从“滇”文化看“滇”的族属

"滇"的族属问题是云南民族史研究中的基础课题,至今仍然争论不息。通过利用大量考古学资料,采用考据学和历史学的研究方法,从"滇"文化的发展过程和特征、氐羌族群南迁的时间几个方面考证,"滇"应是滇池地区的土著居民,同时用反证法否定了"滇"为"越"、"僚"等观点。

“滇”的语种与含义初析

云南出现“滇”的称呼，至今已有2300多年的历史。对此称呼的语种和含义，过去很多学者已有专论。今天，在中华民族是一个统一的多民族整体思想指导下来研究这个问题，它就不仅只是一个字的含义及其解释，还涉及到云南各民族的发展、变化及其所处地位，说明云南很早以前在文化交流、宗教传播、民族关系等方面已发展到一定程度，特别在云南发展史上留下了重要一页。

国内外收藏滇夷图册概说

清代云南民族图册的出现远早于"黔苗图",具有独特的绘制风格,以"苗蛮图"、"苗图"指称云南少数民族图册是一种谬误,应当重新正名。"滇夷图"是与"苗蛮图"并行的清代云南少数民族图册。《滇夷图说》、《滇省迤西迤南夷人图说》、《云南营制苗蛮图册》、《滇省夷人图说》是4部成书年代清楚、今仍存世的重要夷图,"滇夷图"独具特色,比之贵州的"苗蛮图",其历史民族学史料价值更胜一筹。清末来华西洋人留下的"西式滇夷图"也有特别的价值。

庄蹻入滇与庄豪入滇非一事辨

战国时期楚将庄蹻入滇事件与庄豪入滇事件自来被当成一回事。通过深入、细致地辨析相关历史文献材料,庄蹻入滇与庄豪入滇应为二事,所涉人物庄蹻、庄豪并非一人;庄蹻入滇事件的发生时间在楚威王时,不能改为楚顷襄王时;庄蹻入滇路线之"循江上"完全不同于庄豪入滇路线之"从沅水",庄蹻途经的楚黔中郡也与庄豪所伐之夜郎国没有关系;庄蹻入滇实为入蜀,庄豪入滇实为入夜郎。

莲瓣兰“滇梅”根状茎的增殖与分化技术研究

[目的]研究莲瓣兰"滇梅"(Cymbidium tortisepalum‘Dian Mei’)根状茎的增殖与分化技术,为提升莲瓣兰的苗体质量和大规模化产业化生产提供良好的理论依据和技术支撑。[方法]以莲瓣兰"滇梅"根状茎为试验材料,研究不同植物生长调节剂6-BA、CPPU、TDZ和活性炭对"滇梅"根状茎增殖和分化的影响。[结果]选用1/2MS培养基为基本培养基,"滇梅"根状茎增殖的最佳配方为2.0 mg/L TDZ+0.3 mg/L NAA+0.5 g/L活性炭。"滇梅"根状茎分化的最佳配方为2.0 mg/L TDZ+0.5 mg/L NAA同时培养基中不增添活性炭。添加活性炭对于"滇梅"根状茎的分化有抑制作用。[结论]TDZ作为一种高效植物生长调节剂对于莲瓣兰"滇梅"根状茎的增殖分化有显著的效果,明显优于其他植物生长调节剂。

优质陆稻“滇604”高产栽培技术

“滇604”是一个株型好、抗性强、产量高、米质优的陆稻新品种，适宜于我省海拔1200～1600米．4～10月≥10℃的有效积温在2500℃以上、日照多于1000小时、降雨量超过1000毫米的山区和半山区的台地、缓坡地和雷响田种植。要使“滇604”亩产超过400公斤，必须每亩达到16万有效穗，平均每穗结实85粒，千粒重30克。其高产栽培技术如下：

优质陆稻新品种“滇604”简介

云南省陆稻品种资源丰富、栽培历史悠久,是边疆山区人民不可取代的细粮。但因品种严重混杂,种植技术落后,其栽培面积和产量每况愈下。

“驼峰航线”下的“滇牛仔”

二战期间,当中国抗战后方与世界相连的最后一根"输血管"--滇缅公路被彻底封锁后,美国飞行员陈纳德上校率领着他组建的第十四航空队,开辟了被称为"死亡之路"的"驼峰航线".但人们很少提起的是:就在这条航线下的高山深谷与大江大河之中.有一条几乎是和这条航线并行,的由中国云南西部马帮们开辟的中印国际运输线.这条运输线,完全是由那些穿著皮领褂大裆裤的云南滇西马帮,用脚用生命开辟的。

Preliminary Report on the Successful Breeding of the Endangered Fish Sinocyclocheilus grahami Endemic to Dianchi Lake

