“演义”辨略

“演义”作为中国古代的一种特殊文体 ,近年来得到学界的关注 ,但各家的认识颇有出入。本文对其文体的形成和发展作了历史的梳理 ,指出最初作为一般的文体 ,主要是对经部以及子部、集部的著作进行阐发 ,南宋真德秀的《大学衍义》一书对以后演义体作品的大量涌现产生了巨大影响。《三国志演义》出 ,形成了对史部著作演义的热潮。这类作品从“志传”与“说话”而来 ,其特点是题材的历史性与语言的通俗性。它们别成一体 ,自成系统 ,其影响掩盖了一般意义上的“演义”。明人对这类演义大致有三种不同的认识 ,分别把它们当作通俗历史、历史小说或通俗小说。今人一般都将“演义体”看作是历史小说。

《春秋》大义与关羽形象的儒雅化、道德化——《三国志》《三国志平话》与《三国志演义》中关羽形象比较

《三国演义》中关羽形象的典范化,其本质意义就在于作者为其注入了忠义盖世、儒雅绝伦的道德内涵,从而体现孔夫子所提倡的《春秋》大义。由于历史观的不同,造成了《三国演义》与《三国志》在叙事重点、细节选择、人物褒贬等多方面的不同,为了把关羽塑造成一个体现《春秋》大义的忠义英雄,罗贯中大胆虚构了一系列故事,以之强化和凸显关羽忠义品质。关羽的走麦城的悲剧虽然在军事上失败了,但在道德上和人格上却是胜利者。关羽与曹魏的军事冲突转变成道德的冲突。这正是儒家不以成败论英雄的历史观的集中反映。

中国古代的箭伤疗救及其文学书写--从《三国志演义》“拔矢啖睛”“刮骨疗毒”说起

箭伤是古代军将必须直面的创痛。古籍中关于军将箭伤的记载与中国外科医术以及中医药疗法密切相关。"刮骨疗毒"是较早有确切文字记载,治疗箭伤的骨科病灶清除术和扩创术的应用案例,在后世流传甚广。小说《三国志演义》以"刮骨疗毒""拔矢啖睛"等情节,成为箭伤文学书写的经典之作。通过对《三国志演义》中箭伤叙事有关箭伤的历史记载进行细致分析,进一步梳理古代箭伤疗救的医药文化与文学书写。

“西域”与“西洋”——从哈密西关看《三宝太监西洋记通俗演义》的地理意识

罗懋登《三宝太监西洋记通俗演义》叙述占城国发生的故事时,用哈密西关取代了占城国的门户港口新州港,如此处理的原因,并非不了解占城国的地理风貌,恰恰相反,作者参考了众多载记占城国地理知识的书籍,很多细节也未遗漏,为了叙事需要,有所择取和改编。作者之所以在港口名称上做文章,实际上是看中了哈密西关在有明一代作为西域通往中原的门户或咽喉的重要性,且知名度远高于新洲港。藉此象征,罗懋登隐喻了明王朝对于整个西番世界的征服以及对"蛮夷"教化的"追忆"。这与罗懋登追思前朝"西戎即序",欲夸明代声教之远的主观心态有关,客观上也与他辨别不清西域与西洋界域的空间视野有关。把新洲港改作哈密西关,看似随意,实际上呈露出明代中晚期文人认知周边世界的眼界不足,以及固执于天朝中心观的保守心态。

Generalized linear joint PP-PS inversion based on two constraints

Conventional joint PP-PS inversion is based on approximations of the Zoeppritz equations and assumes constant VP/VS;therefore,the inversion precision and stability cannot satisfy current exploration requirements.We propose a joint PP-PS inversion method based on the exact Zoeppritz equations that combines Bayesian statistics and generalized linear inversion.A forward model based on the exact Zoeppritz equations is built to minimize the error of the approximations in the large-angle data,the prior distribution of the model parameters is added as a regularization item to decrease the ill-posed nature of the inversion,low-frequency constraints are introduced to stabilize the low-frequency data and improve robustness,and a fast algorithm is used to solve the objective function while minimizing the computational load.The proposed method has superior antinoising properties and well reproduces real data.

