“照会”与中国外交文书近代范式的初构

在乾隆年间清政府逐步形成了外交文书的“天朝体制”。此项体制长期受到来华西人的挑战。鸦片战争后 ,英国等列强以武力和不平等条约为手段“解决”了这一问题 ,“照会”等近代外交公文范式初步形成。西方外交和文书体制对中国外交文书体制的硬性干预和强制替代 ,从一个侧面反映了西方价值体系在中国的强力移植过程。

Association of hepatitis C virus infection and diabetes in central Tunisia

AIM：To investigate hepatitis C virus （HCV） seroprevalence in Tunisian patients with diabetes mellitus and in a control group. METHODS： A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the HCV seroprevalence in 1269 patients with diabetes （452 male, 817 female） and 1315 nondiabetic patients, attending health centers in Sousse, Tunisia. HCV screening was performed in both groups using a fourth-generation enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS： In the diabetic group, 17 （1.3%） were found to be HCV-infected compared with eight （0.6%） in the control group, although the difference was not significant （P = 0.057）. Quantitative PCR was performed in 20 patients. Eleven patients were positive and showed HCV genotype lb in all cases. CONCLUSION： Frequency of HCV antibodies was low in patients with diabetes and in the control group in central Tunisia, with no significant difference between the groups.

Photo Socialization in Digital Natives

In the following work of research, we shall present the results of a study on forms of digital photographic socialization as carried out by the so-called ＂digital natives＂ in order to explore their competence in managing digital photographic output and cultural practices. This shall be done under the following categories of analysis： snapshot, organization, socialization, reception, privacy, and copyrights in digital photography. The study explores the forms of digital photography production, technical problems of photographic management and the final uses that digital photographers give to their photos in terms of web tools 2.0, mobile telephones and social networks. Digital photography technology, compact cameras, mobile phones with cameras, specialized websites in photography and the lnternet generate new forms of production and emerging styles of digital photographic socialization. The study is carried out using a defined sample of university students, those digital natives who create and use digital photography.

Who Populates the Visual Landscape of the ELT Coursebooks？： A Photo Analytical Exploration

The aim of this study is to portray and explore the variety of social actors depicted visually along the pages of the intermediate level ELT coursebooks that are published locally （by British and American publishers） and marketed globally （mostly to the EFL contexts）. For this, a thorough photo-ethnographic exploration of the visuals supported by the inventory of ＂social actor interaction network＂ is employed. In the field of Coursebook Analysis, visuals have attracted limited attention despite marking asocio-semiotically rich discursive field. In fact, the semiotic labor division between the ＂word＂ and the ＂image＂ in representing and reconstructing （simulating） the world, points to a gain on the part of the image as the brain is evolutionarily more experienced in processing visual information than processing verbal information. Therefore, images can appeal more directly to the sensory experience domains of the viewers via visual contact, evoking deeper consciousness. Acting as the prominent mediators of signification practice, visuals catalogue the representations and simulations of social-life viewed l^om a particular subject position associated with a particular set of norms, beliefs, and values. Hence, they position the viewers across dynamic loci of subjectivities in terms of social distance, relations, and interaction. As both reflections and reproductions of reality, images in the coursebooks have the potent to influence learners＇ perspectives of the world presenting them with readymade cognitive schemes. In order to reveal a comprehensive picture of the visually depicted social actors and the identity options made available through them, in this study the author focused on the peopled photos of the 6 popularly traded ELT coursebooks. The author investigated them regarding the relations of social distance, involvement, power and interaction formed between the depicted social actors and their viewers as well as the emergent practices of exclusion, role allocation, genericization, specification, assimilation, individualization, and categorization. The results show that the representational repertoires of the coursebooks contain disproportionately distributed visual depictions of social actors in terms of cultural orientation and gender. The ＂culturally different＂ are repeatedly pictured in assimilative ways as an aggregate of enumerable people, while the social actors of the reference group are usually pictured individually and with their own intended meaning.

Predictors of Performance of the Maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific （MAAP） in the OIC Navigational Watch Licensure Examination

Abstract： The study aimed to assess the predictors of performance administered by the Philippine Regulation Commission （PRC） in the licensure examination of Maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific （MAAP） for Academic Year 2007-2011. Specifically, this also aimed to answer the following questions： demographic profile of the maritime graduates, the college related factors, administrative related factors, the level of scholastic achievement of the graduates, and the performance of the graduates in the licensure examination. A total of one hundred seventy three （173） graduates of MAAP from Class 2007-2011 were utilized as the respondents for the study. The study found out that the results of pre board examination and scholastic achievement of the graduates had significant effect on the performance of the graduates in O.I.C Navigational Watch Licensure Examination. Other variables found out to have no significant effect on the result of the licensure examination of the graduates. Therefore, the null hypotheses that the demographic profile of the graduates, college related factors, and administrative related factors has no significant effect on scholastic the achievement of the students were accepted. However, the null hypothesis that scholastic achievement of the students has no significant effect on the performance in maritime licensure examination was rejected. The same way, the null hypothesis that the demographic profile of the graduates, college related factors and the administrative related factors has no significant effect on the performance in Officer in Charge--Navigational Watch licensure Examination were accepted.

