The family of bile acids includes a group of molecular species of acidic steroids with very peculiar physical-chemical and biological characteristics.They are synthesized by the liver from cholesterol through several ...The family of bile acids includes a group of molecular species of acidic steroids with very peculiar physical-chemical and biological characteristics.They are synthesized by the liver from cholesterol through several complementary pathways that are controlled by mechanisms involving finetuning by the levels of certain bile acid species.Although their best-known role is their participation in the digestion and absorption of fat,they also play an important role in several other physiological processes.Thus,genetic abnormalities accounting for alterations in their synthesis,biotransformation and/or transport may result in severe alterations,even leading to lethal situations for which the sole therapeutic option may be liver transplantation.Moreover,the increased levels of bile acids reached during cholestatic liver diseases are known to induce oxidative stress and apoptosis,resulting in damage to the liver parenchyma and,eventually,extrahepatic tissues.When this occurs during pregnancy,the outcome of gestation may be challenged.In contrast,the physical-chemical and biological properties of these compounds have been used as the bases for the development of drugs and as pharmaceutical tools for the delivery of active agents.展开更多
We describe organogenesis at a histological level in American shad( Alosa sapidissima) larvae from 0 until 45 days after hatching(DAH). Larval development was divided into four stages based on the feeding mode,externa...We describe organogenesis at a histological level in American shad( Alosa sapidissima) larvae from 0 until 45 days after hatching(DAH). Larval development was divided into four stages based on the feeding mode,external morphological features,and structural changes in the organs: stage 1(0–2 DAH),stage 2(3–5 DAH),stage 3(6–26 DAH) and stage 4(27–45 DAH). At early stage 2(3 DAH),American shad larvae developed the initial digestive and absorptive tissues,including the mouth and anal opening,buccopharyngeal cavity,oesophagus,incipient stomach,anterior and posterior intestine,differentiated hepatocytes,and exocrine pancreas. The digestive and absorptive capacity developed further in stages 2 to 3,at which time the pharyngeal teeth,taste buds,gut mucosa folds,differentiated stomach,and gastric glands could be observed. Four defined compartments were discernible in the heart at 4 DAH. From 3 to 13 DAH,the excretory systems started to develop,accompanied by urinary bladder opening,the appearance and development of primordial pronephros,and the proliferation and convolution of renal tubules. Primordial gills were detected at 2 DAH,the pseudobranch was visible at 6 DAH,and the filaments and lamellae proliferated rapidly during stage 3. The primordial swim bladder was first observed at 2 DAH and started to inflate at 9 DAH; from then on,it expanded constantly. The spleen was first observed at 8 DAH and the thymus was evident at 12 DAH. From stage 4 onwards,most organs essentially manifested an increase in size,number,and complexity of tissue structure.展开更多
From the time of Gee's landmark writings, the recent history of celiac disease (CD) can be divided into many ages, each driven by a diagnostic advance and a deeper knowledge of disease pathogenesis. At the same ti...From the time of Gee's landmark writings, the recent history of celiac disease (CD) can be divided into many ages, each driven by a diagnostic advance and a deeper knowledge of disease pathogenesis. At the same time, these advances were paralleled by the identification of new clinical patterns associated with CD and by a continuous redefinition of the prevalence of the disease in population. In the beginning, CD was considered a chronic indigestion, even if the causative food was not known; later, the disease was proven to depend on an intolerance to wheat gliadin, leading to typical mucosal changes in the gut and to a malabsorption syndrome. This knowledge led to curing the disease with a gluten-free diet. After the identification of antibodies to gluten (AGA) in the serum of patients and the identification of gluten-specific lymphocytes in the mucosa, CD was described as an immune disorder, resembling a chronic "gluten infection". The use of serological testing for AGA allowed identification of the higher prevalence of this disorder, revealing atypical patterns of presentation. More recently, the characterization of autoantibodies to endomysium and to transglutaminase shifted the attention to a complex autoimmune pathogenesis and to the increased risk of developing autoimmune disorders in untreated CD. New diagnostic assays, based on molecular technologies, will introduce new changes, with the promise of better defining the spectrum of gluten reactivity and the real burden of gluten related-disorders in the population. Herein, we describe the different periods of CD experience, and further developments for the next celiac age will be proposed.展开更多
