被“闲置”的“活理”——再辨朱子的“理气动静”问题

朱子"理气动静"的问题多受争论。实际上,朱子的本义是"动静"不适合也不足以范畴"理","理"超越动静;同时"理"的内涵本身、"动之理"与"静之理"都保证了理是"活理"。但另一方面,朱子又引申"理气动静"而得出"气强理弱"的判断,"活理"亦由此受到局限。贯彻到工夫论上,结果是他对于"气禀"的影响持有更加谨慎的态度,因此宁愿"闲置"此"活理"的有限作用,由此最终与心学走上了迥然的工夫路径。

活血理肝汤通过LPS/TLR-4/NF-kB信号通路治疗NAFLD大鼠的机制探讨

目的 探讨活血理肝汤通过LPS/TLR-4/NF-kB信号通路防治NAFLD的机制。方法 30只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组和活血理肝汤组,每组10只。正常对照组给予普通饲料喂养;模型组和活血理肝汤组给予高脂饲料喂养。8周后经肝脏病理HE染色确认造模成功,活血理肝汤组按照8.5g/(kg·d)进行灌胃,正常对照组和模型组使用相同体积生理盐水灌胃,持续8周。全自动生化分析仪测定各组大鼠血清血脂、肝功水平,HE染色和油红O染色观察各组大鼠肝脏组织形态与脂质沉积情况;酶联免疫吸附法检测各组大鼠肝脏白细胞介素-1(IL-1)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平以及血清、肝脏、盲肠内容物的脂多糖(LPS)水平。Western blot法和荧光定量PCR法分别检测各组大鼠肝脏组织NF-κB和TLR4的蛋白和mRNA表达水平。结果 与正常对照组比较,模型组大鼠血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)和天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)水平显著升高,高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)水平显著降低(P<0.05);肝细胞内可见大量大小不等的脂肪空泡,肝窦狭窄或消失,脂质沉积明显;肝脏IL-1、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α水平以及血清、肝脏、盲肠内容物中LPS水平均显著升高(P<0.05);肝脏TLR4和NF-κB的蛋白和mRNA表达均增高(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,活血理肝汤组大鼠血清TC、TG、LDL-C和AST、ALT水平显著降低(P<0.05),HDL-C水平升高(P<0.05);肝细胞内脂肪空泡明显减少,肝窦狭窄有所缓解,脂质沉积情况有所改善;肝脏IL-1、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α水平和盲肠内容物、血清、肝脏LPS水平均显著降低(P<0.05);肝脏TLR4和NF-κB的蛋白和mRNA的表达均降低(P<0.05)。结论 活血理肝汤能够改善NAFLD大鼠血脂水平、减轻肝脏脂质沉积,降低炎症指标IL-1、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α的水平,改善肝脏的内环境,并可能是通过LPS/TLR-4/NF-kB信号通路发挥NAFLD的保护作用。

Deactivation mechanism of acetone to isobutene conversion over Y/Beta catalyst

The conversion of acetone derived from biomass to isobutene has attracted extensive attentions.In comparison with Brønsted acidic catalyst,Lewis acidic catalyst could exhibit a better catalytic performance with a higher isobutene selectivity.However,the catalyst stability remains a key problem for the long-running acetone conversion and the reasons for catalyst deactivation are poorly understood up to now.Herein,the deactivation mechanism of Lewis acidic Y/Beta catalyst during the acetone to isobutene conversion was investigated by various characterization techniques,including acetone-temperature-programmed surface reaction,gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,in situ ultraviolet-visible,and ^(13)C cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.A successive aldol condensation and cyclization were observed as the main side-reactions during the acetone conversion at Lewis acidic Y sites.In comparison with the low reaction temperature,a rapid formation and accumulation of the larger cyclic unsaturated aldehydes/ketones and aromatics could be observed,and which could strongly adsorb on the Lewis acidic sites,and thus cause the catalyst deactivation eventually.After a simple calcination,the coke deposits could be easily removed and the catalytic activity could be well restored.

