从“物态”到“生态”:我国新型城镇化的未来发展取向

从“物态”城镇化向“生态”城镇化转型,是中国新型城镇化道路的必然选择。“生态”型城镇化是把生态文明的理念溶入在我国城镇化进程中,在实现自然生态系统良性循环的前提下,统筹考虑城镇建设与人口、环境、资源、产业、文化、社会和谐等之间的关系,谋求城镇经济社会的健康可持续发展。“生态”型城镇化建设必须以“三个空间”来规划城镇格局,“三个发展”来优化产业结构,同时要加强社会公正、人文城镇等社会生态建设。

Synthesis of High Purity Lithium Sulfide for Sulfide Solid Electrolyte Applications through Hydrogen Reduction of Lithium Sulfate

This paper is aimed to present a clean,inexpensive and sustainable method to synthesize high purity lithium sulfide(Li_(2)S)powder through hydrogen reduction of lithium sulfate(Li_(2)SO_(4)).A three-step reduction process has been successfully developed to synthesize well-crystallized and single-phase Li_(2)S powder by investigating the melting,sintering and reduction behavior of the mixtures of Li_(2)SO_(4)-Li_(2)S.High purity alumina was found to be the most suitable crucible material for producing high purity Li_(2)S,because it was not attacked by the Li_(2)SO_(4)-Li_(2)S melt during heating,as compared with other materials,such as carbon,mullite,quartz,boron nitride and stainless steel.The use of synthesized LizS resulted in higher purity and substantially higher room temperature ionic conductivity(2.77 mS·cm^(-1))for the argyrodite sulfide electrolyte Li_(6)PS_(5)Cl than commercial Li_(2)S(1.12 mS·cm^(-1)).This novel method offers a great opportunity to produce battery grade Li_(2)S for sulfide solid electrolyte applications.

Content Variation of Active Components in Mulberry Fruit During Ripening Process

Ten mulberry species were taken as materials to detect contents of DNJ,polysaccharide and flavonoid.The results indicated that the three active components differed significantly upon species.Hongguo 2 and Shushen 1,which are of high contents of active components,were selected as materials to measure contents change of active components in fresh fruits during ripening process after full-bloom stage.The research suggested that DNJ mass fractions of Hongguo 2 and Shushen 1 on the 3rd d in full-bloom stage were 0.074 1% and 0.072 5%;DNJ declined gradually with growth of the fruit and DNJ contents in the two cultivars decreased by 49.80% and 58.90% on the 31st d in full-bloom stage,compared with the 3rd d.As mulberry grew,polysaccharide contents in Hongguo 2 and Shushen 1 were increasing and achieved peaks on the 27th d in full-bloom stage at 9.570% and 10.276%,respectively.For total flavonoids,the contents in Hongguo 2 and Shushen 1 were both of two peaks on 11th d and 27th d.The mass fractions were 0.313%,0.444%,and 0.264%,0.326%,accordingly.In addition,DNJ contents in ripe seeds of Hongguo 2 and Shushen 1 were significantly higher than those in fruit,but total flavonoid contents were lower.Polysaccharide was not detected.It can be concluded that mulberry fruits growing for 27 d can be either as excellent food or for medicine.

Ion Product of Pure Water Characterized by Physics-Based Water Model

Pure water has been characterized for nearly a century, by its dissociation into hydronium （H3O）1＋ and hydroxide （HO）1- ions. As a chemical equilibrium reaction, the equilibrium constant, known as the ion product or the product of the equilibrium concentration of the two ion species, has been extensively measured by chemists over the liquid water temperature and pressure range. The experimental data have been nonlinear least-squares fitted to chemical thermodynamic-based equilibrium equations, which have been accepted as the industrial standard for 35 years. In this study, a new and statistical-physics-based water ion product equation is presented, in which, the ions are the positively charged protons and the negatively charged proton-holes or prohols. Nonlinear least squares fits of our equation to the experimental data in the 0-100℃ pure liquid water range, give a factor of two better precision than the 35-year industrial standard.