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency caused by chronic pancreatitis results from various factors which regulate digestion and absorption of nutrients. Pancreatic function has been extensively studied over the last 40 yea...Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency caused by chronic pancreatitis results from various factors which regulate digestion and absorption of nutrients. Pancreatic function has been extensively studied over the last 40 years, even if some aspects of secretion and gastrointestinal adaptation are not completely understood. The main clinical manifestations of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency are fat malabsorption, known as steatorrhea, which consists of fecal excretion of more than 6 g of fat per day, weight loss, abdominal discomfort and abdominal swelling sensation. Fat malabsorption also results in a deficit of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) with consequent clinical manifestations. The relationships between pancreatic maldigestion, intestinal ecology and intestinal inflammation have not received particular attention, even ifin clinical practice these mechanisms may be responsible for the low efficacy of pancreatic extracts in abolishing steatorrhea in some patients. The best treatments for pancreatic maldigestion should be re-evaluated, taking into account not only the correction of pancreatic insufficiency using pancreatic extracts and the best duodenal pH to permit optimal efficacy of these extracts, but we also need to consider other therapeutic approaches including the decontamination ofintestinal lumen, supplementation of bile acids and, probably, the use of probiotics which may attenuate intestinal inflammation in chronic pancreatitis patients.展开更多
Awareness of the digestive system began with the dawn of civilization, when man observing the feeding habits of animalsin the surrounding environment, experimented with foods, edible and inedible. Identity came with d...Awareness of the digestive system began with the dawn of civilization, when man observing the feeding habits of animalsin the surrounding environment, experimented with foods, edible and inedible. Identity came with discoveries of the digestive organs during the 16^th and 17^th centuries. Function was revealed by physiologic studies of digestion, absorption and secretion, metabolism, and motility during the 18^th and 19^th centuries. Diagnostic access improved with the technological advances of the 20^th century. Understanding of gastrointestinal (GI) disease followed growth of the basic sciences and gastroenterology's increased involvement in scientific research during the 20^th century.展开更多
Calopogonium mucunoides （calopo） is one of forage legumes as protein and mineral sources for ruminant livestock in the tropics. However, most of the land in Indonesia that used for forage crops production characteri...Calopogonium mucunoides （calopo） is one of forage legumes as protein and mineral sources for ruminant livestock in the tropics. However, most of the land in Indonesia that used for forage crops production characterized by acid pH, low in nitrogen and phosphorus. Phosphorus fertilizers have been used widely to improve soil fertility in Indonesia. As the high cost of superphosphate （SP）, the focus is now on rock phosphate （RP） fertilizer which relatively cheaper than SP, and it has high solubility in acid condition. Combination between nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer from difference sources may be a promising technique to overcome those problems. A field experiment was conducted on a latosolic soil （low pH, nitrogen and low available Bray II extractable P）. The objective of the research is to evaluate the effect of combination between nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer from difference sources on dry matter production and digestibility, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake of Calopogonium mucunoides （calopo）. Completely randomized block design with 9 treatments in 3 replicates was used in this experiment. The treatments were TO （control）, TI （SP）, T2 （RP）, T3 （urea）, T4 （ZA）, T5 （SP ＋ urea）, T6 （SP ＋ ZA）, T7 （RP ＋ urea）, T8 （RP ＋ ZA）. Size of plot was 2 m × 3 m, fertilized with 50 kg N/ha and 200 kg P2O5/ha, according to the assigned treatment. All plot received basal fertilizer of KCI （100 kg KzO/ha） and goat manure （5 ton/ha）. Calopogonium mucunoides was defoliated and nutritive value. Result showed that dry matter production on 90 days after planting and analyzed for dry matter production and nutritive value significantly influenzed by the treatments. Combination between N （ZA, urea） and P （SP, RP） fertilizer resulted dry matter production, nutrient uptake, and dry matter digestibility significantly higher compared to control, and NP fertilization separatedly. Combination of RP and N （urea, ZA） resulted in dry matter production, nutrient uptake, and dry matter digestibility non-significantly different compared to SP in combination with N （urea, ZA）. Therefore, RP could replace SP if combined with urea or ZA to increase production and nutritive value of Calopogonium mucunoides in acid latosolic soil.展开更多