史传文学与信史的联系与区隔——以“三国”为例

本文以讲史小说《三国演义》与史书《三国志》的联系与区隔说明:"文"与"史"固然不宜截然分家,但决不能混淆,文史各有职能侧重,文学求美,史学求真,二者的主要功能不能相互取代,以文代史,便会导致"观者惑乱"。作为"观者"的我们,要想在历史真实的认识上不受"惑乱",应当学会把握信史与史传文学的联系性与差异性,把握历史真实与艺术真实的辩证关系。

Grice＇s theory of conversational implicature

Understanding an utterance is far from proposition analysis and literal meaning interpretation. It is the unity of what is said and what is implicated. Grice＇s theory of conversational implicature provides some explicit account of how it is possible to mean more than what is literally expressed by the conventional sense of the linguistic expressions uttered. Using this theory, we can infer the speaker＇s real attention, appreciate figure of speech in literary work, and improve our communicative competence.

Implementing Semantic Deduction of Propositional Knowledge in an Extension Multi-layer Perceptron

The paper presents an extension multi-laye r p erceptron model that is capable of representing and reasoning propositional know ledge base. An extended version of propositional calculus is developed, and its some properties is discussed. Formulas of the extended calculus can be expressed in the extension multi-layer perceptron. Naturally, semantic deduction of prop ositional knowledge base can be implement by the extension multi-layer perceptr on, and by learning, an unknown formula set can be found.

A Quadratic precision generalized nonlinear global optimization migration velocity inversion method

An important research topic for prospecting seismology is to provide a fast accurate velocity model from pre-stack depth migration. Aiming at such a problem, we propose a quadratic precision generalized nonlinear global optimization migration velocity inversion. First we discard the assumption that there is a linear relationship between residual depth and residual velocity and propose a velocity model correction equation with quadratic precision which enables the velocity model from each iteration to approach the real model as quickly as possible. Second, we use a generalized nonlinear inversion to get the global optimal velocity perturbation model to all traces. This method can expedite the convergence speed and also can decrease the probability of falling into a local minimum during inversion. The synthetic data and Mamlousi data examples show that our method has a higher precision and needs only a few iterations and consequently enhances the practicability and accuracy of migration velocity analysis （MVA） in complex areas.

Estimation of Site Effects on Stations in the Capital Circle Region Using the Generalized Inversion Method

Generalized Inversion Method has been used to estimate the spatial variation of site effects,using the digital data of SH-waves recorded by 63 stations in the Capital Circle Region of China from 2001 to 2006.We gained the site effects of all stations participating in the calculation.We found that the site effect of rock was stabile and about 1.0 from 1.0Hz to 10.0Hz,while the site effect of deposit was high in low frequencies,about 3 ～ 7 from 1.0Hz to 8.0Hz,and the site effect was protuberant at about 5.0Hz,then fell as the frequency increased.The result shows the shape and intensity of station site effects are mainly influenced by the lithology below the station,and possibly also by the local geological structure.

A Generalized Hirota Ansatz to Obtain Soliton-Like Solutions for a (3+l)-Dimensional Nonlinear Evolution Equation

Instead of the usual Hirota ansatz,i.e.,the functions in bilinear equations being chosen as exponentialtypes,a generalized Hirota ansatz is proposed for a (3+1)-dimensional nonlinear evolution equation.Based on theresulting generalized Hirota ansatz,a family of new explicit solutions for the equation are derived.

A Comparative Analysis of＂The Little Mermaid＂ and ＂The Little Mer-persun＂ An SFG Approach

Informed by the framework of Halliday＇s Systemic Functional Grammar, this paper compares ＂The Little Mermaid＂ （1872） by Hans Christian Andersen and its parodic version ＂The Little Mer-persun＂ （1995） by James Finn Garner. Andersen＇s story creates gender stereotype by under-representing the heroine as an effectual Actor and Sayer but establishing the image of the hero as a powerful Actor and assertive Sayer. Garner＇s story, on the other hand, tends to subvert the traditional gender stereotype by representing the heroine as a more dynamic Actor and Sayer than the hero and by reversing the power relationship between the two. These differing characterizations reflect the two competing literary traditions and embedded ideologies of romanticist fairy tale genre and modem ＂politically-correct＂ parodic satire

Creative Thought and the First Performers of Tchaikovsky Opera ＂Evgeny Onegin＂

The opera is one of the music peaks of realism in the world opera literatures.It is full of sincere feelings and its characters have the real and vivid personality. Tchaikovsky choosing Pushkin＇ s ＂Onegin＂ as the opera theme is because he wants to get rid of the things of flashy without substance and he needs poetic, humanistic and simple subjects.

A Modified Homogeneous Balance Method and Its Applications

A modified homogeneous balance method is proposed by improving some key steps in the homogeneousbalance method.Bilinear equations of some nonlinear evolution equations are derived by using the modified homogeneousbalance method.Generalized Boussinesq equation,KP equation,and mKdV equation are chosen as examples to illustrateour method.This approach is also applicable to a large variety of nonlinear evolution equations.