The fish Sinocyclocheilus grahami is one of the indicative and endemic species in the Dianchi Lake ecosystem. As a result of pollution and invasion of exotic fishes, the fish had disappeared from Dianchi Lake since 1986 and only a few small populations survive in springs and streams around the lake. Due to the endangered status and special scientific value, S.grahami was listed as the second class protective animal of China in 1989. The importance of S. grahami and the indigenous biodiversity of Dianchi Lake were recognized by the Global Environment Foundation （GEF） /World Bank and Yunnan Development ＆ Reform Committee. Therefore a special grant was set up to restore and conserve the indigenous biodiversity of Dianchi Lake. The artificial breeding of S. grahami is a part of the targeted activities. Two successful breeding experiments were achieved using five females plus six males up to early March 2007. Approximately 1600 eggs were collected, of which 1320 eggs fertilized using the dry-fertilizing method. The mean fertilization rate was 73%. Approximately 480 fish fry was hatched and the mean hatching rate was 36%. After 10 days of cultivation, 95% fingerlings survived and their body lengths were up to 8- 12 mm. The importance of the artificial breeding success of S. grahami could be summarized as following： effectively protecting the fish from extinction; releasing the fish fry back to appropriate water body of the lake could help to restore the indigenous biodiversity of Dianchi Lake; facilitating the shift of local fish cultivation from the present non-indigenous to the future indigenous fishery.

A Record of the Invasive Golden Apple Snail Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck 1819) at Black Dragon Spring,Dianchi Basin

The golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata （Lamarck 1819） was first recorded at Black Dragon Spring, Dianchi Basin, Baiyi Township, Songming County, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China, in October 2004. The water from the spring flows into the Songhuaba Reservoir, the major drinking water resource for Kunming City, and part of the Dianchi Lake basin. This is the first record of this invasive snail in the Dianchi Lake Basin. Pomacea canaliculata originates from Central and South America, and in Asia the snail has spread through deliberate and accidental introductions to the Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Korea, Japan and South China. It has become a major pest in rice-growing areas, resulting in huge damage to crops. Strict prevention and control measures have to be implemented to prevent the spread of the snail in Yunnan, together with public awareness campaigns to inform the public of the dangers of this invasive snail.

Relation between Economic Development Level and Resource and Environment Carrying Capacity of Central Area of Yunnan Province Based on Decoupling Analysis

Based on the decoupiing theory and method, an indicator system was built for the relation between economic development level and resource and environment carrying capacity. And the study was carried out on decoupling degree and temporal changes of economic development level and resource and environment carrying ca- pacity in the central area of Yunnan Province. Results indicated that （i） the economic development level and resource and environment carrying capacity in the central area of Yunnan Province mainly experienced strong decoupling, weak decoupling, and ex- pansive negative coupling, and in general it was strong decoupling, and it took on re- verse ＂N＂ in temporal changes. （ii） Change rate of economic development level in the central area of Yunnan Province was greater than zero, but the amplitude of change was not large, while the change rate of resource and environment carrying capacity was negative in 2007-2008, and it was positive in the rest years; from 2007, it took on gradual expansion trend, and scissors difference gradually increased after experi- encing reverse ＂V＂ change. （iii） The strong decoupling was the main situation and it reached the peak value in T5 period and T6 pedod.

Research on the Evolution and Accumulation Characteristics of Surface Soil Phosphorus in Tien Lake

In order to provide the scientific basis for the governance of Tien Lake. The experiment was conducted to investigate different types of surface soiI phospho-rus in Tien Lake Basin, the author malnIy studied the evoIution and the accumuIa-tion characteristics of the surface soiI phosphorus in Tien Lake Basin. The resuIts showed that： The content of surface soiI total phosphorus, OIsen-P and water soIu-bIe phosphorus in Tien Lake was significant accumuIated over the past 20 years. The content of total phosphorus, OIsen-P and water soIubIe phosphorus in different Iand utiIization types showed the same sequence： greenhouse soi〉arabIe soi〉buiIt-up area soi〉woodIand soiI. The content of soiI total phosphorus, OIsen-P and water soIubIe phosphorus was signal y reIevant. The content of soiI phosphorus in Tien Lake Basin had reached the IeveI of very rich, the accumuIation characteristic of phosphorus was obvious and there was a high risk of phosphorus poI ution.

