Salt Stress Effect on the Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Three New Varieties of Lagerstroemia indica

The effects of different concentrations of NaCI （0, 0.10%, 0.25%, 0.40%, 0.55%, 0.70%） on the growth and physiological characteristics of three new varieties of Lagerstroemia indica were studied by pot experiment in the plastic greenhouses. The results showed that under different NaCI concentrations, the relative height in- crement and the relative diameter increment of L. indica were restrained obviously; the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid and GSH decreased with in- crease of NaCI concentration; and the content of MDA increased with increase of NaCI concentration. Through the determination and comparison of physiological in- dexes, and analysis of correlativity, NaCI tolerance of the three new L. indica vari- eties ranked as L. indica ＇Pink Velour＇〉L. indica ＇Dynamite＇〉L. indica ＇Red Rock- et＇. This is consistent with the results of the morphological characteristics after Na- CI stress.

中国引信起源的发现与考证

黑火药是中国四大发明之一。随着火药在军事上的应用,唐代末年出现了燃烧性火器。宋代火药有了很大进步,火器有了新的发展,出现了杀伤性、爆炸性、毒害性火器,中国最早的引信也在这时诞生。北宋仁宗时成书的《武经总要》对当时的火药、火器均有详细记载,但从文字上很难看出引信的情况。论文作者对《武经总要》和金、元、明各朝代有关火药、火器的书籍、文献,以及当代学者研究古代兵器的专著,进行了仔细的阅读与反复的考证;终于发现了北宋的蒺藜火球、霹雳火球、毒药烟球等具有杀伤、爆炸、毒害作用的纸壳火器的外傅杂药层是中国最早的引信;同时又可以肯定,金国的“震天雷”、南宋的“铁火炮”等铁壳火器上的药线(药捻)是中国早期引信的第二代。论文对中国引信的起源提出了充分的论据,并从引信基本理论上证明,外傅杂药层的作用符合引信的总体概念。

CO_(2)-diluted CH_(4)-air premixed spherical flames with microwave-assisted spark ignition

The performance of microwave-assisted spark ignition(MAI)under exhaust gas recirculation conditions was explored with CO_(2)-diluted CH-air premixed spherical flames in a constant volume combustion chamber.The flame kernel radius at 5 ms after spark started was selected to evaluate the property of MAI for CO_(2)dilution ratio of 0-20%and equivalence ratio of 0.6-1.4 with 1 kHz microwave pulse repetition frequency under 0.2 MPa ambient pressure.The results showed that the addition of microwave induced some wrinkles on the flame surface and strongly deformed the flame.MAI expanded the limit of CO_(2)dilution ratio to 16%with an equivalence ratio of 0.75,in which case the spark only(SI)failed to ignite the mixture.With the CO_(2)dilution ratio increasing,the wrinkles induced by microwave pulses decreased apparently,and the enhancement value of MAI peaked at 4%CO_(2)dilution ratio.The effect of microwave was considered in two aspects,namely,reaction kinetics and thermal effect,which shows a“trade-off”as CO_(2)dilution ratio rose.With 8%volume of CO_(2)added,the flammable interval(equivalence ratio 0.6-1.2)of mixture in SI mode shrunk,and MAI can maintain a flammable interval consistency with the case that no CO_(2)was added.

Synthesis of nickel aluminate nanoceramic compound from aluminum and nickel carbonate by mechanical alloying with subsequent annealing

The aim of present work was to produce pure nickel aluminate （NiAl2O4） nanoceramic compound by high energy millingof nickel carbonate （NiCO3） and aluminum （Al） powders followed by annealing. Phase composition, thermal behavior, morphologyand microstructure of powder samples were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimeter,thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that formationof NiAl2O4 spinel compound from NiCO3 and Al powders took place in three steps： oxidation of Al to Al2O3, decomposition ofNiCO3 to NiO and CO2, and finally the solid state reaction between Al2O3 and NiO. It was also demonstrated that single phaseNiAl2O4 spinel compound can be produced by 5 h of mechanical milling with subsequent annealing of NiCO3/Al mixture at 900 Cfor 2 h, which is 冾 500 C lower than the temperatures used in the traditional solid state methods. The particle diameter of theproduced NiAl2O4 spinel compound was found to be less than 100 nm as measured by transmission electron microscopy.