The Order of the Art

The theme of the article is Polish movie Illumination directed by Krzysztof Zanussi to his own screenplay in 1972 （cinema premiere 1973）. ＂The film contains elements of Zanussi＇s intellectual biography as well as documentary elements, e.g., appearances of philosopher Wiadyslaw Tatarkiewicz＂. It is one of the most important Polish films. The purpose of the text is to examine the philosophical contexts in this film, and the relationship between ＂orders＂, ＂art＂, and ＂science＂. The research method is： semiotics, psychology of perception and comparative research. The text will refer to the philosophical writings： Blaise Pascala＇s Thoughts, St. Augustine＇s Confessions and the monograph work of Krzysztof Zanussi, for example, Mariola Marczak＇s Anxiety and Longing, Movies and the Value, About the Films of KrzysztofZanussi （Publisher： University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 2011） or Tomasza Ktysa, The Intellectual Cinema of KrzysztofZanussi, in ＂Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences et des Lettres de Lodez＂ （vol. XLV）; Serie： ＂Recherches sur les Arts＂ （vol. VI）; Polish Cinema in Ten Takes, edited by E. Nurczyfiska-Fidelska, Z. Batko （Publisher： Lodz Scientific Society in Lodz, 1995）.

大清“照会门”别有玄机

在上个世纪70年代那段“阳光灿烂的日子”里，中国大地上曾涌现出许多新鲜的事物。比如“顽主”。

简论鸦片战争后清廷外交文书的转型

两次鸦片战争,彻底颠覆了清廷传统的宗藩外交,其外交文书也从"谕/禀"范式转换为"照会"范式,伴随而至的是称谓、措辞及话语模式围绕平等理念的全面刷新。这种转型,折射出古代宗藩观念向近代国家观念转变的初阶,也可看出晚清外交文书现代化转型中的殖民化色彩。

Childcare Policy in China:Review,Reflection and Reconstruction

In recent years,China’s“childcare crisis”has worsened,affecting children,women,families and even society as a whole in multiple ways.A review of the childcare policy since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 shows that it has shifted from construction to destruction and thence to partial reconstruction,entering a crucial reconstruction stage after the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China.To cope effectively with the childcare crisis that has emerged from the changes in population structure and population policies,socioeconomic transformation,family changes,etc.,we need to gain a renewed understanding of the important role of childcare policy in socioeconomic development and in the people’s sense of betterment,in order to build an integrated childcare system with universally accessible benefits in which the state,the market,society and families participate.

Abdominal acupuncture plus the Confluent Points of the Eight Extraordinary Meridian for chronic pharyngitis

Objective：To evaluate the effectiveness of abdominal acupuncture plus the Confluent Points of the Eight Extraordinary Meridian in treating chronic pharyngitis. Methods：Thirty eligible subjects with chronic pharyngitis were given abdominal acupuncture plus needling Lieque （LU 7） and Zhaohai （KI 6）, two out of the Confluent Points of the Eight Extraordinary Meridian, once a day, 10 sessions as a course, and the therapeutic efficacy was evaluated after a treatment course. Results：After a treatment course, of the 30 subjects, 21 were recovered, 5 showed markedly effective, 2 were improved, and 2 failed,the total effective rate was 93.3%. Conclusion：Abdominal acupuncture plus the Confluent Points of the Eight Extraordinary Meridian is effective in treating chronic pharyngitis, worth promoting in clinic.

Selca to the Future

What hath the selfies wrought？ Stretch one arm out for a high angle—look up,smile,bring out your eyes and bring in your chin—click!As the smartphone has become a necessity to many people,it has become a commonscene to see people stretching out their phones to take pictures of themselves, and it can almost happen anywhere, anytime. The social network is thus full of people sharing their self- ies--tailored to show off their most attractive assets.

Recent progress in Bistatic SAR with illuminators of opportunity

Bistatic SAR（Bi SAR）with illuminators of opportunity is a kind of flexible SAR system that consists of non-cooperative transmitters and a stationary or moving receiver,as Figure 1shows.In recent years,notable efforts have been made to promote the development of this kind of system.Progress regarding Bi SAR with navigation satellites as transmitters before 2015,including the related theory and practice,has been well reviewed by Antoniou et al.and can be referred from[1].This paper reviews some of the progress in 2015and 2016,including novel signal processing approaches,advanced Bi SAR system configurations and potentially

High-brightness blue organic light emitting diodes with different types of guest-host systems

We demonstrate high-brightness blue organic light emitting diodes(OLEDs) using two types of guest-host systems. A series of blue OLEDs were fabricated using three organic emitters of dibenz anthracene(perylene), di(4-fluorophenyl) amino-di(styryl) biphenyl(DSB) and 4,4'-bis[2-(9-ethyl-3-carbazolyl)vinyl]biphenyl(BCzV Bi) doped into two hosting materials of 4,4'-bis(9-carbazolyl) biphenyl(CBP) and 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5(4-tert-butyl-phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole(PBD) as blue emitting layers, respectively. We achieve three kinds of devices with colors of deep-blue, pure-blue and sky-blue with the Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage(CIE) coordinates of(0.16, 0.10),(0.15, 0.15) and(0.17, 0.24), respectively, by employing PBD as host material. In addition, we present a microcavity device using the PBD guest-host system and achieve high-purity blue devices with narrowed spectrum.

