Stock dynamics mainly depends on environmental conditions. The stock is still in good condition. However, the continuous decreasing of biomass in recent years should be noticed.

Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation and Toxicity with Special Reference to Microalgae

The bioaccumulation and toxicity of heavy metals were reviewed with special reference to microalgae, the key compo- nent of the food web in aquatic ecosystems. Heavy metals enter algal cells either by means of active transport or by endocytosis through chelating proteins and affect various physiological and biochemical processes of the algae. The toxicity primarily results from their binding to the sulphydryl groups in proteins or disrupting protein structure or displacing essential elements. Metals can break the oxidative balance of the algae, inducing antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). The amount of oxidized proteins and lipids in the algal cells thus indicates the severity of the stress. Algal tolerance to heavy metal is highly dependent upon the defense response against the probable oxidative damages. Pro- duction of binding factors and proteins, exclusion of metals from cells by ion-selective transporters and excretion or compartmen- talization have been suggested with regard to reducing heavy metal toxicity. However, a comprehensive description on the mecha- nisms underlining metal toxicity of microalgae and gaining tolerance is yet to be elaborated.

Microsatellite Variation in the Oyster Crassostrea plicatula Along the Coast of China

Genetic diversity and differentiation of the oyster Crassostrea plicatula populations from China’s coast were studied based on seven microsatellite loci. All loci showed high polymorphism for all five C. plicatula populations,with an average number of allele per locus of 19.3-27.9 and an average expected heterozygosity of 0.889-0.952. Significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilib-rium and deficits of heterozygotes were observed over most populations at each locus,which were fully explained by null alleles. Microsatellite analysis revealed significant subdivision in the C. plicatula populations. According to the neighbor-joining tree con-structed on the basis of the DA distance,the five populations fell into three regional groups,showing a relatively homogeneous genetic structure in geographically close populations. Assignation tests correctly assigned high percentages of individuals to their original populations and groups,and also confirmed the existence of genetic differentiation among C. plicatula populations. The results ob-tained in this study will facilitate the formulation of appropriate fisheries management programs,stock identification and conservation of biodiversity for the species.

The Evaluation on Biological Properties of Carboxymethyl-chitosan and Carboxymethyl-chitin

Carboxymethyl-chitosan and carboxymethyl-chitin were prepared with the methods developed in our laboratory. The DS （degree of substitution） and DD （degree of deacetylation） of the carboxymethyl-chitosan were 103.14% and 97.18% respectively, while the DS of the carboxymethyl-chitin was 96.37%. Their effects on human fibroblasts, intradermal irritation test, in vitro and vivo degradability, and biocompatibility were evaluated. The results indicate that the polysaccharides at low concentrations can facilitate the growth of human fibroblasts and the carboxymethyl-chitosan at 100 μg mL^-1 is the most effective. The polysaccharides at higher concentrations, however, inhibit the growth of fibroblasts. The PII （Primary Irritation Index） values of CM-chitosan and CM-chitin are both 0.0, which shows that they have no irritation reaction. Both of the polysaccharides show good degradability and biocompatibility. Carboxymethyl-chitin degrades faster in vitro than carboxymethyl-chitosan. The latter, however, has no inflammatory reaction after being implanted in vivo for 7 d and shows better biocompatibility. This study may provide a scientific basis for the use of earboxymethyl-ehitosan and carboxymethyl-chitin as biomaterials.

Heterosis and combining ability:a diallel cross of three geographically isolated populations of Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino

We conducted a complete diallel cross among three geographically isolated populations of Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino to determine the heterosis and the combining ability of growth traits at the spat stage.The three populations were collected from Qingdao(Q) and Dalian(D) in China,and Miyagi(M) in Japan.We measured the shell length,shell width,and total weight.The magnitude of the general combining ability(GCA) variance was more pronounced than the specific combining ability(SCA) variance,which is evidenced by both the ratio of the genetic component in total variation and the GCA/SCA values.The component variances of GCA and SCA were significant for all three traits(P<0.05),indicating the importance of additive and non-additive genetic effects in determining the expression of these traits.The reciprocal maternal effects(RE) were also significant for these traits(P<0.05).Our results suggest that population D was the best general combiner in breeding programs to improve growth traits.The DM cross had the highest heterosis values for all three traits.