Recent Geochemical Variation of the Hot-Spring Gases from the Tianchi Volcano, Changbai Mountains, Northeast China

Recent fluid monitoring work shows that the contents of mantle-derived CO2, He and CH4 increased anomalously in 2002 and 2003. The ^3He/^4He ratio of the deep-fault-type Jinjiang hot springs increased highly anomalously in 2003, and then decreased in 2004. The ^3He/^4He ratio from the thermal-reservoir-type Changbaijulong hot springs increased slowly in 2003, and the increase continued in 2004. The mantle-derived He content of the He released from the Changbaijulong springs increased obviously in 2004. The anomaly of the released gases and the isotopic He was consistent with the trends of seismic activities in the Tianchi volcanic area between 2002 and 2004. The abnormal release of the Jinjiang hot springs apparently decreased after the seismic activities ceased in the second half of 2004, while the abnormal release from the Changbaljulong increased significantly after these seismic activities. It shows that the abnormal release of magmas-derived gases from the thermal-reservoir-type springs lags behind that of the deep-fault-type springs. These characteristics may be of great significance for identifying deep magmatic activity and predicting volcanic earthquakes in the future.

Geochemistry of the lava and its implications in Musicians Seamounts

Chemical and isotopic data of the lava samples dredged in the southern Bach Ridge and the northern Italian Ridge of the Musicians Seamounts province, northeast of Hawaii. Although most of the samples analyzed are generally altered, a few are fresh. The latter exhibits similar geochemical and isotopic characteristics to normal MORB （Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts）. There are systematic geochemical trends from hotspot to mid-ocean ridge in the province. Incompatible element and isotopic variations suggest that the flow field had at least two distinct parental magmas, one with higher and one with lower MgO concentrations. The two parental magmas could be related by a magma mixing model. The major and trace element modeling shows that the two parental magmas could not have been produced by different degrees of melting of a homogeneous mantle source, but they are consistent with melting of a generally depleted mantle containing variable volumes of embedded enriched heterogeneity enriched interbeds.

Effect of predeformation on globularization of Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr during annealing

The microstructure evolution during annealing of Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr alloy was investigated. The results show that for the alloy compressed at 810 °C and 1.0 s^-1, deformation amount（height reduction） 20% and 50% and annealed at 810 °C, thermal grooving by penetration of β phase is sufficient during the first 20 min annealing, resulting in a sharp increase in globularization fraction. The globularization fraction continuously increases with the increase of annealing time, and a height reduction of 50% leads to a near globular microstructure after annealing for 4 h. For the alloy with deformation amount of 50% by compressing at 810 °C, 0.01 s^-1, and then annealed at 810 °C, thermal grooving is limited during the first 20 min of annealing and large quantities of high-angle grain boundaries（HABs） remain. With long time annealing, the chain-like α grains are developed due to the HABs, termination migration and Ostwald ripening. The present results suggest that a higher strain rate and a larger height reduction are necessary before annealing to achieve a globular microstructure of Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr.

Getting and X-ray Diffraction Analysis of the Microsphere Catalyst U, Nd on the Basis Fly Ash of Thermal Power Plants

To study the physical and chemical properties of aluminosilicate microsphere catalyst by impregnation and calcination us was first obtained aluminosilicate microsphere catalyst U, Nd for petrochemical processes. The method of X-ray structure has been studied for the microsphere catalyst U, Nd.

