“洞房”义项补遗

"洞房"一词出现很早,最初是指"幽深的内室"或"连接相通的房间"。唐代产生新义,不但可以指女子的闺房,还可以借指"闺情"。后由此引申为新婚卧房。此外,由于盛唐时道教、佛教盛行,洞房还曾用来指道士的观宇或僧人的山房。这两个唐代产生的新义在《汉语大词典》中均未收录。

结婚的新房为什么叫“洞房”？（外一篇）

结婚的新房通常称作“洞房”，不论它如何豪华或简陋。“洞房花烛夜，金榜题名时”，是古人一生最幸福的两件事。“金榜题名”讲的是科举考试中了进士，这有资料可查，也容易理解。那为什么把新房称作“洞房”，而且还要有“花烛”？这就值得探究了。

Mechanical response and stability analysis of rock mass in high geostress underground powerhouse caverns subjected to excavation

To investigate the stability of rock mass in high geostress underground powerhouse caverns subjected to excavation,a microseismic(MS)monitoring system was established and the discrete element method(DEM)-based numerical simulation was carried out.The tempo-spatial damage characteristics of rock mass were analyzed.The evolution laws of MS source parameters during the formation of a rock collapse controlled by high geostress and geological structure were investigated.Additionally,a three-dimensional DEM model of the underground powerhouse caverns was built to reveal the deformation characteristics of rock mass.The results indicated that the MS events induced by excavation of high geostress underground powerhouse caverns occurred frequently.The large-stake crown of the main powerhouse was the main damage area.Prior to the rock collapse,the MS event count and accumulated energy release increased rapidly,while the apparent stress sharply increased and then decreased.The amount and proportion of shear and mixed MS events remarkably increased.The maximum displacement was generally located near the spandrel areas.The MS monitoring data and numerical simulation were in good agreement,which can provide significant references for damage evaluation and disaster forecasting in high geostress underground powerhouse caverns.

Characteristics of microseismic b-value associated with rock mass large deformation in underground powerhouse caverns at different stress levels

Rock mass large deformation in underground powerhouse caverns has been a severe hazard in hydropower engineering in Southwest China.During the development of rock mass large deformation,a sequence of fractures was generated that can be monitored using microseismic(MS)monitoring techniques.Two MS monitoring systems were established in two typical underground powerhouse caverns featuring distinct geostress levels.The MS b-values associated with rock mass large deformation and their temporal variation are analysed.The results showed that the MS bvalue in course of rock mass deformation was less than 1.0 in the underground powerhouse caverns at a high stress level while larger than 1.5 at a low stress level.Prior to the rock mass deformation,the MS b-values derived from both the high-stress and low-stress underground powerhouse caverns show an incremental decrease over 10%within 10 d.The results contribute to understanding the fracturing characteristics of MS sources associated with rock mass large deformation and provide a reference for early warning of rock mass large deformation in underground powerhouse caverns.

浙江沿海传统婚礼仪式歌的不同表现形态

浙江沿海传统婚俗中,存在着婚礼仪式唱婚礼歌和吟“洞房经”的现象。它是古老的吴越歌谣在民间传统婚俗中的活态遗存,带有浓厚的宗教仪式感和民俗文化色彩,是婚俗仪式的诗意表达和艺术呈现。浙江沿海传统婚礼仪式歌在长期的发展过程中,形成了各自的特色和相对固定的模式。台州“洞房经”、舟山“贺新郎”、嘉兴“浪柳园”,不仅为婚礼歌贴上了地域的标签,也是不同区域文化传播、交流、融合以及生活变迁、民俗与民歌同步延续的生动写照。

The research and practice of major technological issues on design of Three Gorges Project

The dam of Three Gorges Project is characterized by large flood discharge capacity,more outlets,complicated flood discharge and energy dissipation structure,and the stability of the bank powerhouse dam foundation is endangered by large gentle-dip structural plane of the bedrock due to the deep excavation of powerhouse at the dam-toe.For the dam body concrete,the durability requirement is high and the temperature control and crack prevention are difficult.The practical experience which could be used for reference in the design and construction of asphalt concrete core wall for Maopingxi protective earth-rock dam is scarce.The power station operates with high water head and large head variation.The type selection of penstock and intake as well as the embedding way of spiral case are complicated in technique,and the tailrace tunnel with sloping ceiling of underground power plant is arranged instead of traditional tailrace surge tank.For the double-line five-step ship-lock,the design of fully lined ship-lock,high head delivery system and large-sized miter gates and hoists is very challenging due to high operation head,complicated delivery conditions and building in deep excavated rock.The preferred solutions,optimal schemes and technical measures for various structures,as well as the innovation achievements proved by practice are highlighted.

Urban Disaster Prevention Shelter VulnerabilityEvaluation Considering Road Network Characteristics

Large-scale national disasters have recently occurred worldwide, causing tremendous damage to life and property. Therefore, urban safety has become a critical issue, and disaster prevention and mitigation are also considered in urban development and infrastructure construction. When earthquake disasters occur, road networks play major roles in rescue activity for responding to urban damage. The urban-disaster prevention spatial system attempts to mitigate hazards by considering shelters, routes for evacuation and rescue and necessary logistics. A literature review shows numerous studies related to a disaster-prevention shelter survey before or after hazards, however, they are less concerned with the reliability of shelter evaluation. This study assesses shelter evaluation by considering road networks. The authors construct 10 selected indices individually related to road networks. Three integrated composite indices are established to explain planned-shelter risks using the Arc GIS diagram of a spatial concept of an urban-planning review process. The relationship between shelters and evacuation/rescue routes is important for disaster-prevention planning. This survey investigates the factors of road networks, fire engine rescue routes, fire station location and road/population density for vulnerability evaluations.

Natural Ventilation by Air Captors and Extractors Sheds in Hospitals in Brazil： Wind Tunnel Measurements

Natural ventilation is an efficient design strategy for the passive cooling of buildings, especially in tropical countries such as Brazil. Among the ventilation strategies, sheds can be highlighted. These structures consist of roof openings that work as air captors or extractors depending on their location in relation to the prevailing wind directions. The hospitals of the Sarah Network, designed by the Brazilian architect Joao Filgueiras Lima, Lele, are worldwide known for using these elements to improve natural ventilation. This paper analyses the natural ventilation performance of sheds for air collecting and extracting in two Sarah hospitals located in the cities of Salvador and Rio de Janeiro. In each building, the sheds were analyzed for air extracting and collecting. The analyses were carried out by reduced physical models in an atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel. The wind velocity was measured at external and internal points of the buildings, using hot-wire anemometers. The results show that the wards in Rio de Janeiro hospital are 17% more ventilated than the ones in the Salvador hospital. However, this difference occurs not only because of the collecting sheds but also because of set of openings and the configuration of the covering in hospitals in Rio de Janeiro.