“游戏人”理论与“游戏课程观”

游戏与教育之间有着紧密的联系。但长期以来,游戏往往只是作为推进教育的手段,作为课程的一个组成部分或一种活动方式。"游戏人"理论则认为人人都喜欢游戏且生活在游戏之中,人人都是"游戏者"。在这种理论观照下,我们可以宣称:课程即游戏。

关于脱口秀节目泛娱乐化成因的思考

以'脱口秀'节目为代表的新闻媒介节目的泛娱乐化倾向在当今社会表现明显,对于该问题的归因之探究也是各路观点洋洋大观。对于新闻节目泛娱乐化倾向的分析应当首先从消费者/受众心理的角度出发,分析其媒介接触行为的发生机制。在这一点上'使用与满足'理论从消费者/受众动机的角度,'游戏'理论从消费者/受众主体性树立的角度进行了比较有益的分析。

Dynamic overlapped spectrum allocation based on potential game in cognitive radio networks

In order to make full use of wireless spectrum resources,the behavior of cognitive radio(CR)for dynamic spectrum allocation is analyzed based on the game theoretic framework.The traditional spectrum allocation schemes consider the spectrum allocation among independent frequency bands only,without taking into account mutually overlapped frequency bands.For this reason,an optimal allocation etiquette is defined to promote the cross characteristic of the frequency bands in a dynamic spectrum allocation model.New interference operator and interference temperature constraints are introduced in order to realize calculation of the interference,and the corresponding spectrum allocation scenario can be further formulated as a potential game.Based on the characteristic of dynamic selection using the game theory and the interference avoidance rule of interference temperature,the robustness of CR networks is increased and the scenario is more suitable for the dynamic changing of actual wireless communication and energy saving communication systems.Simulation results show that the signal to interference and noise ratio(SINR) level can be significantly improved through the optimal allocation of any available spectrum.The utilization rate of spectrum and throughput of overall CR networks are increased by fully utilizing the spectrum resources in the dynamic spectrum allocation model.

Application of Game Theory in Social Science

Game theory is a tool for making decision for all scientists which it can predict the future. So many times, not only in professional life but in private life game theory can help people to make best decision. What make this article different with other game theory article is that it has written for arts science which they are not so much fluent in maths. The object of this article is to demonstrate the possibilities of game theory as an instrument for study of social science. The approach used to describe elementary games theoretic models as an integral part of social science with a collection of example to understand subject better. This paper addresses to theoreticians and practitioners of social science not particularly versed in game theory, rather than to those who are fluent in its mathematical language and intricacies.

A Bayesian Theory of Games： An Analysis of Strategic Interactions with Statistical Decision Theoretic Foundation

This paper introduces a new game theoretic equilibrium which is based upon the Bayesian subjective view of probability, BEIC （Bayesian equilibrium iterative conjectures）. It requires players to make predictions, starting from first order uninformative predictive distribution functions （or conjectures） and keep updating with statistical decision theoretic and game theoretic reasoning until a convergence of conjectures is achieved. Information known by the players such as the reaction functions are thereby incorporated into their higher order conjectures and help to determine the convergent conjectures and the equilibrium. In a BEIC, conjectures are consistent with the equilibrium or equilibriums they supported and so rationality is achieved for actions, strategies and conjectures. The BEIC approach is capable of analyzing a larger set of games than current Nash Equilibrium based games theory, including games with inaccurate observations, games with unstable equilibrium and games with double or multiple sided incomplete information games. On the other hand, for the set of games analyzed by the current games theory, it generates far lesser equilibriums and normally generates only a unique equilibrium. It treats games with complete and perfect information as special cases of games with incomplete information and noisy observation whereby the variance of the prior distribution function on type and the variance of the observation noise term tend to zero. Consequently, there is the issue of indeterminacy in statistical inference and decision making in these games as the equilibrium solution depends on which variances tends to zero first. It therefore identifies equilibriums in these games that have so far eluded the classical theory of games. Finally, it also resolves inconsistencies in equilibrium results by different solution concepts in current games theory such as that between Nash Equilibrium and iterative elimination of dominated strategies and that between Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium and backward induction （Subgame Perfect Equilibrium）.

The Game-Theoretical Approach to the Simulation of Sustainable Development Strategies

Choosing a strategy for sustainable development is national level aimed at the simultaneous fulfillment of economic, a fundamental problem that requires non-trivial approaches at the social and environmental goals. This contradiction is possible to be adequately described in the complex game-theoretic models. But analysis of them is complicated by the problems of algorithmic solvability and the payoff functions construction. Also, the volume of data required creates considerable complexity increased by the conditions of situations uncertainty and conflict. At the same time, international organizations, such as UN （United Nations）, ITU （International Telecommunications Union）, are widely used index system. Indices, built on the aggregation of elementary indicators, allow the estimation of the components of the system and its overall development. The paper discusses the basic concepts of game-theoretic approach to the problems of finding strategies for sustainable development, using indicative analysis techniques. In the proposed approach, estimating of sustainability is considered as the result of finding the optimal values of the payoff functions in general game-theoretical model where the players are matched indices. The interests of the player are to increase of the corresponding index and the optimal situation is implemented as a set of optimal payoff functions values. This allows switching from processing of large amounts of data describing the behavior of the ecological-economic system by the aid of indicators to aggregate estimations, which significantly reduce the sample, and also facilitates the interpretation of the results.

Research on the Game Theory and Logic Optimization and the Applications on Construction of China＇s New Energy Subsidy System

In this paper, we conduct research on the game theory and the logic optimization and the applications on construction of China’s new energy subsidy system. The management of energy and the general optimization of energy structure play an important role in the development of the national economy and the upgrading of industrial structure. Therefore, it is the inevitable choice to build a well-off society in an all-round way. The energy projects management in tradition adopts way from bottom to top, namely from the floor of project management starts to collect the data, progressive upward transmission to the high-level, after analysis carries on the management and control to the project, this method had guaranteed the project pays according to progress, quality, cost and other requests, in view of the management of single project. This paper integrates the game theory and the logic optimization to construct the revised system that will be meaningful.

Dynamically Optimized Sensor Deployment Based on Game Theory

Sensor network deployment is the key for sensors to play an important performance. Based on game theory, first, the authors propose a multi-type sensor target allocation method for the autonomous deployment of sensors, considering exploration cost, target detection value, exploration ability and other factors. Then, aiming at the unfavorable environment, e.g., obstacles and enemy interference, the authors design a method to maintain the connectivity of sensor network, under the conditions of effective detection of the targets. Simulation result shows that the proposed deployment strategy can achieve the dynamic optimization deployment under complex conditions.

TOWARDS A THEORY OF GAME-BASED NON-EQUILIBRIUM CONTROL SYSTEMS

This paper considers optimization problems for a new kind of control systems based on non-equilibrium dynamic games.To be precise,the authors consider the infinitely repeated games between a human and a machine based on the generic 2×2 game with fixed machine strategy of finite k-step memory.By introducing and analyzing the state transfer graphes(STG),it will be shown that the system state will become periodic after finite steps under the optimal strategy that maximizes the human’s averaged payoff,which helps us to ease the task of finding the optimal strategy considerably. Moreover,the question whether the optimizer will win or lose is investigated and some interesting phenomena are found,e.g.,for the standard Prisoner’s Dilemma game,the human will not lose to the machine while optimizing her own averaged payoff when k = 1;however,when k≥2,she may indeed lose if she focuses on optimizing her own payoff only The robustness of the optimal strategy and identification problem are also considered.It appears that both the framework and the results are beyond those in the classical control theory and the traditional game theory.