Active Fault and Volcanic Activity in the Longhai-Zhangpu Coastal Area, Fujian Province

The Longhai-Zhangpu coastal region lies in the so-called Golden Triangle area of southern Fujian Province. Tectonically, it is located on the southern segment of the Changle-Zhao＇an fault zone, being one of the regions of Tertiary and Quaternary basaltic eruptions in China＇s southeast coastal area. In this area there are the Liuhui （Longhai County ）-Jiangjun＇ ao （Zhangpu County） and Gangwei （ Longhai County ）-Huxi （ Zhangpu County ） faults, along which basaltic eruption has occurred. The faults have been significantly active since the Quaternary, and several small to moderate earthquakes have occurred on the faults. In this paper, the basic characteristics of the late Quaternary activities and the combination relation of the faults are discussed on the basis of an analysis of along-fault basaltic eruptions during the late Tertiary to late Pleistocene, as well as the differential variation of geomorphic surfaces and marine deposits on both sides of the faults. The results show that the Liuhui-Jiangjun＇ao fault is a late Pleistocene active fault. During the late Tertiary to late Pleistocene, three stages of basaltic eruptions occurred along the fault, among which the first stage occurred in the Pleistocene to early Pleistocene, the second stage in the middle Pleistocene and the third stage in the late Pleistocene. The Gangewei-Huxi fault can also be considered a late Pleistocene active fault. The elevation rate of the downthrown side of the fault is estimated to be 1. 11mm/a.These two faults have dissected the area into the Gangwei graben, south Taiwushan horst and the graben in the sea area to the east of Liuhul-Jiangjun＇ao.

Wavelet Analysis in Volcanology： The Case of Phlegrean Fields

The Phlegrean Fields are an area in the west of Naples （Italy）, with a huge interest in geophysical community being a volcanic caldera among the most dangerous in the world. Various techniques of monitoring exist. Among all, the control of ground deformations and variations in sea level has considerable importance. Time series of ground deformation and tidal data in this area have been analysed to highlight these important geophysical features and these results are compared with those obtained from similar data in other time periods. With regard to first mentioned, tiltmetric data have been analysed. These ones come from the tiltmeter network sited in Pozzuoli. Instead, the tidal data come from the tide gauge in Pozzuoli. Data have been analysed by means of a wavelet approach, using a Continuos Wavelet Transform and using, as so-called ＂Wavelet Mother＂, a Gabor-Morlet wavelet. For each time series, the principal harmonic constituents result： lunar semidiurnal （M2）, solar semidiumal （S2） and lunar diurnal （K1）. Other harmonic constituents, having frequencies higher than 1/hour, are present.These last ones could be interpreted as seiches and they could be linked up with generation of discrete plumes of rising magma. Frequencies at which there is the occurrence of these seiches are in agreement with previous studies.

Petrogenesis of high-Mg# Cenozoic volcanic rocks of southern Qiangtang area, Tibetan Plateau： geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic evidence

The Nadingcuo volcanic rock suite is the most volmninous Cenozoic volcanic suite in the southern Qiangtang area of the northern Tibetan Plateau. These high-K calc-alkaline volcanic rocks were formed between 36 and 34 Ma, characterized by high Mg# values, high concentrations of TiO2 and P205, 87Sr/S6Sr ratios of 0. 704682--0. 706 112, and aNd（t） values of - 1.2 to 1.6. There is a lack of reasonable explanations for sour- cing and origin of magmas that formed the rocks with high Mg# values and TiO2 and P2O5 enrichments, which makes the previous research results still controversial. This study reviews the geochemical characteristics of Nadingcuo volcanic rocks and the data we have newly found in our fieldwork. We give some new interpretation to the magmatic evolution of the basaltic magmas in the discussed area dominated by fractional crystallization. The geochemistry of trachyandesite and trachyte units in the studied area is indicative of formation from mantle- derived magmas that mixed with crustal materials. The high values of Mg# and TiO2 and P205 enrichment in these units are evident to show the mixing between mantle-derived magmas with -30-40 wt.% rhyolitic melt or assimilation of a similar amount of felsic rocks. The geochemistry of basaltic rocks in the area also suggests that the Nadingcuo basalts may have been derived from an ocean island basalt （OIB） -type source that contained and was mixed with ancient mantle wedge derived material, indicating that a 36-34 Ma asthenospheric upwelling e- vent in the Qiangtang area may relate to the northward subduction of Indian lithospheric mantle and the south- ward subduction of Asian lithospherie mantle. This upwelling of asthenospherie material was centered in the southern Qiangtang area between 36 and 34 Ma, while the northward movement of the Indian Craton caused this upwelling mantle flow to continuously migrate northward, resulting in the current centering of this upwelling in the Hoh Xil-Kunlun region.