Improved luminescent properties of SrZn_2(PO_4)_2:Sm^(3+) doped with Li^+, Na^+ and K^+ ions

SrZn2(PO4)2:Sm3+ phosphor was synthesized by a high temperature solid-state reaction in atmosphere. SrZn2(PO4)2:Sm3+ phosphor is efficiently excited by ultraviolet(UV) and blue light, and the emission peaks are assigned to the transitions of 4G5/2-6H5/2(563 nm), 4G5/2-6H7/2(597 nm and 605 nm) and 4G5/2-6H9/2(644 nm and 653 nm). The emission intensities of SrZn2(PO4)2:Sm3+ are influenced by Sm3+ concentration, and the concentration quenching effect of SrZn2(PO4)2:Sm3+ is also observed. When doping A+(A=Li, Na and K) ions, the emission intensity of SrZn2(PO4)2:Sm3+ can be obviously enhanced. The Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage(CIE) color coordinates of SrZn2(PO4)2:Sm3+ locate in the orange-red region. The results indicate that the phosphor has a potential application in white light emitting diodes(LEDs).

Organic light emitting devices employing non-doped structure

A kind of efficient non-doped white organic light-emitting diodes(WOLEDs) were realized by using a bright blue-emitting layer of 4,4-bis(2,2-diphenylvinyl)-1,1-biphenyl(DPVBi) combining with red emitting ultrathin layer of [2-methyl-6-[2-(2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H-benzo[ij]quinolizin-9-yl)ethenyl]-4H-pyran-4-ylidene]propane-dinitrile(DCM2) and green emitting ultrathin layer of 10-(2-benzothiazolyl)-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1,1,7,7-tetramethyl-1H,5H, 11H(1)-benzopyropyrano(6,7-8-i,j)quinolizin-11-one(C545T) with different thicknesses of 0.05 nm, 0.10 nm and 0.20 nm. For comparing, a doped WOLED was also fabricated, in which C545 T and DCM2 are codoped into DPVBi layer to provide blue, green and red emission for obtaining white emission. The maximum luminance and power efficiency of the doped WOLED are 5 765 cd/m^2 at 16 V and 5.23 lm/W at 5 V, respectively, and its Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage(CIE) coordinate changes from(0.393 7, 0.445 3) at 5 V to(0.300 7, 0.373 8) at 12 V. When the thickness of the ultrathin C545 T layer in non-doped WLEDs increases, the emission luminance increases, but all non-doped devices are in the yellow white region. The device with 0.10-nm-thick C545 T has a maximum efficiency of 15.23 cd/A at 8 V and a maximum power efficiency of 6.51 lm/W at 7 V, and its maximum luminance is 10 620 cd/m^2 at 16 V. CIE coordinates of non-doped WLEDs with C545 T thickness of 0.05 nm, 0.10 nm and 0.20 nm are(0.447 3, 0.455 6),(0.464 0, 0.473 1) and(0.458 4, 0.470 0) at 8 V, respectively.

Ultraviolet reflection enhances the risk of predation in a vertebrate

Many animals are sensitive to ultraviolet light and also possess UV-reflective regions on their body surface. Individu- als reflecting UV have been shown to be preferred during social interactions such as mate choice or shoaling decisions. However, whether those body UV-reflections enhance also the conspicuousness to UV-sensitive predators and thereforeentail costs for its bearer is less well documented. Two size-matched three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus, one enclosed in a UV-transmitting （UV＋） and another in a UV-blocking （UV-） chamber, were simultaneously presented to individual brown trout Salmo trutta. ＂yearlings＂. Brown trout of this age are sensitive to the UV part of the electromagnetic spectnun and are natural predators of three-spined sticklebacks. The stickleback that was attacked first as well as the subsequent number of attacks was recorded. Sticklebacks enclosed in the UV-transmitting chamber were attacked first significantly more often compared to stickle- backs enclosed in the UV-blocking chamber. Control experiments using neutral density filters revealed that this was more likely due to LrV having an influence on hue perception rather than brighmess discrimination. The difference in attack probability cor- responded to the difference in chromatic contrasts between sticklebacks and the experimental background calculated for both the UV＋ and UV- conditions in a physiological model of trout colour vision. UV reflections seem to be costly by enhancing the risk of predation due to an increased conspicuousness of prey. This is the first study in a vertebrate, to our knowledge, demonstrating direct predation risk due to UV wavelengths [Current Zoology 59 （2）： 151-159, 2013].