论“地摊经济”的“热”能量、“冷”思考和“急”处理

在2020年全国"两会"期间,"地摊经济"再次成为社会关注的热点。它是一种通过摆地摊的形式来获取经营收入的经济发展方式,有成本较低、商品繁多、可动性强、高聚集性等特点。在解决就业难问题、满足多层次消费需求、丰富城市文化结构、促进社会和谐稳定和助力全面建成小康社会目标等方面拥有"热"能量,但在环境污染比较严重、影响正常交通秩序、卫生安全卫生问题较为突出、容易诱发不当竞争和造成国家税收的流失等方面需要"冷"思考。应从找准定位和合理引导、加强政府指导和投入、强化市场管理和监督、开展商家自我教育和引导消费者有序参与进行"急"处理,真正使"地摊经济"助力经济复兴,与经济发展同频共振。

Study on Dynamics of Calorific Value, Biomass and Energy in Calamagrostis epigejos Population in Songnen Grassland

There were two peaks of seasonal changes of the calorific value in shoot and leaves of Calamagrostis epigejos in middle June and in the early August respectively. The calorific value in stem presented a single peak curve which appeared in the early August. The calorific values in inflorescence and dead standing showed a fluctuation and the peak value of inflorescence was in the early September and that of dead standing was in middle June. The seasonal changes of energy standing crop on the above-ground part synchronized with that of the biomass, which presented a single peak curve. The energy allocated to each organ in different seasons was in the order as leaves > stem > inflorescence in middle June, leaves > stem > dead standing > inflorescence in early July, leaves > stem > inflorescence > dead standing in middle July, and leaves > stem > dead standing > inflorescence from August to September. The vertical allocation of energy in the parts of above-ground was that the energy value gradually increased from the surface to the 20 cm high level and the maximum value at the 10 - 20 cin high level which made up 26.91% of energy on the above-ground partion, and then it was decreased. In the under-ground portion, the energy value progressively decreased with depth and the maximum value was at 0 - 10 cm depth layer which made up 69.01% of energy of the under-ground portion.

Numerical studies of effect of tool sizes and pin shapes on friction stir welding of AA2024-T3 alloy

Coupled thermo-mechanical model was used to investigate the effects of the pin diameter, the shoulder diameter and the in conical angle on the heat generations, the material deformations and the energy histories in friction stir welding（FSW） of AA2024-T3 alloy. Results indicate that the shoulder-plate contact area takes more important contribution to the heat generation than the pin-plate contact area. The increase of the shoulder diameter or the decrease of the pin diameter can lead to the increase of the welding temperature in FSW, but the change of shoulder size is more important. Compared to the cases in FSW of AA6061-T6, the input power is obviously increased in FSW of AA2024-T3 and the ratio of the plastic dissipation to the friction dissipation becomes decreased.

Adsorption/reaction energetics measured by microcalorimetry and correlated with reactivity on supported catalysts: A review

The formations and transformations of the chemical bonds of reactants and intermediates on cata- lyst surfaces occur in conjunction with the evolution of heat during catalytic reactions. Measure- ment of this evolved heat is helpful in terms of understanding the nature of the interactions be- tween the catalyst and the adsorbed species, and provides insights into the reactivity of the catalyst. Although various techniques have previously been applied to assessments of evolved heat, direct measurements using a Tian-Calvet microcalorimeter are currently the most reliable method for this purpose. In this review, we summarize the relationship between the adsorption/reaction energetics determined by microcalorimetry and the reactivities of supported catalysts, and examine the im- portant role of microcalorimetry in understanding catalytic performance from the energetic point of view.

A New Type of Power Clock for DSCRL Adiabatic Circuit

An asymmetry power clock,4 phase power clock supplying the power to the DSCRL(dual swing charge recovery logic) adiabatic circuit is presented.It is much simpler than the 6 phase power clock,symmetry power clock,used in the DSCRL adiabatic circuit.Although the 4 phase power clock is simpler,the DSCRL adiabatic circuit still shows good performance and high efficiency of energy transfer and recovery.This conclusion has been proved by the result of the HSPICE simulation using the 0 6μm CMOS technology.