Synthesis of Biomorphic ZrO2-CeO2 Nanostructures by Silkworm Silk Template

A simple and green technique has been developed to prepare hierarchical biomorphic ZrO2- CeO2, using silkworm silk as the template. Different from traditional immersion technics, the whole synthesis process depends more on the restriction or direction functions of the silkworm silk template. The analytic results showed that ZrO2-CeO2 exhibited a well-crystallized hierarchically interwoven hollow fiber structure with 16-28 μm in diameter. The grain size of the sample calcined at 800 ℃ was about 14 nm. Consequently, the interwoven meshwork at three dimensions is formed due to the direction of biotemplate. The action mechanism is summarily discussed here. It may bring the biomorphic ZrO2-CeO2 nanomaterials with hierarchical interwoven structures to more applications, such as catalysts.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GROWTH AND MORPHOLOGY OF METARRHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE IN BIOTRANSFORMATION OF STEROID

The fermentation with mold metarrhizium anisopliae has been carried out to determine the relationship between mycelial morphology and growth.Like the biomass concentration,the mycelial morphology seems to be coupled to growth phases:the fractal dimension,a feature calculated from the morphological images,increases during the late lag phase and the early exponential phase,and culminates at a value near 2.4 at half of the exponential phase.This can be attributed to the marked change of rough and smooth pellet proportions during growth and the change can be well expressed by the fractal analysis of mycelial morphology.The mycelial morphology is also strongly related to the biotransformation activity:a mycelial sample was withdrawn from the culture to use for fractal analysis before the steroid substrate (16α,17α epoxy 4 pregnene 3,20 dione) was added;the higher fractal dimension corresponds to the higher conversion rate of steroid biotransformation.And the maximum of fractal dimension appeared prior to the maximum of biomass concentration.It is therefore possible to utilize the fractal dimension curve to supervise the fermentation process more timely and availably than to use the conventional biomass curve to do.

Study on the Plant Furnishing for Garden Landscaping

With the social development and the improvement of living standards, higher demands have been proposed on dwelling environment, plant furnishing in garden landscaping can not only beautify the environment, satisfy the aesthetic requirements of people, but also generate considerable ecological and social benefits. Based on studying the present situation of garden plant furnishing, problems in garden landscaping were found out, principles for scientific and reasonable plant furnishing were proposed as well as favorable methods and artistic theories, it was also put forward that the ecological, scientific and human-oriented plant furnishing was the orientation of garden landscaping.

Diversity of Sucking Lice on Small Mammals in the Surrounding Areas of Erhai Lake in Yunnan,China

An investigation of sucking lice on the body surface of small mammals was carried out in the surrounding areas of Erhai Lake in Dali, Yunnan from 2003 to 2004. From investigation sites, 3 303 small mammal hosts were captured and identified into 7 families, 15 genera and 21 species in 4 orders （Rodentia, Insectivora, Scandentia and Carnivora）, while t4 635 individuals of sucking lice collected from the body surface of the small mammal hosts are identified into 5 families, 6 genera and 21 species in the Order Anoplura, The sites stand alongside three cordilleras surrounding the Erhai Lake, namely Eastern Wuliang Mountain, Southern Ailao Mountain and Western Cangshan Mountain. The three confined oriented areas are different landscapes within the same zone where the longitude, latitude, altitude and fauna are homologous but isolated by Erhai Lake as inartificial barrier. The aim of this study was to recognize features of the species diversity, abundance, community structure, similarity and distribution of sucking lice in different landscapes within the same zone. The results showed the species diversity of sucking lice was very low with a very simple community structure. The distribution of sucking lice and their corresponding hosts are quite uneven among different oriented areas and this may imply that ecological environment influences the species composition and distribution of sucking lice and their corresponding hosts. A certain species of hosts usually have their fixed louse species. The similarity of sucking louse communities is highly consistent with the affinity of small mammal hosts in taxonomy. Species of sucking lice on the same small mammal host in different oriented areas of Erhai Lake are homologous. The results strongly suggest a close relationship of co-evolution between sucking lice and their hosts.

