从《考工记》中探寻古代设计思想——造物与象外之物

《考工记》是我国先秦时期一部记载工艺典章的古籍。它蕴含着丰富的设计思想。古代匠人在造物的过程中,除了首先考虑"实用"与"审美"设计思想外,会下意识地把某种深层意味和所造之物联系起来,从而使得所造之物具有一种凌驾于物体本身的特殊情感。这种无形的意味我们只能去体会,联想,感悟,不能解说,不能模仿。这就是本文所要谈的造物中的"物"与"理"、"虚"与"实"、"真善美"。

Soil-structure interaction of unsymmetrical trench installation culvert

The computation of the design load on culverts in the current Chinese General Code for Design of Highway Bridges and Culverts （CGCDHBC）is primarily based on the linear earth pressure theory, which cannot accurately reflect the changes in vertical loads on trench installation culverts. So the changes in vertical earth pressure and soil arching effect in the backfill for an unsymmetrical trench installation culvert are studied based on a full scale experiment and finite element （FE） simulation. The variation laws of foundation pressure and settlement are also analyzed. Meanwhile, the influence of eccentric load induced by an unsymmetrical trench installation on the interaction of a soil- structure system is discussed. Results show that soil arch is formed when the backfill on the culvert reaches a certain height. It can relieve the earth pressure concentration on the crest of the culvert, but it is instable. The earth pressures obtained by full scale experiment and numerical simulation are greater than those calculated by the current CGCDHBC method. The eccentric load effect on the culvert has a significant influence on the stress states and deformation of the soil-structure system.

Geophysical monitoring technology for CO_2 sequestration

Geophysical techniques play key roles in the measuring, monitoring, and verifying the safety of CO2 sequestration and in identifying the efficiency of CO2-enhanced oil recovery. Although geophysical monitoring techniques for CO2 sequestration have grown out of conventional oil and gas geophysical exploration techniques, it takes a long time to conduct geophysical monitoring, and there are many barriers and challenges. In this paper, with the initial objective of performing CO2 sequestration, we studied the geophysical tasks associated with evaluating geological storage sites and monitoring CO2 sequestration. Based on our review of the scope of geophysical monitoring techniques and our experience in domestic and international carbon capture and sequestration projects, we analyzed the inherent difficulties and our experiences in geophysical monitoring techniques, especially, with respect to 4D seismic acquisition, processing, and interpretation.

A Comparative Simulation:Difference between Chemical Grafting and Physical Doping of Cellulose by Using Polysilsesquioxane

In order to study the effect of different modification methods on polysilsesquioxane(POSS)modified cellulose,a molecular dynamics method was used to establish a pure cellulose model and a series of modified models modified by polysilsesquioxane in different ways.And their thermodynamic properties were calculated.The results showed that the performance of cellulose models was better than that of unmodified model,and the modified effect was the best when two cellulose chains were grafted onto polysilsesquioxane by chemical bond(M2 model).Compared with pure cellulose model,the cohesive energy density and solubility parameters of M2 model are increased by 9%,and the values of tensile modulus,bulk modulus,shear modulus and Cauchy pressure increased by 38.6%,29.5%,41.1% and 29.5%,respectively.In addition,the free volume fraction and mean square displacement of each model were calculated and analyzed in this work.Compared with the pure cellulose model,the molecular chain entanglement of cellulose was increased due to the existence of the chemical bonds in the M2 model,which made the cellulose molecular chains occupy more free volume,so that the system had a smaller free volume fraction,inhibited the chain movement of cellulose chains,and thus improved the thermal stability of cellulose.

On the Foundations of the Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Determination of Stresses in Near-the-Surface Layers of Materials： Review

The foundation of the ultrasonic non-destructive determination of stresses in near-the-surface layers of solids is presented. The method is based on the regularities of Rayleigh wave propagation in solids with initial （residual） stresses. A description of the above mentioned method and examples of stress determination are presented. Examples are considered as applied to the residual stresses arising at electric welding and the operating stresses arising at loading.