Study on Urban Construction Land Suitability Evaluation in Southwestern Mountainous Areas of Yunnan Province Based on the Strategy of "Protecting Farmland in Flatland Areas and Constructing Mountainous Cities" : A Case in Lianghe County

According to the particularity of towns＇ construction in the southwestern mountainous areas of Yunnan Province, this study has built constructive land suit- ability evaluation index system which is different to flat area. Then this study deter- mined single evaluation factors index and comprehensive suitability index using ＂ex- treme conditions method＂ and ＂suitability index method＂, and analyzed and assessed the constructive land suitability on each evaluation unit polygons and its suitability level by using GIS software. Taking Lianghe County of Dehong Dai-Jingpo Au- tonomous Prefecture as an example to evaluate land suitability in Lianghe County＇s main towns around the gentle slope, the results show, in the evaluation area, the area of land suitable for construction and unsuitable for construction respectively ac- count 73.58% and 26.42%. And first-class, second and third-class of land suitable for construction should be composited at the ratio of about 11：49：40. The suitability evaluation index system and method developed in this paper is applicable for evalu- ating the construction land suitability in mountainous areas of southwest Yunnan Province, and will provide theoretical and technical support for land policy measures which strengthen the protection of farmland and promote the scientific development of urbanization in Yunnan Province and even similar mountainous areas of the whole China.

Study on the Changes of Non-structural Carbohydrates and Nitrogen Contents of Quercus aquifolioides Scrub along Different Elevation Gradient

[Objective] The aim was to compare the content changes between the non-structural carbohydrates（NSC）and the total nitrogen in various growing seasons,and to explore the response relationship between altitude and the contents.[Method] Taking Quercus aquifolioides scrub which widely distributed in Zheduoshan in the west of Sichuan as the experimental objects,the changes between NSC and the toal nitrogen in various growing seasons at different altitude were studied.[Result] The results showed that the content of NSC in Quercus aquifolioides underground increased with the lift of elevation in the dormancy,but decreased in the early germination,growing period and growth stage.The content of NSC in the ground tissue changed non-linearly with increasing elevation.In addition,the total nitrogen of Quercus aquifolioides organizations was decreasing with increasing elevation in the dormant period,which did not change significantly in the other periods.This result implied that the content of NSC in Quercus aquifolioides underground was more sensitive to temperature.[Conclusion] The experiment laid basis for the exploration of the physical and ecological mechanism of underground plants adaptability to highland environment,their response to global climate changes and adjustment to high altitude ecological system.

“全球化”、“现代化”与“多元化”——关于“边地文化”的思考

本文对“边地文化”这一概念作了时空界定 ,并以滇文化为例 ,分析了“边地文化”的个性和共性 。

Evaluation on Non-use Value of Dianchi Lake Wetland Using CVM

[Objective] This study was to analyze the personal Willingness to Pay （WI-P） on the non-use value of Dianchi lake wetland and the influential factors. [Method] Questionnaire was designed according to the Contingent Valuation Method （CVM） to investigate people of different occupations at different ages, based on which the evaluation on non-use value of Dianchi lake wetland was carried out. And the relationship between WTP and social characteristics were analyzed by using non- parametric estimation. [Result] The average WTP on Dianchi lake wetland is 150.03- 217.66 yuan per person every year, and the total WTP is 626-909 million yuan ev- ery year. Age, education and residence of the respondents have remarkable influ- ence on the VVTP. The influence of education level and residence on option value is significant; bequest value is significantly correlated with age; while there is no significant relationship between existence value and social characteristics. [Conclusion] The evaluation on the non-use value of Dianchi lake wetland is important for the scientific development and utilization of wetland resources.

Niche partitioning between sympatric rhesus macaques and Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys at Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve, China

Here we provide a preliminary assessment of dietary and habitat requirements of two sympatric primate taxa, a ＂simple-stomached＂ and ＂complex-stomached＂ species （Rhinopithecus bieti Colobinae vs. Macaca mulatta Cercopithecinae）, as a basis for illuminating how the two coexist. Of ca. 22 plant food species consumed by the macaques, at least 16 were also eaten by the snub-nosed monkeys. Both species showed a preference for fruits. While the snub-nosed monkeys did not utilize any resources associated with human communities, rhesus macaques did occasionally raid agricultural crops. The mean elevation of the snub-nosed monkey group was 3,218 m, while the mean elevation of the macaque group was 2,995 m. Macaques were also spotted on meadows whereas snub-nosed monkeys evidently avoided these. For both species, mixed deciduous broadleaf/conifer forest was the most frequently used ecotype, but whereas evergreen broadleaf forest （Cyclobalanopsis community） accounted for only 3% of the location records of the snub-nosed monkeys, it accounted for 36% of the location records of the macaques. Groups of the two species usually kept a considerable spatial distance from one another （mean 2.4 km）. One close encounter and confrontation between groups of the two species resulted in the macaque group moving away. Our findings suggest that the coexistence of the two taxa is facilitated via differential macrohabitat use and spatial avoidance. Although divergent habitat-use strategies may reflect interspecific competition, they may also merely reflect different physiological or ecological requirements.