Iron L-edge and sulfur K-edge XANES spectroscopy analysis of pyrite leached by Acidianus manzaensis

Iron L-edge and sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure（XANES） spectroscopy analysis of pyrite leached by extreme thermophilic Archaea strain Acidianus manzaensis（A.manzaensis） was carried out.Leaching experiments show that the oxidation of pyrite can be accelerated by A.manzaensis.Leaching results show that with the increase of leaching time,pH value in the leaching solution gradually decreases,redox potential increases rapidly from day 0 to day 3,and then increases slowly.The SEM results show that the pyrite surfaces are corroded gradually by A.manzaensis,and the XRD results show that the leaching residues contain new compositions of jarosite and elemental sulfur（S0）.The iron L-edge XANES spectroscopy analysis of pyrite during biooxidation indicates that pyrite is gradually converted to Fe（III）-containing species.The sulfur K-edge XANES spectroscopy analysis indicates that elemental sulfur is produced during bioleaching and maintains mass fractions of 3.2%-5.9%.Sodium thiosulfate was also detected from day 2 to day 4,indicating the existence of thiosulfate during biooxidation of pyrite.

Dynamic Analysis on Organic Matter and Nitrogen Pollution of Dongchang Lake

The aim was to explore dynamic changes of organic matter and nitrogen pol ution in Dongchang Lake. [Method] Monitoring data, including BOD5, CODCr, NH3-N and TN, of Dongchang Lake were chosen for analysis during 2002-2011. [Result] Water quality of the six lake districts showed deteriorating in monitor-ing period, and TN was the dominant pol ution factor; BOD5/CODCr ratio was low, suggesting biodegradability of organic pol utant in the lake was lower. NH3/TN ratio was higher, indicating NH3-N was a major factor causing nitrogen exceeding in 2010. In addition, correlations between BOD5 and CODCr and between NH3-N and TN in the lake districts maintained at a significant level. [Conclusion] The research provides references for improving water in Dongchang Lake.

Analysis on the Essential Characters and Biological Yield Change of Purple-fleshed Sweetpotato Xuzishu 3

Objective] This study was performed to investigate the trait changes and their correlations as wel as the dynamic changes of biological yield of Xuzishu 3, which wil help to enhance the yield and anthocyanin content of sweetpotato by cul-tivation. [Method] We systematical y measured the agronomic traits, qualitative char-acters and biological yield of Xuzishu 3 during six growing periods to investigate the dynamic changes of its essential characters and yield accumulation. [Result] The characters of Xuzishu 3 appeared most prosperous after the 90th d except for an-thocyanin content. Extremely significant positive correlations were found between ev-ery two of the dry matter rates of above-ground parts （including leaf petioles, leaves and stems）, reducing sugar content and potato weight per plant. Assimilated product distributed more in stems and leaves than in storage roots before the 90th d in growing period. Photosynthetic capacity and net assimilation rate gradual y de-creased after the 90th d, but the assimilated product distributing to storage roots in-creased quickly and maximized in the 135th d. [Conclusion] Xuzishu 3 is a late ma-turing variety requiring more fertilizer, and the accumulation of anthocyanin fluctuates during the growth period of Xuzishu 3. So yield of Xuzishu 3 can be increased by applying more fertilizer and extending the growth period reasonably, meanwhile the anthocyanin content can be increased by means of control ing temperature, light, water and phytohormone within 60 d after planting.

雷平阳诗集《云南记》的创作研究

昭通诗人雷平阳在继其诗集《雷平阳诗选》后出版了新诗集《云南记》,并获得了2010年“鲁迅文学奖”。诗集由150首诗组成,分为“蓝”、“流淌”、“隐身术”、“尘土”四卷。现实语境下的当代性书写以及“物态化”的凸显与“意志化”的节制构成了其诗集的主要内容。而有力度的语言以及有策略的书写则构成了其诗歌的主要艺术特色。从题材内容和艺术手法两方面,对《云南记》的创作进行研究。