基金Supported by The Junta de Castilla y Leon(Grants GR75-2008,SA033A08,SA03508 and SA03608)Ministerio de Cienciae Innovacion(Grants BFU2006-12577,MAT2001-2911,MAT2004-04606 y BFU2007-30688-E/BFI)
文摘The family of bile acids includes a group of molecular species of acidic steroids with very peculiar physical-chemical and biological characteristics.They are synthesized by the liver from cholesterol through several complementary pathways that are controlled by mechanisms involving finetuning by the levels of certain bile acid species.Although their best-known role is their participation in the digestion and absorption of fat,they also play an important role in several other physiological processes.Thus,genetic abnormalities accounting for alterations in their synthesis,biotransformation and/or transport may result in severe alterations,even leading to lethal situations for which the sole therapeutic option may be liver transplantation.Moreover,the increased levels of bile acids reached during cholestatic liver diseases are known to induce oxidative stress and apoptosis,resulting in damage to the liver parenchyma and,eventually,extrahepatic tissues.When this occurs during pregnancy,the outcome of gestation may be challenged.In contrast,the physical-chemical and biological properties of these compounds have been used as the bases for the development of drugs and as pharmaceutical tools for the delivery of active agents.
基金Supported by the National Spark Program of China(No.2012GA690001)
文摘We describe organogenesis at a histological level in American shad( Alosa sapidissima) larvae from 0 until 45 days after hatching(DAH). Larval development was divided into four stages based on the feeding mode,external morphological features,and structural changes in the organs: stage 1(0–2 DAH),stage 2(3–5 DAH),stage 3(6–26 DAH) and stage 4(27–45 DAH). At early stage 2(3 DAH),American shad larvae developed the initial digestive and absorptive tissues,including the mouth and anal opening,buccopharyngeal cavity,oesophagus,incipient stomach,anterior and posterior intestine,differentiated hepatocytes,and exocrine pancreas. The digestive and absorptive capacity developed further in stages 2 to 3,at which time the pharyngeal teeth,taste buds,gut mucosa folds,differentiated stomach,and gastric glands could be observed. Four defined compartments were discernible in the heart at 4 DAH. From 3 to 13 DAH,the excretory systems started to develop,accompanied by urinary bladder opening,the appearance and development of primordial pronephros,and the proliferation and convolution of renal tubules. Primordial gills were detected at 2 DAH,the pseudobranch was visible at 6 DAH,and the filaments and lamellae proliferated rapidly during stage 3. The primordial swim bladder was first observed at 2 DAH and started to inflate at 9 DAH; from then on,it expanded constantly. The spleen was first observed at 8 DAH and the thymus was evident at 12 DAH. From stage 4 onwards,most organs essentially manifested an increase in size,number,and complexity of tissue structure.
基金Scientific Institute for Research and Care Burlo Garofolo, grants No. RC36/08Italian Ministry of Health RF 35/07
文摘From the time of Gee's landmark writings, the recent history of celiac disease (CD) can be divided into many ages, each driven by a diagnostic advance and a deeper knowledge of disease pathogenesis. At the same time, these advances were paralleled by the identification of new clinical patterns associated with CD and by a continuous redefinition of the prevalence of the disease in population. In the beginning, CD was considered a chronic indigestion, even if the causative food was not known; later, the disease was proven to depend on an intolerance to wheat gliadin, leading to typical mucosal changes in the gut and to a malabsorption syndrome. This knowledge led to curing the disease with a gluten-free diet. After the identification of antibodies to gluten (AGA) in the serum of patients and the identification of gluten-specific lymphocytes in the mucosa, CD was described as an immune disorder, resembling a chronic "gluten infection". The use of serological testing for AGA allowed identification of the higher prevalence of this disorder, revealing atypical patterns of presentation. More recently, the characterization of autoantibodies to endomysium and to transglutaminase shifted the attention to a complex autoimmune pathogenesis and to the increased risk of developing autoimmune disorders in untreated CD. New diagnostic assays, based on molecular technologies, will introduce new changes, with the promise of better defining the spectrum of gluten reactivity and the real burden of gluten related-disorders in the population. Herein, we describe the different periods of CD experience, and further developments for the next celiac age will be proposed.