Single atom doping induced charge-specific distribution of Cu1-TiO_(2) for selective aniline oxidation via a new mechanism

Utilizing single atom sites doping into metal oxides to modulate their intrinsic active sites,achieving precise selectivity control in complex organic reactions,is a highly desirable yet challenging endeavor.Meanwhile,identifying the active site also represents a significant obstacle,primarily due to the intricate electronic environment of single atom site doped metal oxide.Herein,a single atom Cu doped TiO_(2)catalyst(Cu_(1)-TiO_(2)) is prepared via a simple“colloid-acid treatment”strategy,which switches aniline oxidation selectivity of TiO_(2) from azoxybenzene to nitrosobenzene,without using additives or changing solvent,while other metal or nonmetal doped TiO_(2) did not possess.Comprehensive mechanistic investigations and DFT calculations unveil that Ti-O active site is responsible for triggering the aniline to form a new PhNOH intermediate,two PhNOH condense to azoxybenzene over TiO_(2) catalyst.As for Cu_(1)-TiO_(2),the charge-specific distribution between the isolated Cu and TiO_(2) generates unique Cu_(1)-O-Ti hybridization structure with nine catalytic active sites,eight of them make PhNOH take place spontaneous dissociation to produce nitrosobenzene.This work not only unveils a new mechanistic pathway featuring the PhNOH intermediate in aniline oxidation for the first time but also presents a novel approach for constructing single-atom doped metal oxides and exploring their intricate active sites.

Acid mine drainage activation mechanism on lime-depressed pyrite flotation from copper sulfide ore

The lime-depressed pyrite from Cu differential flotation tailings with acid mine drainage(AMD)as a natural activator was recovered.The effect of AMD on lime-depressed pyrite flotation was investigated by a series of laboratory flotation tests and surface analytical techniques.Flotation test results indicated that AMD could effectively activate the pyrite flotation with a sodium butyl xanthate(SBX)collector,and a high-quality sulfur concentrate was obtained.Pulp ion concentration analysis results indicated that AMD facilitated desorption of Ca^(2+)and adsorption of Cu^(2+)on the depressed-pyrite surface.Adsorption measurements and contact angle analysis results confirmed that adding AMD improved the adsorption amount of SBX collector on the pyrite surface and increased the contact angle by 31°.Results of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicated that AMD treatment promoted the formation of hydrophobic species(S^(0) hydrophobic entity and copper sulfides)and the removal of hydrophilic calcium and iron species on the pyrite surface,which reinforced the adsorption of collector.The findings of the present research provide important theoretical basis and technical support for a cleaner production of copper sulfide ores.

Influence of thermomechanical treatment on recrystallization and softening resistance of Cu-6.5Fe-0.3Mg alloy

The recrystallization and softening resistance of a Cu-6.5Fe-0.3Mg(mass fraction,%)alloy prepared by Process 1(cold rolling heat treatment)and Process 2(hot/cold rolling heat treatment)were studied using Vickers hardness tests,tensile tests,scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.The softening temperature,hardness and tensile strength of the alloy prepared by Process 2 were 110°C,HV 15 and 114 MPa higher,respectively,than those of the alloy prepared by Process 1 after aging at 300°C.The recrystallization activation energy of the alloys prepared by Process 1 and Process 2 were 72.83 and 98.11 kJ/mol,respectively.The pinning effects of the precipitates of the two alloys on grain boundaries and dislocations were basically the same.The softening mechanism was mainly attributed to the loss of dislocation strengthening.The higher Fe fiber density inhibited the average free migration path of dislocations and grain boundary migration in the alloy,which was the main reason for higher softening temperature of the alloy prepared by Process 2.