Environmental Stresses and Redox Status of Ascorbate

To investigate the effects of environmental stresses on ascorbic acid content and its redox status, the effects of freezing and drought on ascorbate and dehydro-ascorbate content and activities of four enzymes involved in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in some conifers were studied. The results showed that both freezing and drought induced the decrease in ascorbate content and the increase in dehydro-ascorbate content. The activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and monodehydro-ascorbate reductase (MDAR) were decreased by freezing stress. At the beginning of exposure to air, water loss from detached needles induced the increase in the activities of APX and MDAR. Further water loss turned to decrease the APX and MDAR activities. The activities of dehydro-ascorbate reductase (DHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR) were not sensitive to changes in temperature and water content of the needles. It is concluded that moderate temperature or water stresses may induce the acclimation and increase in the ability of the H2O2 scavenging system, while strong stresses decrease the ability and induce injury of plant tissues. Correlation between ascorbate content and activities of related enzymes and cold tolerance of conifers were also reported.

Heterogeneous catalytic activation of peroxymonosulfate for efficient degradation of organic pollutants by magnetic Cu^0/Fe_3O_4 submicron composites

Magnetic Cu^0/Fe3O4 submicron composites were prepared using a hydrothermal method and used as heterogeneous catalysts for the activation of peroxymonosulfate（PMS） and the degradation of organic pollutants.The as-prepared magnetic Cu^0/Fe3O4 submicron composites were composed of Cu^0 and Fe3O4 crystals and had an average size of approximately 220 nm.The Cu^0/Fe3O4 composites could efficiently catalyze the activation of PMS to generate singlet oxygen,and thus induced the rapid degradation of rhodamine B,methylene blue,orange Ⅱ,phenol and 4-chlorophenol.The use of0.1 g/L of the Cu^0/Fe3O4 composites induced the complete removal of rhodamine B（20 μmol/L） in15 min,methylene blue（20 μmol/L） in 5 min,orange Ⅱ（20 μmol/L） in 10 min,phenol（0.1mmol/L） in 30 min and 4-chlorophenol（0.1 mmol/L） in 15 min with an initial pH value of 7.0 and a PMS concentration of 0.5 mmol/L.The total organic carbon（TOC） removal higher than 85%for all of these five pollutants was obtained in 30 min when the PMS concentration was 2.5 mmol/L.The rate of degradation was considerably higher than that obtained with Cu^0 or Fe3O4 particles alone.The enhanced catalytic activity of the Cu^0/Fe3O4 composites in the activation of PMS was attributed to the synergistic effect of the Cu^0 and Fe3O4 crystals in the composites.Singlet oxygen was identified as the primary reactive oxygen species responsible for pollutant degradation by electron spin resonance and radical quenching experiments.A possible mechanism for the activation of PMS by Cu^0/Fe3O4 composites is proposed as electron transfer from the organic pollutants to PMS induces the activation of PMS to generate ^1O2,which induces the degradation of the organic pollutants.As a magnetic catalyst,the Cu^0/Fe3O4 composites were easily recovered by magnetic separation,and exhibited excellent stability over five successive degradation cycles.The present study provides a facile and green heterogeneous catalysis method for the oxidative removal of organic pollutants.

Polymerization Mechanism of α-Linear Olefin

The density functional theory on the level of B3LYP/6-31G was empolyed to study the chain growth mechanism in polymerization process of α-linear olefin in TiCl3/AlEt2Cl catalytic system to synthesize drag reduction agent. Full parameter optimization without symmetry restrictions for reactants, products, the possible transition states, and intermediates was calculated. Vibration frequency was analyzed for all of stagnation points on the potential energy surface at the same theoretical level. The internal reaction coordinate was calculated from the transition states to reactants and products respectively. The results showed as flloes： （i） Coordination compounds were formed on the optimum configuration of TiCl3/AlEt2Cl.（ii） The transition states were formed. The energy di？erence between transition states and the coordination compounds was 40.687 kJ/mol. （iii） Double bond opened and Ti-C（4） bond fractured, and the polymerization was completed. The calculation results also showed that the chain growth mechanism did not essentially change with the increase of carbon atom number of α-linear olefin. From the relationship between polymerization activation energy and carbon atom number of the α-linear olefin, it can be seen that the α-linear olefin monomers with 6-10 carbon atoms had low activation energy and wide range. It was optimum to synthesize drag reduction agent by polymerization.