文摘Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency caused by chronic pancreatitis results from various factors which regulate digestion and absorption of nutrients. Pancreatic function has been extensively studied over the last 40 years, even if some aspects of secretion and gastrointestinal adaptation are not completely understood. The main clinical manifestations of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency are fat malabsorption, known as steatorrhea, which consists of fecal excretion of more than 6 g of fat per day, weight loss, abdominal discomfort and abdominal swelling sensation. Fat malabsorption also results in a deficit of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) with consequent clinical manifestations. The relationships between pancreatic maldigestion, intestinal ecology and intestinal inflammation have not received particular attention, even ifin clinical practice these mechanisms may be responsible for the low efficacy of pancreatic extracts in abolishing steatorrhea in some patients. The best treatments for pancreatic maldigestion should be re-evaluated, taking into account not only the correction of pancreatic insufficiency using pancreatic extracts and the best duodenal pH to permit optimal efficacy of these extracts, but we also need to consider other therapeutic approaches including the decontamination ofintestinal lumen, supplementation of bile acids and, probably, the use of probiotics which may attenuate intestinal inflammation in chronic pancreatitis patients.
文摘Awareness of the digestive system began with the dawn of civilization, when man observing the feeding habits of animalsin the surrounding environment, experimented with foods, edible and inedible. Identity came with discoveries of the digestive organs during the 16^th and 17^th centuries. Function was revealed by physiologic studies of digestion, absorption and secretion, metabolism, and motility during the 18^th and 19^th centuries. Diagnostic access improved with the technological advances of the 20^th century. Understanding of gastrointestinal (GI) disease followed growth of the basic sciences and gastroenterology's increased involvement in scientific research during the 20^th century.
文摘Calopogonium mucunoides （calopo） is one of forage legumes as protein and mineral sources for ruminant livestock in the tropics. However, most of the land in Indonesia that used for forage crops production characterized by acid pH, low in nitrogen and phosphorus. Phosphorus fertilizers have been used widely to improve soil fertility in Indonesia. As the high cost of superphosphate （SP）, the focus is now on rock phosphate （RP） fertilizer which relatively cheaper than SP, and it has high solubility in acid condition. Combination between nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer from difference sources may be a promising technique to overcome those problems. A field experiment was conducted on a latosolic soil （low pH, nitrogen and low available Bray II extractable P）. The objective of the research is to evaluate the effect of combination between nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer from difference sources on dry matter production and digestibility, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake of Calopogonium mucunoides （calopo）. Completely randomized block design with 9 treatments in 3 replicates was used in this experiment. The treatments were TO （control）, TI （SP）, T2 （RP）, T3 （urea）, T4 （ZA）, T5 （SP ＋ urea）, T6 （SP ＋ ZA）, T7 （RP ＋ urea）, T8 （RP ＋ ZA）. Size of plot was 2 m × 3 m, fertilized with 50 kg N/ha and 200 kg P2O5/ha, according to the assigned treatment. All plot received basal fertilizer of KCI （100 kg KzO/ha） and goat manure （5 ton/ha）. Calopogonium mucunoides was defoliated and nutritive value. Result showed that dry matter production on 90 days after planting and analyzed for dry matter production and nutritive value significantly influenzed by the treatments. Combination between N （ZA, urea） and P （SP, RP） fertilizer resulted dry matter production, nutrient uptake, and dry matter digestibility significantly higher compared to control, and NP fertilization separatedly. Combination of RP and N （urea, ZA） resulted in dry matter production, nutrient uptake, and dry matter digestibility non-significantly different compared to SP in combination with N （urea, ZA）. Therefore, RP could replace SP if combined with urea or ZA to increase production and nutritive value of Calopogonium mucunoides in acid latosolic soil.