Effect of Rhubarb Decoction on the Isolated Intestinal Movement of Ophicephalus argus

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate effects of rhubarb decoction with different concentrations on the isolated intestinal movement performance of Ophicephalus argus,and to discuss its pharmacological mechanism.[Method] With RM6240C biological signal collection and processing system,tension values of the isolated intestine before and after the treatment by rhubarb decoction with different concentrations were recorded by the isolated organ method.[Result] Rhubarb decoction with concentration of 0.062 and 0.125 g/ml showed obvious enhancement on the isolated intestinal contraction of Ophicephalus argus,while rhubarb decoction with concentration of 0.250 and 0.500 g/ml showed inhibition on the isolated intestinal contraction of Ophicephalus argus.There was an extremely significant difference in rhubarb decoction with concentration of lower than 0.500 g/ml and more than 0.500 g/ml.With the increase of rhubarb concentration,the intestinal movement of Ophicephalus argus enhanced,but the contraction frequency did not change obviously.[Conclusion] Rhubarb decoction has remarkable effects on the contraction of smooth muscle in the isolated intestines of Ophicephalus argus.

Deformation mechanism and softening effect of extruded AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet at moderate temperatures

The flow stress behavior of extruded AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet was investigated by means of compression tests at temperatures between 473 and 523 K and strain rates ranging from 0.001 to 1.0 s-1. The deformation activation energy of the sheet in extrusion direction （ED） was calculated, and the relationship between the softening effect and deformation mechanism was elucidated by optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that when the extruded AZ31 magnesium alloy samples were compressed at moderate temperatures in ED direction, the deformation activation energy is 174.18 kJ/mol, which means that dynamic recrystallization （DRX） is the main softening effect and is controlled by cross slip of thermal active dislocation. Dislocation slip is the main deformation mechanism in moderate-temperature deformation process except twinning. The main DRX effect at moderate temperatures can be considered to be continuous dynamic recrystallization accommodated with twinning DRX.

Study on Physiological Activity of the Resistance of Medicago sativa to Thrips

[Objective] The experiment explored of resistance of different Medicago sativa through synthetic variations of all physiological indexes and the correlation analysis between physiological activity and damage degree after thrips damage. [Method] According to studying physiological activity (POD activity, SOD activity, PPO activity, PAL activity, MDA content and free proline content) of alfalfa in alfalfa resistance to different number of thrips, the correlation between physiological activity and resistance was investigated. [Result] It was shown that there were negative correlations among POD, SOD, PPO, PAL, MDA, free praline and the number of thrips, and there were negative correlations among POD, SOD, PPO, PAL, MDA, free praline and CAT. The content changes of POD,SOD,PPO,CAT,MDA and free proline in high resistant alfalfa were slow and PAL was quick and the activities of PPO,PAL,CAT were high, and the activities of POD、SOD were low. [Conclusion] The research provided theoretical basis and materials for identifying resistance varieties of alfalfa to thrip.

Problem and Countermeasure of Rural Domestic Sewage Treatment

With the development of rural economy, pollutions of rural sewage are in- creasingly serious. This paper introduces the characteristics of rural domestic sewage and the rural sewage treatment situation, and according to the problems of funds, management, process selection, policy and weak awareness of environmental protection in the rural domestic sewage treatment, puts forward relevant countermea- sures to ensure long-term operation of sewage treatment system, and achieve the purpose of improving rural water environment and protect the ecological environment in rural areas.

Study on Kinetic Characteristics of Alliinase

[Objective] The kinetic characteristics of alliinase was studied to select the optimum reaction performance. [Method] Alliinase activity was measured to analysis the influence of temperature, pH, substrate concentration and metal iron. [Result] Alliinase was an enzyme with thermal instability. Its optimum reaction temperature was 29℃ and pH value was 6.1. The Vmax was 0. 439 IU/mg and Km was 0.483 mmol/L by using natural extract as substrate. Alliinase activity was activated when the K^＋ , Mg^2＋ , Na^＋ and Cd^2＋ existed and alliinase activity was inhibited when Cu^2＋ existed. [Condusion] Results showed that the kinetic characteristics of alliinase supply the academic foundation for development and application of garlic medical products.