Characterization of Energy_Transduction in Thermal Pretreated Chloroplast from Spinach

Characterization of energy-transduction on die chloroplast thylakoid membranes from spinach (Spinacia oleracca L.) after thermal pretreatment was investigated. The related reactions of energy-transduction in chloroplasts were seriously affected by thermal pretreatment. The results were obtained as following: (1) The rate of cyclic photophosphorylation declined when the pretreatment temperature increased in the range of 25 to 45 degreesC. (2) The thermal pretreatment led to a decrease of the activity of thylakoid membrane-bounded ATPase. (3) Proton uptake of chloroplasts acid the fluorescence quenching of 9-aminoacridine (9-AA) in thylakoid membrane decreased after the thermal pretreatment, but addition of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) could partially restore the fluorescence quenching of 9-AA. (4) Both the rates of fast phase in electrochroism absorption change at 515 nm and the millisecond delayed light emission (ms-DLE) of chloroplast showed a progressive decrease upon raising the temperature of pretreatment. (5) Immunbloting analysis showed that the thermal pretreatment caused the changes of protein content and the electrophoresis mobility of thylakoid membrane-bound ATPase and its alpha -subunit. (6) If the temperature of pretreatment were higher than 33 degreesC, oxygen uptake of PS I -mediated in the samples was rapidly inhibited, but addition of sinapine into the reaction medium could partially restore the ability of oxygen uptake in the samples. These results are briefly discussed in relation to the change of permeability of thylakoid membranes, the dissociation of coupling factor complex as well as accumulation of the radicals in the thylakoid membranes after thermal pretreatment.

GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION IN TUANBO REGION

This paper mainly deals with the reservoir on the heat and mass transfer and mass and energy balance in a geothermal field.On the basis of briefing the general characteristics of the reservoir and the supposition of the reservoir modeling,the paper emphasizes the mathematical descriptions of hydra thermal transportation and convection by two methods according to the different models,such as lumped parameter model and distributed parameter model.It is effective to use these models in simulating the heterogeneous,and anisotropical fracture reservoir for the designed lifetime of 15 years.

Hot deformation behavior of spray forming LSHR alloy using constitutive equation and processing map

Flow behaviors of spray forming low solvus high refractory (LSHR) alloy were investigated using hot compression tests performed on a Gleeble?3500 thermal mechanical simulator at temperatures of 1020?1150 °C and strain rates of 0.0003?1.0 s?1. The constitutive equation was established, power dissipation (η) maps and hot processing maps were plotted. The microstructure evolution and dislocation distribution of domains with different values of η in power dissipation maps were also observed. The results show that the flow stress increases with decreasing temperature and increasing strain rate. The activation energy of the spray forming LSHR alloy is 1243.86 kJ/mol. When the value of η is 0.36 at the strain of 0.5, the domain in the processing map shows characteristics of typical dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and low dislocation density. According to the microstructure evolution and processing maps, the optimum processing condition for good hot workability of spray forming LSHR alloy can be summed up as:temperature range 1110?1150 °C; strain rate range 0.01?0.3 s?1.

Application of Energy Balance Snowmelt Model on Sunny Slope in Western Tianshan Mountains

[Objective] The study aimed to apply energy balance snowmelt model for estimating the snowmelt runoff generated by seasonal snow in Tianshan Mountains. [Method] Three snow water collecting sites were set on a sunny slope in western Tianshan Mountains to measure the snowmelt rates at hourly interval. The positive sensible heat and negative latent heat fluxes were calculated by the energy balance snowmelt model; the snowmelt rate was also estimated by the model. Finally, the ac- curacy for the model was investigated in detail. [Result] The results indicated that sensible heat fluxes and latent heat fluxes accounted for 13.4% of total energy input and 15.1% of energy output, respectively. A good agreement between observed and estimated SWE was proved by low volume difference and the high Nash-Sutcliff coef- ficients（R2） which were 0.86, 0.92 and 0.91, respectively. [Conclusion] The energy balance snowmelt model has been proved to be a powerful tool for snowmelt estimation.

Water, CO_2 and Energy Exchange at Vegetation-air Interface

[Objective] The aim was to analyze water and heat fluxes, CO2 fluxes and energy balance in wheat ecosystem in Luancheng County of Hebei Province. [Method] Based on data of water and heat flux, and CO2 fluxes, routine meteorological and biomass data in Luancheng in 2008, water and heat fluxes, CO2 fluxes and energy balance in wheat ecosystem were explored. [Result] The results showed that latent and sensible heat and CO2 fluxes were of obvious daily and seasonal changes; latent and sensible heat fluxes shaped an inverted U in daily change, and CO2 fluxes were of a U-shape; daily flux peak differed significantly. Furthermore, the change of latent heat, sensible heat and CO2 fluxes were closely related to environ- mental factors. Detailedly, the three were sensitive to light intensity and net radiation, and correlation coefficients were 0.92, 0.66, 0.65 and 0.90, 0.69, 0.74, respectively. Besides, the fluxes, sensitive to temperature, proved better in sunny day, especially for latent flux which is more sensitive to water in soils after precipitation. In addition, closure degree of energy balance in wheat fields was 0.91 and non-closure, caused by measurement error and neglection of heat storage, was observed, too. What＇s more. closure degree differed in months and time periods within a day. [Conclusion] The research concluded water and heat fluxes, CO2 fluxes, transport mechanisms and concerning factors, providing scientific reference for revealing mechanism of evapo- ration and heat dissipation of canopy, relationship between photosynthesis and water use efficiencyand energy distribution mechanism.