A MODIS Time Series Data Based Algorithm for Mapping Forest Fire Burned Area

Burned area mapping is an essential step in the forest fire research to investigate the relationship between forest fire and cli- mate change and the effect of forest fire on carbon budgets. This study proposed an algorithm to map forest fire burned area using the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiameter （MODIS） time series data in Heilongjiang Province, China. The algorithm is divided into two steps： Firstly, the ＇core＇ pixels were extracted to represent the most possible burned pixels based on the comparison of the tem- poral change of Global Environmental Monitoring Index （GEMI）, Burned Area Index （BAI） and MODIS active fire products between pre- and post-fires. Secondly, a 15-km distance was set to extract the entire burned areas near the ＇core＇ pixels as more relaxed conditions were used to identify the fire pixels for reducing the omission error as much as possible. The algorithm comprehensively considered the thermal characteristics and the spectral change between pre- and post-fires, which are represented by the MODIS fire products and the spectral index, respectively. Tahe, Mohe and Huma counties of Heilongjiang Province, China were chosen as the study area for burned area mapping and a time series of burned maps were produced from 2000 to 2011. The results show that the algorithm can extract burned areas more accurately with the hiehest accuracy of 96.61%.

DETECTION OF IGNEOUS BODIES IN HUAIBEI COAL MINESBY HIGH RESOLUTION MAGNETIC SURVEY

The present paper investigates the application of high resolution magnetic survey to detecting igneous bodies. The slight difference in magnetism between igneous bodies and their surrounding rocks is measured first and then the magnetic survey data are processed to determine whether there exist igneous bodies by analog among several measuring lines, and finally the modified Marquart inversion was used to determine the occurrence and distribution of the igneous bodies.

Analysis of Tianchi volcano activity in Changbai Mountain,NE China

Changbaishan volcano is the largest potential eruptive volcano in China.In this paper,seismic activity,horizontal displacement,vertical displacement and the fluid geochemistry data acquiring from Changbaishan Tianchi Volcano Observatory(TVO) in recent years are analyzed.The authors discussed the ability for the Changbaishan volcanic seismic monitoring and active level of Changbaishan volcano in recent years based on the fundamental monitoring results.The results show that Changbaishan volcano has experienced an unrest episode from 2002 to 2005,but its active level recovers to the background now.

The 2010 Merapi Eruption： An Overview of Melt Inclusion and Geochemical Data

To characterize the magma that gave rise to explosive eruptions of Merapi volcano in October-November 2010, melt inclusions and juvenile components fiom the eruption deposits have been analyzed. Major-element compositions of whole-rocks were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence and trace elements, including the Rare Earth Elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Melt inclusions and the host minerals were analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and CO2 and H20 in melt inclusions, and their associated bubbles, were analyzed using laser Raman spectrometry. The compositions of the whole-rock eruption products are basaltic and esite that slightly sifting of SiO2 and K20 composition to previous eruption products, whereas the melt inclusions in pyroxene, plagioclase and hornblende are dacite to rhyolite, likely trapped mainly during late stages of crystallization of the magma. The most high volatile content in the melt inclusion are CO2 and H2O which appear strong Raman peaks for CO2 in the gas bubbles indicate abundances on high levels of CO2. Interpretation of result from a long-term flux of CO2 into the reservoir, either derived from more mafic magmas at depth or from reaction of magma in the reservoir with limestone and it may indicate that volcanic outgassing rates far exceed the amounts that can be supplied magmas.