Mechanism of mechanical activation for spontaneous combustion of sulfide minerals

In order to uncover the intrinsic reasons for spontaneous combustion of sulfide minerals,representative samples were collected from typical metal mines to carry out the mechanical activation experiment.The structures and heat behaviors of activated samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,X-ray diffraction（XRD） analysis,and simultaneous thermal analysis（STA）.It is found that the sulfide minerals after mechanical activation show many changes with increased specific surface areas,aggregation phenomenon,decreased diffraction peak intensity,broadened diffraction peak,declined initial temperatures of heat release and self-ignition points.A new theory for explaining the spontaneous combustion of sulfide minerals is put forward：the chemical reaction activity of sulfide minerals is heightened by all kinds of mechanical forces during the mining,and the spontaneous combustion takes place finally under proper environment.

Analysis on Selection of Domestic Sewage Treatment Method in Rural Area

Based on the characteristics of the domestic sewage in rural district,four sewage treatment methods were analyzed.The results found that the optimum method was to process the domestic sewage on the spot,and it should be popularized and applied in rural area.

A Bioactive Diterpene from the Chinese Herb Aster souliei

Aster souliei Franch, (Compositae) is a. herbaceous plant distributed innorth China. It has been used in folk medicine as antipyretic, detoxicant, expectorant andantitussive. In an effort to find biologically active components from Chinese medicinal plants ' ,we have examined the aerial parts of this herb, leading to the isolation of a clerodane-typediterpene, 18, 19-dihydroxy-5α, 10β-neo-cleroda-3, 13 (l4)-dien-16, 15-butenolide (1). In thispaper we report the structural elucidation, and the antitumor and antibacterial activities of thiscompound. It was found that 1 possesses moderate cytotoxicity against human leukemia cells (HL-60)and activity against microorganisms.

Performances of CuSO_4/TiO_2 catalysts in selective catalytic reduction of NO_x by NH_3

A series of CuSO4/TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a wet impregnation method.The activity of each sample in the selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3（NH3-SCR） was determined.The effects of SO2 and H2O,and their combined effect,on the activity were examined at 340 ℃ for 24 h.The catalysts were characterized using N2 adsorption-desorption,X-ray diffraction,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,temperature-programmed reduction of H2（H2-TPR）,temperature-programmed desorption of NH3（NH3-TPD）,and in situ diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy（DRIFTS）.The CuSO4/TiO2 catalysts had good activities,with low production of N2O above 340 ℃.SO2 or a combination of SO2 and H2O had little effect on the activity,and H2O caused only a slight decrease in activity during the experimental period.The NH3-TPD and H2-TPR results showed that CuSO4 increased the amounts of acid sites and adsorbed oxygen on the catalyst.In situ DRIFTS showed that the NH3-SCR reaction on the CuSO4/TiO2 catalysts followed an Eley-Rideal mechanism.The reaction of gaseous NO with NH3 adsorbed on Lewis acid sites to form N2 and H2O could be the main reaction pathway,and oxygen adsorption might favor this process.

EIS studies the effect of Zinc to Al-Zn alloy used for cathodic protection in 3% NaCl solution

Electrochemical impendence spectroscopy （EIS） is applied to investigate the dissolution behavior of Al-Zn alloys in 3% NaCl solution at different polarization potentials. A new reaction model is proposed, and the activation mechanism of zinc in Al-Zn alloys is achieved. There are three intermediates in the dissolution process： Znad^＋, Znad^2＋ and Alad^＋, ,of which only Zni can activate Al-Zn alloys. Most Znnd^＋ is produced by β-phase,and the alloys with 2. 3% - 3. 8% （wt） Zn dissolve rapidly. The Al-Zn alloys of heart-shaped EIS are active in 3% NaCl solution, thus EIS characteristic can be used to distinguish the activa-tion of Al-Zn alloys.