The Babysitter： A Feminist Interpretation

Sexual violence, a prevalent problem in the spousal relationship, is closely related to the issue of female consciousness. In The Babysitter, Coover （1989） tells of a teenage girl babysitting two kids and a baby and of two of her male peers and the children＇s father altogether exploring their obsession towards her and, moreover, traces the evaluation and devaluation of women to the presentation of TV exploring its influence on his heroines, namely Mrs. Tucker and the babysitter serving as victims of the patriarchal society. Through a close engagement with the sexual objectification theory, this paper analyzes in detail men＇s aggressive oppressions upon women as well as women＇s compromise and rebellion towards the sexual violence, and investigates that the awakening of female independent consciousness is a key factor in effectively helping women achieve the gender equality between sexes.

Exact elastic impedance tensor for isotropic media

The existing expressions of elastic impedance,as the generalized form of acoustic impedance,represent the resistance of subsurface media to seismic waves of non-normal incidence,and thus include information on the shear-wave velocity.In this sense,conventional elastic impedance is an attribute of the seismic reflection and not an intrinsic physical property of the subsurface media.The derivation of these expressions shares the approximations made for reflectivity,such as weak impedance contrast andisotropic or weakly anisotropic media,which limits the accuracy of reflectivity reconstruction and seismic inversion.In this paper,we derive exact elastic impedance tensors of seismic P-and S-waves for isotropic media based on the stress-velocity law.Each componentof the impedance tensor represents a unique mechanical property of the medium.Approximations of P-wave elastic impedance tensor components are discussed for seismic inversion and interpretation.Application to synthetic data and real data shows the accuracy and robust interpretation capability of the derived elastic impedance in lithology characterizations.

Peaked Traveling Wave Solutions to a Generalized Novikov Equation with Cubic and Quadratic Nonlinearities

The Camassa-Holm equation, Degasperis–Procesi equation and Novikov equation are the three typical integrable evolution equations admitting peaked solitons. In this paper, a generalized Novikov equation with cubic and quadratic nonlinearities is studied, which is regarded as a generalization of these three well-known studied equations. It is shown that this equation admits single peaked traveling wave solutions, periodic peaked traveling wave solutions, and multi-peaked traveling wave solutions.

A Stochastic Evolutionary Game Perspective on the Stability of Strategic Alliances Against External Opportunism

This paper applies stochastic evolutionary game theory to analyzing the stability of cooperation among members against external opportunism in a multi-firm alliance.The authors first review the pros and cons of pertinent traditional models,and then a stochastic game model on decisions is proposed,where a coordination parameter,a time variable,a punishment effect and bounded rationality are considered.The Gauss white noise is introduced to reflect the random disturbance in the process.Several sufficient criteria on stability are developed,which enable us to investigate"if-then"type scenarios and project the impact of different strategies.

The Evaluation of Rural Territorial Functions: A Case Study of Henan, China

China＇s new urbanization process requires coordinated development between cities and rural areas. Territorial functions of rural areas are defined as advantageous effects on nature and human society that, in particular, rural systems perform via their property and interactions with other systems at certain social development stages. This paper establishes an index System for evaluating rural territorial functions including agricultural function, social function, economic function and ecological function. By establishing a model based on a General Regression Neural Network （GRNN） with the county-level as the basic unit, we comprehensively evaluate the rural territorial functions of 109 counties and/or cities in Henan province, China in 2000, 2005 and 2010. Results show that compared with that in 2000, each function in 2010 improved, with the spatial heterogeneity of economic func- tion the most evident, social service function comparatively balanced and spatial distribution of agricultural produc- tion function changing little. Cluster analysis was adopted to study the major functions of rural regions. Henan was divided into six major function zones to enhance administrative management and developmental policy. The six major function zones are Type I （core economic development zone）, Type II （agricultural production safeguarding zone）, Type III （function improving zone for rural areas）, Type IV （model zone of livelihood and social services）, Type V （economic restructuring and development zone）, and Type Vl （nature conservation areas）. Different development goals and development strategies should be considered according to different major function areas to achieve the coordinated development of urban and rural areas in China.

The Cauchy problem of generalized Landau-Lifshitz equation into S^n

In this paper,we study the Cauchy problem of an integrable evolution system,i.e.,the n-dimensional generalization of third-order symmetry of the well-known Landau-Lifshitz equation.By rewriting this equation in a geometric form and applying the geometric energy method with a forth-order perturbation,we show the global well-posedness of the Cauchy problem in suitable Sobolev spaces.