The Moon

Recent geochemical and geophysical data from the Moon enable a revision of earlier interpretations regarding lunar origin, structure and bulk composition. Earth and Moon show many similarities among their isotopic compositions, but they have evolved in totally dissimilar ways, probably related to the deficiency of water and volatile elements in the Moon as well as the vast differences in size and internal pressure. Some global geochemical differences from the Earth such as volatile depletion based on K/U ratios have been established. However, all current lunar samples come from differentiated regions, making the establishment of a bulk composition more reliant on bulk geophysical properties or isotopic similarities; it remains unclear how the latter arose or relate to whole Moon composition. The lack of fractionation effects among the refractory and super-refractory elements indicates that the proto-lunar material seems unlikely to have been vaporized while the presence of volatile elements may place lower limits on proto-lunar temperatures. The apparent lack of geochemical evidence of an impacting body enables other possible impactors, such as comets, to be considered. Although the origin of the Moon remains currently unknown, it is generally believed that the Moon originated as the result of a giant impact on the Earth.

Geochemical characteristics and genesis of volcanic and sub-volcanic rocks from porphyrite-type iron deposits in Ningwu metallogenic province,eastern China:Constraints from elements

Ningwu porphyrite-type iron deposits are located in Ningwu Mesozoic volcanic basin,which belongs to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River metallogenic province.The volcanic rocks can be divided into Longwangshan,Dawangshan,Gushan and Niangniangshan Formations from early to late.All these volcanic rocks are rich in alkali,and show the similar patterns in rare earth element(REE) distribution.However,some differences can be found in the trace elements and REE patterns.The study of petrology and REE geochemical characteristics shows that these rocks are derived from the underplating of the lithospheric mantle and are contaminated by crustal materials,undergo AFC process during the magmatic evolution.

China Unveils Its First Mars Probe and Rover

A press conference was held in Beijing on August 23,marking the launch of a public competitive campaign to obtain a name and logo for China’s Mars mission.The project and its progress were introduced at the conference and the external appearance of the Mars probe and the rover was revealed.China’s Mars mission will be implemented in two steps.The objective of the first step is to achieve orbiting,landing,and roving.Mars sampling will be the purpose of the second step。

Study of Space Reactors for Exploration Missions

Nuclear propulsion has been studied for many decades. The power density of nuclear fission is much higher than chemical process, and for missions to outer solar system requiring several hundred of kilowatts, or for flexible manned missions to Mars requiring several megawatts, nuclear electric propulsion might be the only option offering a reasonable mass in low earth orbit. Despite the existence of low power experiences--SNAP10 in the 60＇s or Buk/Topaz in the 60-80＇s--no high power reactor has been developed： investment cost, long term timeframe, high technological challenges and radioactive hazards are the main challenges we must overtake. However, it seems reasonable to look at the technical challenges that have to be overcome for a next generation of nuclear electric systems for space exploration. This paper will present some recent studies going on in France, on space reactors for exploration. Three classes of power have been considered： 10 kWe, 100 kWe, and several megawatts. Available data from previous studies and developments performed in Russia, USA, and Europe have been collected and gave us a large overview of potential technical solutions. This was the starting point of a trade-off analysis aiming at the selection of the best options, with regards to the technological readiness level in France and Europe. The resulting preliminary designs will be presented and critical technologies needing maturation activities will be highlighted.

Single-phase earth fault current distribution between optical fiber composite overhead ground wire and ordinary ground wire in transmission system

It is important for the safety of transmission system to accurately calculate single-phase earth fault current distribution.Features of double sided elimination method were illustrated.Quantitative calculation of single-phase earth fault current distribution and case verification were accomplished by using the loop method.Influences of some factors,such as single-phase earth fault location and ground resistance of poles,on short-circuit current distribution were discussed.Results show that:1) results of the loop method conform to those of double sided elimination method;2) the fault location hardly influences macro-distribution of short-circuit current.However,current near fault location is evidently influenced;and 3) the short-circuit current distribution is not so sensitive to the ground resistance of poles.