Ground-State and Thermal Entanglement in Three-Spin Heisenberg-XXZ Chain with Three-Spin Interaction

The entanglement properties of a three-spin X X Z Heisenberg chain with three-spin interaction are studied by means of concurrence of pairwise entanglement. We show that ground-state pairwise entanglement, pairwise thermal entanglement, or quantum phase transition is not present in antiferromagnetic spin chain. For the ferromagnetic case, quantum phase transition takes place at A = 1 for anisotropic interaction and at some values of three-spin coupling strength, and pairwise thermal entanglement increases when the value of J/T increases and with anisotropic interaction and three-spin interaction decrease. In addition, we find that increasing the anisotropic interaction and the three-spin interaction will decrease critical temperature.

New Li-ion Battery Evaluation Research Based on Thermal Property and Heat Generation Behavior of Battery

We do a new Li-ion battery evaluation research on the effects of cell resistance and polariza- tion on the energy loss in batteries based on thermal property and heat generation behavior of battery. Series of 18650 cells with different capacities and electrode materials are evalu- ated by measuring input and output energy which change with charge-discharge time and current. Based on the results of these tests, we build a model of energy loss in cells＇ charge- discharge process, which include Joule heat and polarization heat impact factors. It was reported that Joule heat was caused by cell resistance, which included De-resistance and reaction resistance, and reaction resistance could not be easily obtained through routine test method. Using this new method, we can get the total resistance R and the polarization parameter U. The relationship between R, η, and temperature is also investigated in order to build a general model for series of different Li-ion batteries, and the research can be used in the performance evaluation, state of charge prediction and the measuring of consistency of the batteries.

Quasi-Local Energy Distribution and Thermodynamics of Reissner-Nordstrom Black Hole Surrounded by Quintessence

We investigate quasi-local energy distribution and thermodynamics of the Reissner-Nordstr6m black hole space-time surrounded by quintessence. We use the quasi-local energy distribution from Einstein energy-momentum complex. We plot the variation of the energies, temperature and heat capacity with the state parameter related to the quintessence ωq. We show that due to the presence of quintessence, the total energy of the outer region as well as the temperature and heat capacity decreases with the increase of the density of quintessence, while the total energy of the black hole region increases.

Effects of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel 625 alloy fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing process

The microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel 625 alloy fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing process were evaluated under as-prepared and heat-treated conditions.A dendritic Ni-based solid solution phase along with(Nb,Ti)C carbide,Laves,and δ-Ni3Nb secondary phases were developed in the microstructure of the as-prepared alloy.Solution heat treatment led to the dissolution of Laves and Ni3Nb phases.In addition,dendrites were replaced with large columnar grains.Aging heat treatment resulted in the formation of grain boundary M23C6 carbide and nanometric γ''precipitates.Hardness,yield and tensile strengths,as well as elongation of the as-prepared part,were close to those of the cast alloy and its fracture occurred in a transgranular ductile mode.Solution heat treatment improved hardness and yield strength and declined the elongation,but it did not have a considerable impact on the tensile strength.Furthermore,aging heat treatment caused the tensile properties to deteriorate and changed the fracture to a mixture of transgranular ductile and intergranular brittle mode.

Effects of retrogression heating rate on microstructures and mechanical properties of aluminum alloy 7050

The effects of the retrogression heating rate(340℃/min,57℃/min,4.3℃/min)on the microstructures and mechanical properties of aluminum alloy 7050 were investigated by means of hardness measurement,tensile properties testing,differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).The results show that the retrogression heating rate significantly affects the microstructures and mechanical properties of the alloys treated by retrogression and re-aging(RRA)process, and it is found that the medium rate(57℃/min)leads to the highest mechanical properties.The strengthening phases in the matrix are mainly the fine dispersed η′precipitates and GP zones,and the grain boundary precipitates are coarse and discontinuous η phases.