Preparation and Properties of Indium Selenide （InSe） Thin Films for Selective Surface Applications

Indium selenide （InSe） thin films have been prepared by e-beam technique onto glass substrate at a pressure of-8 × 10^-5 Pa. The deposition rate of the InSe thin films is -8.30 nms^-1. InSe samples grown at room temperature have been termed as virgin, whereas the films at which the transition in electrical conductivity is shown to exhibit at a temperature of 415 to 455 K have been termed as phase-transited samples. X-ray diffraction （XRD） study reveals that lnSe thin films are amorphous in nature before phase-transition while they are polycrystalline after phase-transition. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） has been used to study the surface morphology of InSe thin films. Before phase-transition grains are absent in the films and surfaces are almost smooth and uniform. Film surfaces are seen to exhibit a number of grains after phase-transition and they are rough in surfaces. The elemental composition of the lnSe thin films has been estimated by EDAX method. The effects of temperature on the electrical properties of InSe thin films have been studied in details. Temperature dependence of electrical conductivity shows a semiconducting behavior with activation energy. Thickness dependence of conductivity is well in conformity with the Fuchs-Sondheimer theory. Thermopower study indicates that the InSe film is an n-type semiconductor. The optical study of InSe thin films is carried out in the wavelength range 360 to 1100 nm at room temperature. The study of absorption coefficient of InSe thin films shows a direct type transition with a band gap of=1.65 eV which is well agreed with the reported values. Integrated values of luminous and solar transmittance as well as of reflectance have been calculated. Appreciable order of transmittance and reflectance suggest that this material is a potential candidate for the application in selective surface devices.

Low-Loss Dielectric Material Characterization and High-Q Resonator Design from Microwave to Millimetre Waves Frequencies

Dielectric resonators are key components in many microwave and millimetre wave circuits and applications, including high-Q filters and frequency-determining elements for precision frequency synthesis. Multilayered and bulk low-loss single crystal and polycrystalline dielectric structures have become very important for designing these devices. Proper design requires careful electromagnetic characterisation of low-loss material properties. This includes exact simulation with precision numerical software and precise measurements of resonant modes. For example, we have developed the Whispering Gallery mode technique, which has now become the standard for characterizing low-loss structures. This paper will review some of the common characterisation techniques used in the microwave to millimetre wave frequency regime.

The Use of Ultrasound to Detect Sub-surface Defects in Aluminum Pieces

A normal ultrasonic transducer of 5 MHz is modified using different delay lines and wedges design （made from Perspex）. Such modification is for ameliorate the capability of the transducer to detect sub-surface flaws. Some prepared Aluminum pieces were subjected to different crosshead speed （200 and 350 ram/rain）. The ultrasonic pulse echo method was used at room temperature. The measurements have been done before and after each tensile stress. Flaws were found at different distances from the specimen＇s surface. Results showed that such delay lines and wedges were suitable to detect sub-surface flaws that were initiated under the effect of stress. In addition, a crosshead speed increment caused more sub-surface flaws formation.

Laser Radiation Influence on Transport Phenomena in a Biotissue

Different mechanisms of laser radiation influence on the chemical transport inside a biotissue are investigated. The average size of speckles existing inside a biotissue and the radiation intensity in them are estimated experimentally. Gradient forces and forces caused by the thermal expansion acting on the micro-volume inside a tissue as result of an irregular light field are calculated at different average light intensities including therapeutic. Using theoretical simulation taking into account nonequilibrium light absorption in structural elements of biotissue it has been obtained that the coherent light influences on the chemical transport more strongly in comparison with the incoherent one.

Effect of magma intrusion on the occurrence of coal gas in the Wolonghu coalfield

Chemical analysis, methane isothermal adsorption studies, and mercury porosimetry were performed on ten samples taken from the magma intrusion boundary in the Wolonghu coalfield. The physico-chemical properties of coals from the magma intrusion region are compared to those from the normal regions. The results show that the volatile content (Vad), the limiting adsorption constant (a), and the initial methane diffusion rate of samples from the magma intrusion region are generally smaller than those values from samples from the normal region. The number three coal sample from the magma intrusion region has a large vitrinite reflectance, well developed macropores, a small surface area, and weak methane adsorp- tion capacity. The number ten coal sample from the normal region has a small vitrinite reflectance, well developed micropores, a large surface area, and a strong methane adsorption capacity. The maceral of the coal samples from the magma intrusion region and the normal region are similar. The coal in the area near the magma intrusion boundary is rich in methane and is an area where coal and gas outbursts often occur.

