We present the results of laser ablations cleanness process on bronzes covered by a chloride patina in two different media： marine water and air. The bronze chloride disease was obtained treating commercial bronzes w...We present the results of laser ablations cleanness process on bronzes covered by a chloride patina in two different media： marine water and air. The bronze chloride disease was obtained treating commercial bronzes with HCI 37%, for 190 h. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and optical images taken on treated samples show the formation of a CuCIJCu2CI2 patina of about 300 m Laser ablation reduces in both medium the patina thickness at few microns without changing the chemical composition of bronze. X-ray analysis show the most effectiveness of ablation procedure in marine water where its only effect is the patina reduction without introducing changes in bronze chemical composition. Ablation in air, instead, reduces the patina but favors the adsorption of air oxygen and carbon on sample surfaces and a progressive ＂carbonization＂ of samples.展开更多
The characteristic of green detergents and it＇s difference with regular detergent was expounded in this paper, according to the kernel of green chemistry. The variation trends of Chinese mainstream consumer group sho...The characteristic of green detergents and it＇s difference with regular detergent was expounded in this paper, according to the kernel of green chemistry. The variation trends of Chinese mainstream consumer group show that the new mainstream consumer group are concerning more and more about household detergent, especially its safety to human and environment. Growing attention of the mainstream consumer group and the standard drafting units on detergent will promote the development of green detergents, however, there are still challenges for the development of green detergents.展开更多
This work reports detergents production using biological surfactants, microbiologically synthesized, and compares its foaming power and emulsification capacity to those presented by a petroleum based surfactant. Both ...This work reports detergents production using biological surfactants, microbiologically synthesized, and compares its foaming power and emulsification capacity to those presented by a petroleum based surfactant. Both used microorganisms were capable to produce surfactants, been able to emulsify oil/water mixtures and cause decrease of surface tension of water. The biosurfactant produced from Yarrowia lipolytica has a critical micelle concentration lower than that obtained from Pseudomonas aeruginosa （10 and 30 mg·Lt, respectively）, but the later showed better results in foaming power and emulsification experiments, similar to the synthetic detergent.展开更多
文摘We present the results of laser ablations cleanness process on bronzes covered by a chloride patina in two different media： marine water and air. The bronze chloride disease was obtained treating commercial bronzes with HCI 37%, for 190 h. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and optical images taken on treated samples show the formation of a CuCIJCu2CI2 patina of about 300 m Laser ablation reduces in both medium the patina thickness at few microns without changing the chemical composition of bronze. X-ray analysis show the most effectiveness of ablation procedure in marine water where its only effect is the patina reduction without introducing changes in bronze chemical composition. Ablation in air, instead, reduces the patina but favors the adsorption of air oxygen and carbon on sample surfaces and a progressive ＂carbonization＂ of samples.
文摘The characteristic of green detergents and it＇s difference with regular detergent was expounded in this paper, according to the kernel of green chemistry. The variation trends of Chinese mainstream consumer group show that the new mainstream consumer group are concerning more and more about household detergent, especially its safety to human and environment. Growing attention of the mainstream consumer group and the standard drafting units on detergent will promote the development of green detergents, however, there are still challenges for the development of green detergents.
文摘This work reports detergents production using biological surfactants, microbiologically synthesized, and compares its foaming power and emulsification capacity to those presented by a petroleum based surfactant. Both used microorganisms were capable to produce surfactants, been able to emulsify oil/water mixtures and cause decrease of surface tension of water. The biosurfactant produced from Yarrowia lipolytica has a critical micelle concentration lower than that obtained from Pseudomonas aeruginosa （10 and 30 mg·Lt, respectively）, but the later showed better results in foaming power and emulsification experiments, similar to the synthetic detergent.