Thermodynamic properties and heat capacity of Ru metal in HCP,FCC,BCC and liquid state

Isometric heat capacity cv and isobar heat capacity cp of Ru metal in HCP,FCC,BCC and liquid state were calculated by using pure element systematic theory.The results are in good agreement with joint army-navy-air force(JANAF) experimental value and the calculation result by first-principle(FP) method.But the results have great differences in contrast to Scientific Group Thermodata Europe(SGTE) database.The cause is found that it cannot neglect the electron devotion to heat capacity to adjust cp in one-atom(OA) method.The disparity between OA method and SGTE database was discussed.The main cause is that OA method adopts the crosspoint with iso-Ec-line and iso-a-line in hybritriangle to determine the properties,but SGTE database is obtained by extrapolation from activity measurements and critical assessment of data from a large number of binary system.Thermodynamic properties of Ru metal in HCP,FCC,BCC and liquid state,such as entropy S,enthalpy H and Gibbs energy G were calculated.Therefore,the full description of thermodynamic properties from 0 K to random temperature is implemented.

Quasi-Static Energy Recovery Logic with Single Power-Clock Supply

This paper presents a new quasi-static single-phase energy recovery logic （QSSERL）, which unlike any other existing adiabatic logic family,uses a single sinusoidal supply-clock without additional timing control volta- ges. This not only ensures lower energy dissipation, but also simplifies the clock design, which would be otherwise more complicated due to the signal synchronization requirement. It is demonstrated that QSSERL circuits operate as fast as conventional two-phase energy recovery logic counterparts. Simulation with an 8bit logarithmic look- ahead adder （LLA） using static CMOS,clocked CMOS adiabatic logic （CAL,an existing typical single-phase ener- gy recovery logic）,and QSSERL,under 128 randomly generated input vectors,shows that the power consumption of the QSSERL adder is only 45% of that of the conventional static CMOS counterpart at 10MHz, and the QS- SERL adder achieves better energy efficiency than CAL when the input frequency finput is larger than 2MHz.

Effect of Si,Cu and Fe on mechanical properties of cast semi-solid 206 alloys

The development of a modified 206 alloy whose composition was optimized to minimize hot tearing during semi-solid forming was reported. The effect of varying silicon, copper and iron contents was investigated using a design of experiment (DOE) approach. Semi-solid slurries were prepared using the SEED process and injected into a high pressure die casting press. The hot tearing sensitivity results were reported for different alloy variants. The microstructure evolution during the semi-solid preparation was presented along with actual die cast components. The effects of silicon, copper and iron on mechanical properties in the T7 condition were also analyzed. Beyond the benefit of reducing hot tearing, it is shown that the tensile and fatigue properties remain compatible with the automotive industry requirements.

Burning Cave-Pipe Coil-Kang Coupled Heating System Research

Nowadays,people still rely on traditional heating methods in rural areas of northern China,such as Kang(bed-stoves) and burning caves in cold winter.Field measurements of indoor environment were carried out in several rural houses with burning-cave-coil-Kang coupling heating system in northern China.The results show that this system is able to realize the graded use of internal energy of burning cave.The temperature of supply pipe water ranged from 30 ℃ to 50 ℃ which met the demands in 74.7% of time.The surface temperature of Kang maintained at above 25 ℃.Compared with traditional burning cave,using burning-cave-coil-Kang coupled with heating system has a higher thermal efficiency of 48.9%,which is 8.32% higher than the traditional one.

Simulation Study on a Heat Pump System Using R744/R290 as Refrigerant

Based on the Chinese National Standards involving heat pump water heater and space heating system, performances of the R744/R290 subcritical heat pump system have been discussed and compared with those of the R22 system, which is widely used in heat pump systems in China nowadays. It can be indicated that R744/R290 mixture can work efficiently as a refrigerant for heat pumps with a large heat-sink temperature rise. When mass fraction of R290 is increased, discharge pressure is reduced. Under the nominal working condition, there is an optimum mixture mass fraction of 20/80 for R744/R290 under conventional condensation pressure. Both the heating COPhs （coefficient of performance） and volumetric heating capacity are increased by about 12.62% and 34.24% respectively compared with those of R22 based system. But for the heat sink with a small temperature rise, R744/R290 system has poorer performances than R22 system. When heat transfer pinch point in evaporator and condensation processes is considered, the degree of superheat has a negative influence upon system performances under the given conditions.