Analysis of Participatory Approach Applied in Creating a New Protected Area Anjozorobe Angavo

The political will in compliance with the Convention on Biological Diversity brings to the establishment of MSPA （Madagascar system of protected areas）. The aim is to conserve biodiversity, alleviate poverty and develop the country. Participation and involvement of local population in natural resources management, consultation with all sectors and responsibilization of regional and local authorities in protected areas management are all the basic principles of MSPA. The paper brought focus in the understanding of this participation of local actors （populations, local authorities） and in their interests to participate in the protected area management in Anjozorobe Angavo. The research has been conducted by doing investigations and meetings with local actors. A typology of participations had been done. It has been indeed noticed that the understanding was differentiated then motivations to participate were not always the environmental one. The populations＇ participation could be either by convenience, or for personal interest, or imposed participation, or conscious participation. But in order to reach the purpose of the protected areas sustainable management, the operator should admit that the participation in protected areas management is imposed naturally and should consider those differences in visions; at last, the approach should motivate local populations to participate consciously.

Conservation and Management of Agricultural and Fishery Heritage System in South Korea

An interest in the biodiversity and historical and cultural aspects of farming and ifshing communities, in addition to the basic role of food production, is growing. Development of an Agricultural Heritage System and Korea Important Agricultural Heritage System has been a key objective of South Korea’s central government. Given that restoration and technology transfer becomes impossible once heritage is damaged, a detailed study of manage-ment regarding conservation is required alongside the development of the Agricultural Heritage System. Here, I was able to analyze several applications submitted by local governments to the Korea Important Agricultural Heritage System. The main objective was to identify the uniqueness of each application with the nature of heritage, threats to this heritage, and current preservation efforts. I found that the most common threat is the decreasing population status for heritage maintenance due to changes in agricultural environments. In response, each site plans to boost local tourism activities as a solution but current tourism oriented management plans may result in further damage to heritage. In light of my analysis I discuss three pilars for future planning： the improvement of heritage understand-ing and awareness; sufifcient space to maintain heritage features; and new industrialization plans that maintain pro-duction activities. These recommendations wil ensure heritage protection, conservation of the natural environment, and invigoration of farming and ifshing communities through biodiversity.

Can Biochar Protect Labile Organic Matter Against Mineralization in Soil?

Biochar could help to stabilize soil organic （SOM） matter, thus sequestering carbon （C） into the soil. The aim of this work was to determine an easy method i） to estimate the effects of the addition of biochar and nutrients on the organic matter （SOM） mineralization in an artificial soil, proposed by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development （OECD）, amended with glucose and ii） to measure the amount of labile organic matter （glucose） that can be sorbed and thus be partially protected in the same soil, amended or not amended with biochar. A factorial experiment was designed to check the effects of three single factors （biochar, nutrients, and glucose） and their interactions on whole SOM mineralization. Soil samples were inoculated with a microbial inoculum and preincubated to ensure that their biological activities were not limited by a small amount of microbial biomass, and then they were incubated in the dark at 21 ~C for 619 d. Periodical measurements of C mineralized to carbon dioxide （CO2） were carried out throughout the 619-d incubation to allow the mineralization of both active and slow organic matter pools. The amount of sorbed glucose was calculated as the difference between the total and remaining amounts of glucose added in a soil extract. Two different models, the Freundlich and Langmuir models, were selected to assess the equilibrium isotherms of glucose sorption. The CO2-C release strongly depended on the presence of nutrients only when no biochar was added to the soil. The mineralization of organic matter in the soil amended with both biochar and glucose was equal to the sum of the mineralization of the two C sources separately. Furthermore, a significant amount of glucose can be sorbed on the biochar-amended soil, suggesting the involvement of physico-chemical mechanisms in labile organic matter protection.