Conversion of Bio-syngas to Liquid Hydrocarbon over CuCoMn-Zeolite Bifunctional Catalysts

A series of bifunctional catalysts composed of a component for higher alcohol synthesis （Cu-CoMn oxides, CCM） and an acidic zeolite （SAPO-34, ZSM-5, Y, MCM-41） were prepared for production of liquid hydrocarbon directly from a bio-syngas through a one-stage pro-cess. The effects of zeolite type, zeolite content, Si/Al ratio and preparation method on catalyst texture and its reaction performance were investigated. Higher selectivities and yields of liquid products were obtained by using bifunctional catalysts. The yields of liquid hydrocarbons decreased in the order CCM-ZSM-5〉CCM-SAPO-34〉CCM-Y〉CCM-MCM-41. CCM-ZSM-5 （20wt%, Si/Al=100） prepared by coprecipitation method displayed the optimal catalytic performance with the highest CO conversion （76%） and yield of liquid products （30%）. The catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption, NH3-TPD, XRD, and H2-TPR analysis. The results showed that higher speci c surface areas and pore volumes of bifunctional catalysts were achieved by adding zeolites into CuCoMn precursors. Medium pore dimension and moderate acidity in CCM-ZSM-5 were observed, which proba-bly resulted in its excellent reaction performance. Additionally, a higher number of weaker acid sites （weak and/or medium acid sites） were formed by increasing ZSM-5 content in CCM-ZSM-5 or decreasing Si/Al ratio in ZSM-5. It was also seen that metal dispersion was higher and reducibility of metal ions was easier on the CCM-ZSM-5 catalyst prepared by coprecipitation. The higher alcohols-to-hydrocarbon process provides a promising route to hydrocarbon fuels via higher alcohols from syngas or biobased feedstocks.

Landscapes Construction of Ecological, Cultural and Active Residential Districts with the Design of Longji Flower City as an Example

With the accelerating development of modern residential districts and the improvement of living levels, the requirement of people on environment is increasingly enhanced as well as the demand for culture. Based on people-oriented principle, this design utilized Chinese 'Fu' (blessings) culture to express people’s eager for a better life and the atmosphere of good fortune. It also produced the image of ecological environment by designing water landscapes and plant landscapes, created active space like squares for activity and active water system and developed the characteristics of residential districts by designing landscape sketches and plant landscapes.

Application and Analysis of Native Plant in Landscaping

With PVESM point of view, this study analyzed comprehensive functions of native plants, which including natural function, visual function, ecological function, social function and spiritual function, the advantages of native plants in landscaping and the effects of it on human living environment were expounded. Based on analyzing the present situations of native plants in landscaping, the relative improvement measures were put forward.

Electricity Storage With High Roundtrip Efficiency in a Reversible Solid Oxide Cell Stack

We theoretically investigate the electricity storage/generation in a reversible solid oxide cell stack. The system heat is for the first time tentatively stored in a phase-change metal when the stack is operated to generate electricity in a fuel cell mode and then reused to store electricity in an electrolysis mode. The state of charge （H2 frication in cathode） effectively enhances the open circuit voltages （OCVs） while the system gas pressure in electrodes also increases the OCVs. On the other hand, a higher system pressure facilitates the species diffusion in electrodes that therefore accordingly improve electrode polarizations. With the aid of recycled system heat, the roundtrip efficiency reaches as high as 92% for the repeated electricity storage and generation.

Ecotype and Regional Division of Afforestation Plants in China

The selection of afforestation plants,which is based on the ecotype of afforestatioin plant,is the key of plant engineering. There is not final verdict yet on the standard of ecotype of afforestation plant. According to the presentational feature （regional distribution,Climatic indicator）,ecotype （climatoecological type,edaphic ecotype and biota ecotype） and genetic association of afforestation plant,combined with the experience in the greening practice,the afforesting nursery stock （Arbor and Shrub ） is divided into five ecotypes while the herbaceous plant are divided into three ecotypes.