Influence range of emergency under special events based on CTM

To determine the dynamic influence range of emergencies under special events, the spacial and temporal characteristics of the traffic flow are studied by simulation based on the cell transmission model （CTM）. Based on the traffic management measures used under special events, a semi-dynamic assignment algorithm is proposed, which is combined with an algorithm for logit multi-path traffic assignment and the CTM. In a simple calculation network, the spacial and temporal characteristics of traffic flows which vary with different traffic management schemes are studied, and a method to obtain the influence range of emergency is proposed by computing the jam time of the intersections. By contrasting the average delay of each vehicle, the dissipation effect is studied under two different traffic management schemes. The example shows that the spatial and temporal variety of the traffic flow can be easily simulated and the influence range of emergency can be confirmed by the method based on the CTM. The proposed method provides a new idea for decision-making on traffic management under emergency under special events.

STUDY AND SIMULATION OF AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT FOR METHYL VIOLET WASTE WATER

This paper researched a promising biological treatment of methyl violet waste water by methods of activated sludge.Effects of temperature and pH were studied on this process.Kinetic equation of the substrate biodegradation was investigated in the experimental range.It was studied and simulated that flow within the bubble region of this bioreactor according to the κ ε two fluid equation.Simulation results agree well with experimental data.

Effect of Combined Use of Boron and Manganese Fertilizers on the Nutritional Quality and Physiological Indices of Brassica campestris L.ssp.chinensis L.var.utilis

[Objective] The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of com-bined use of boron and manganese fertilizers on the nutritional quality and physio-logical indices of Brassica campestris. [Method] In the nutrient solutions for growing B. campestris by hydroponics, boric acid and manganese sulfate were added at 0.5, 2.5, and 7.5 mg/L respectively. Another treatment without boron and manganese was prepared as the control. Quality and physiological indices of B. campestris in the 10 treatments were measured. [Result] Boron and manganese shared obvious in-teraction in improving the quality and physiological indices of B. campestris. To cul-tivate B. campestris with high quality and strong resistance, the optimum concentra-tions of boron and manganese in the nutrient solution should be 2.5 mg/L boric acid and 2.5-7.5 mg/L manganese sulfate. [Conclusion] The findings wil provide refer-ence for studying effects of trace elements on nutrient composition of vegetables.

理气化痰活血方对冠状动脉微循环障碍模型大鼠血管内皮功能的影响

目的探讨理气化痰活血方对冠状动脉微循环障碍的影响及可能作用机制。方法健康雄性SD大鼠245只随机分为理气化痰活血方组、缬沙坦组、模型组各80只,空白组5只。除空白组外,其余3组均采用经心尖部向左心室注射月桂酸钠的方法建立大鼠冠状动脉微循环障碍模型。理气化痰活血方组及缬沙坦组术前1天及术后4周分别给予理气化痰活血方药(浓度2.25 g/ml)、缬沙坦悬浊液(浓度8.89 mg/ml)1 ml/100 g灌胃,模型组及空白组给予1 ml/100 g蒸馏水灌胃,均每日1次。实验期间观察各组大鼠死亡情况;理气化痰活血方组、缬沙坦组、模型组分别于术后1 h、24 h、1周、2周、3周、4周各时间点随机处死5只大鼠,空白组4周时处死,检测各组大鼠血清内皮素1(ET-1)、一氧化氮(NO)、血管性血友病因子(vWF)浓度及心肌组织纤维介素(fgl 2)mRNA表达。结果模型组、理气化痰活血方组、缬沙坦组大鼠总计分别死亡44只、40只、42只,3组大鼠术中及术后死亡情况比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后4周时,模型组大鼠较空白组血清ET-1浓度升高,vWF浓度降低(P<0.01),血清NO浓度和心肌组织fgl 2 mRNA表达差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与模型组同时间比较,理气化痰活血方组和缬沙坦组术后1 h、24 h、1周、2周、3周、4周血清ET-1浓度降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与模型组和缬沙坦组同时间比较,术后4周理气化痰活血方组血清NO浓度升高,vWF浓度降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。术后2周、3周理气化痰活血方组心肌组织fgl 2 mRNA表达显著低于模型组(P<0.01)。结论理气化痰活血方可能通过降低冠状动脉微循环障碍大鼠血清ET-1、vWF浓度及心肌组织fgl 2 mRNA表达,升高血清NO浓度,从而起到保护血管内皮功能的作用。